Effect of Ti(C,N) addition on sintering behaviour and properties of binder-modified WC-10Co cemented carbide

In the present investigation the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-10Co, WC-8.3Ti(C,N)-12Co, WC-8.3Ti(C,N)-6Co-6Ni and WC-7Ti(C,N)-2Mo₂C-6Co-6Ni cemented carbides were studied. Introduction of Ti(C,N) in WC-10Co cemented carbide imposed sintering difficulties and hot isostatic pressing was required to obtain fully dense material. The modification of the binder cobalt with nickel and molybdenum did not noticeably affect the sintered microstructure. In general the mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-containing cemented carbides were inferior to those of WC-10Co cemented carbide.     

Tool life and surface integrity when milling inconel 718 with coated cemented carbide tools

Abstract

This paper presents a study of tool life and surface integrity while machining superalloy Inconel 718 using coated cemented carbide tools. In the machining of heat resistant superalloys used in aeronautical applications and classified as difficult‐to‐machine, tool life is an important parameter in evaluating the performance of the cutting tools. Surface quality of the workpiece is one of the important criteria in determining tool life. Our tests have been done under various combinations of speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to verify the change in surface roughness due to increasing tool wear. The behavior of the uncoated, TiN, and TiCN layers using various cutting conditions was analyzed. At the end, a choice of coating and optimization of the cutting conditions has been proposed.     

Effect of SiC whisker addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets

Ti(C, N)-based cermets with addition of SiC whisker (SiC_w) were prepared by vacuum sintering. The microstructures of the prepared cermets were investigated by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties such as transverse rupture strength (TRS), fracture toughness (K_IC) and hardness (HRA) were also measured. It was found that the grain size of the cermets was affected by the SiC whisker addition. The cermets with 1.0 wt.% SiC whisker addition exhibited the smallest grain size. The porosities of the cermets increased with increasing SiC whisker additions. The addition of the SiC whisker had no influence on the phase constituents of the cermets. Compared with the cermets with no whisker addition, the highest TRS and fracture toughness for cermets with 1.0 wt.% SiC whisker addition increased by about 24% and 29%, respectively. The strengthening mechanisms were attributed to finer grain size, homogeneous microstructure and moderate thickness of rim phase. The toughening mechanisms were characterized by crack deflection, whisker bridging and whisker pulling-out.     

Fabrication and mechanical properties of Al2O3/Ti(C0.7N0.3) nanocomposites

Two kinds of Al₂O₃/Ti(C_0.7N_0.3) nanocomposites were fabricated with traditional hot pressed sintering and repetitious-hot-pressing technology, one is added with nano-scale SiC, and the other is without SiC. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the former are higher than that of the latter, especially the fracture toughness can reach up to 8.3 MPa m^1/2. Although the fracture toughness remains high, repetitious-hot-pressing results in the reduction of flexural strength. The improvement of the mechanical properties is interpreted from the different microstructure and fracture mode. The microstructure shows that the addition of nano-scale Ti(C_0.7N_0.3) and nano-scale SiC lead to the refinement of matrix grain, and the inter/intragranular microstructure can be formed instead of the intergranular microstructure in monolithic alumina. The higher fracture toughness resulted mainly from the transgranular fracture mode.     

The mechanical properties of carbon fibres coated with titanium carbide

Journal of Materials Science -     

Interrupted cutting tests of cemented carbide tools coated by physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition techniques

Refractory compound coatings prolong the life of cemented carbide inserts. The structure of these coatings is vastly different when the same coating is produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods. TiC and HfN coatings were applied to cemented carbide tools by both CVD and PVD processes. The coated inserts were tested under interrupted cutting conditions using slotted bar tests. The CVD-coated inserts failed after a few (less than 100) cycles whereas the PVD-coated inserts lasted well past 2000 cycles without failure as did the uncoated inserts. PVD coatings have a much greater fracture toughness than CVD coatings due to their very fine-grained microstructure with a distribution of fine cavities which act as crack stoppers. In contrast, CVD coatings have a fully dense microstructure with a large grain size which does not have much fracture toughness. Another reason for the difference in behavior is the much lower deposition temperature (about 500°C) used in the PVD process as compared with the much higher deposition temperature (about 1000°C) used in the CVD process. Chemical attack of the cemented carbide substrate occurs at high deposition temperatures, thus weakening the area near the coating-substrate interface.     

