加拿大保护饮用水源的策略及启示

介绍了加拿大水资源及饮用水源概况，重点阐述了该国在保护地表饮用水源方面所采用的生态系统管理与集水区管理方法，同时说明了集水区管理方法在保护地下饮用水源方面的应用，并从饮用水管理重心前移、集水区保护策略拓展、水源保护与土地规划的集成、各级政府及当地社区的积极参与、政策实施费用与风险平衡等方面分析了加拿大对饮用水源保护的趋势及方向，最后从管理机制、管理过程、管理结果等方面对我国饮用水源保护工作提出了几点启示。     

Land suitability analysis for the upper Gila River watershed

In the United States, federal management agencies, such as the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management are required to assess the capability of land for future use. In addition, Arizona law now requires local jurisdictions to prepare comprehensive and general plans. Suitability analysis can be used for compliance with several elements of these plans. Here, a framework for land suitability analysis is presented for the upper Gila River watershed in Arizona and New Mexico. The framework is based on a thorough ecological inventory of the watershed. A goal of suitability analysis is to explicitly identify constraints and opportunities for future land conservation and development. This is accomplished by determining the fitness of a given tract of land for