反应溅射（Al，Ti）（0，N）涂层的微结构与力学性能

采用Al—Ti镶嵌复合靶在Ar、N2和O2混合气体中反应溅射制备了一系列（Al，Ti）（O，N）涂层。并采用EDS、XRD、TEM和微力学探针研究了薄膜的化学成分、微结构和力学性能。结果表明，随氧分压的提高，涂层中氧含量逐步增加，氮含量相应减少，（Al＋Ti）：（O＋N）的化学计量比仍约为1：1，涂层保持与（Al，Ti）N涂层相同的NaCl结构。低氧含量时薄膜在（111）方向上择优生长，随着氧含量的提高，涂层生长的择优取向发生改变，高氧含量薄膜样品呈现强烈（200）织构的柱状晶。与此同时，（Al，Ti）（O，N）涂层的硬度和弹性模量也仍保持在与（Al，Ti）N涂层相当的35GPa和370～420GPa的高值。由于涂层中形成了相当含量的氧化物，这类涂层的抗氧化能力有望得到提高。     

反应溅射(Al,Ti)(O,N)涂层的微结构与力学性能

采用Al-Ti镶嵌复合靶在Ar、N2和O2混合气体中反应溅射制备了一系列(Al,Ti)(O,N)涂层.并采用EDS、XRD、TEM和微力学探针研究了薄膜的化学成分、微结构和力学性能.结果表明,随氧分压的提高,涂层中氧含量逐步增加,氮含量相应减少,(Al Ti):(O N)的化学计量比仍约为1:1,涂层保持与(Al,Ti)N涂层相同的NaCl结构.低氧含量时薄膜在(111)方向上择优生长,随着氧含量的提高,涂层生长的择优取向发生改变,高氧含量薄膜样品呈现强烈(200)织构的柱状晶.与此同时,(Al,Ti)(O,N)涂层的硬度和弹性模量也仍保持在与(Al,Ti)N涂层相当的35GPa和370～420GPa的高值.由于涂层中形成了相当含量的氧化物,这类涂层的抗氧化能力有望得到提高.     

磁控溅射制备(Ti,Al,Cr)N硬质薄膜及其力学性能的研究

用反应磁控溅射的方法通过改变Cr靶溅射功率在不锈钢基体卜沉积不同Cr含量TiAlCrN薄膜.采用台阶仪测量薄膜厚度;采用纳米压痕仪测量薄膜的硬度、弹性模量和薄膜与基体的结合力.沉积的TiAlCrN薄膜随着Cr含量增加,薄膜硬度先增大,而后减小;TiAlCrN薄膜的第一临界载荷和第二临界载荷均随Cr含量增加而增大.     

Structural characteristics and mechanical properties of Ti(Cr) films produced on Si substrate

A series of nanogranular Ti₉₀Cr₁₀ thin films have been fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition on Si substrates at different temperatures. The crystal structure and mechanical properties of these films were investigated. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope images with selected area diffraction showed that the structure of as-prepared films is dependent on film thickness and deposition temperature. It was found that the Ti₉₀Cr₁₀ films consisted of fine hexagonal close packed microstructure with columnar grains, while body close-packed cubic structure of Cr films are composed of irregular grains, meanwhile, a chromium disilicide (CrSi₂) layer formed in the interface between the substrate and Cr films which deposited at temperature of greater than 600 °C. The crystalline and columnar grains improved with an increase of the thickness of the films and an optimum microstructure is obtained under the present experimental condition of about 50 nm thickness and deposited temperature of 500 °C for Ti₉₀Cr₁₀ films. Deposited at 300 °C, the Ti₉₀Cr₁₀ films have hardness of 12.7 GPa and elastic modulus of 174.6 GPa. Improved to 600 °C the sample shows higher hardness of 13.1 GPa and higher elastic modulus of 183.2 GPa. Using Benjamin-Weaver model, adhesion shearing force can be calculated as 34.9 MPa for 300 °C Ti₉₀Cr₁₀ film while higher value of 44.4 MPa for higher temperature of 600 °C.     

Cr含量对WC-Co硬质合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用低压烧结技术制备了不同Cr含量的WC-8Co硬质合金,通过XRD、SEM和力学性能测试等手段分析了Cr含量对硬质合金物相、显微结构和合金的力学性能的影响。结果表明,当Cr含量<0.9%时,合金由WC+γ-(WC)相组成,添加量增至0.9%及以上时,组织中出现缺碳相Co3W3C;随着Cr含量的增加,WC晶粒不断细化,当添加量为0.6%时,合金的综合力学性能最佳,其抗弯强度、维氏硬度及断裂韧性分别为3885MPa、1632.4HV30、9.82MPa.m1/2。     

Synthesis and high temperature mechanical properties of Ti3SiC2/SiC composite

A high density Ti₃SiC₂/20 vol % SiC composite was hot pressed under a uniaxial pressure of 45 MPa for 30 min in an Ar atmosphere at 1600 °C. The grain size of the Ti₃SiC₂/SiC composite was finer than that of monolithic Ti₃SiC₂, though the composite was hot pressed at a higher temperature, due to the dispersion of SiC particles in the Ti₃SiC₂ matrix. Room temperature fracture toughness of the composite and Vickers hardness were measured as 5.4 MPa m^1/2 and 1080 kg mm^–2, respectively. A higher flexure strength of the composite compared to that of monolithic Ti₃SiC₂ was measured both at room temperature and up to 1200 °C. At 1000 °C, the composite showed a lower oxidation rate than that of monolithic Ti₃SiC₂.     

Creep properties of (Si–Al–O–N)SiC whisker composites

(Si–Al–O–N) (sialon)–SiC whisker (SiC_w) composites containing up to 10 mass% SiC_w were prepared by hot isostatic pressing. The strengths and the fracture toughness of composites remained relatively unchanged with the amount of SiC_w. The addition of SiC_w enabled us to improve the creep properties of sialon ceramics. The total creep strain and steady-state creep rate at 1473 K under a stress of 400–500 MPa decreased with increasing the amount of SiC_w. The experimental creep exponent values of monolithic sialon and sialon–SiC_w composites were nearly 1. It is supposed that the creep of both monolithic sialon and sialon–SiC_w composites are dominated by the viscous flow of the interglanular glassy phase.     

Cr在多弧离子镀(Ti, Cr)N复合膜中的作用

利用AIP-01多弧离子镀膜机,通过改变铬靶电流,在高速钢基体上沉积出不同Cr含量的(Ti,Cr)N复合膜涂层,用扫描电子显微镜、微纳米力学测试仪和X射线对薄膜的表面颗粒、硬度及内应力进行了分析.结果表明薄膜中添加Cr能减小表面颗粒尺寸,提高硬度,当Cr的含量达到31%(wt%)时,薄膜硬度达到最高值,此时薄膜的内应力也最大.     

Effects of bias voltage on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti,Al,Cr)N hard films with N-gradient distributions

(Ti,Al,Cr)N hard reactive films were deposited on high speed steel substrates by multi-arc ion plating (MAIP) technology using pure Cr and Ti-50Al(at.%) alloy targets. The partial pressure of N₂ was raised step by step in each deposition process. The surface morphology, the cross-sectional morphology of fracture sample, the surface compositions and the phase structure of the (Ti,Al,Cr)N films were investigated by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dense columnar microstructure was obtained in all of the (Ti,Al,Cr)N films, though micro-droplets evidently existed on the surface of the films. The micro-hardness of the film surface, the adhesive strength of the film/substrate and the thermal shock resistance were investigated. The results revealed the effects of bias voltage on the composition, phase structure, and mechanical properties. The improved balanced properties of a micro-hardness of about 50 GPa, an adhesive strength larger than 200 N and a thermal shock resistance of 7-8 cycles were reached at a bias voltage of 150 V. The present super-hard (Ti,Al,Cr)N films with N-gradient distribution may be an actual substitution of TiN, (Ti,Al)N, (Ti,Cr)N and single-layer (Ti,Al,Cr)N hard films.     

关于(Ti,Cr)N膜摩擦学性能的研究

为了研究多弧离子镀技术中所用靶材与薄膜成分比例的关系,并对比不同成分比例的(Ti,Cr)N膜的摩擦学性能,设计制备了纯Ti靶、纯Cr靶及钛铬比分别为9:1、4:1和1:1的钛铬合金靶共5种靶材进行镀膜试验。利用扫描电子显微镜观察薄膜微观形貌,利用X射线能谱分析仪对微区成分进行定性和半定量分析,利用X射线衍射分析薄膜结构,通过摩擦磨损试验测试薄膜的耐磨性,最终以磨痕宽度、磨痕深度和磨痕长度来计算磨损体积,以磨损体积表征不同膜的耐磨性能。测试结果表明,合金靶制备的薄膜中成分比例并不与靶材中的成分配比一致,但均具有TiCrN(200)择优取向。纯靶制备的薄膜表面最为细腻,TiCrN膜的粗糙度随Cr含量的提高而降低。TiCrN膜的硬度和耐磨性明显优于纯靶制备的薄膜,在靶材配比Ti:Cr=4:1时制备的Ti_0.3Cr_0.23N薄膜硬度最高(HV_0.053274.9)、耐磨性能最好。以合金靶制备复合薄膜时,薄膜中的成分比例受单一金属离化率的影响较大,受靶材中金属配比的影响较小;在薄膜中添加硬质元素可以改善膜的质量、提高耐磨性能。     

Properties of (Ti,Cr)N and (Al,Cr)N thin films prepared by ion beam assisted deposition

(Ti,Cr)N and (Al,Cr)N thin films were prepared by nitrogen ion beam assisted deposition of Cr, Ti or Al (IBAD) atoms on a titanium, chromium or aluminium substrate. In this way, layers featuring a diverse composition were obtained. The actual profile of the implanted and deposit atoms differed from the theoretically assumed process. Some of the implanted nitrogen formed gas bubbles under the sample's surface. The gas bubbles released the nitrogen upwards while the local temperature increased during the implantation or during a later heating process. Craters are formed from the bubbles, which were clearly visible on the AFM photographs. Annealing the modified surfaces in a vacuum always changed the surface topography of the sample. The lowest wear rate and the lowest friction coefficient were observed in the Cr–Ti–N and Cr–Al–N samples.     

Characteristics and mechanical properties of a (Ti, O, N)/Ti composite coating fabricated on NiTi shape memory alloy via PIIID

In this investigation, (Ti, O, N)/Ti composite coating was fabricated on a NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) to improve its biocompatibility, bioactivity and wear resistance for its long-term medical applications, using the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIIID) technique. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of coating cross-sections showed that the (Ti, O, N)/Ti composite coating was uniform and compact. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis not only indicated that the interface between the coating and NiTi SMA substrate was gradual rather than sharp, but it also showed the thickness of the composite coating to be ∼ 1.0 μm. The EDX mapping of cross-sections of (Ti, O, N)/Ti composite coating revealed that Ni was not present on the surface of the coated samples. Nanoindentation tests were performed to evaluate mechanical properties of the composite coating. Pin-on-disc wear test results showed greatly improved wear resistance of (Ti, O, N)/Ti coated NiTi SMA.     

A comparative evaluation of HfN,Al2O3, TiC and TiN coatings on cemented carbide tools

Cemented carbide cutting tools coated with HfN, Al₂O₃, TiC and TiN were evaluated in continuous and interrupted turning of alloy steel and cast iron in the range from 600 to 1000 surface ft min^-1. The results showed that HfN was the most effective coating in prolonging tool life over the widest range of cutting conditions.     

SD成型剂对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用低压烧结的方法制备Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷材料,并结合C、N、O分析,XRD、BSE、EDS等测试手段研究了SD成型剂对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷合金的C含量、相组成及显微结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着SD成型剂添加量的增加,脱胶后压坯的C含量逐渐增加,N含量逐渐减小;烧结后Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷由(Ti,Me)(C,N)(Me=W、Mo、Ta)和Ni/Co固溶体相组成;显微组织以黑芯-白环结构为主,并伴随着少量白芯-灰环的结构。SD添加量为100mL/kg时,Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷材料的抗弯强度达1929MPa,硬度为1588HV30,添加量为180mL/kg时,合金组织中石墨相的出现使其抗弯强度大幅度下降。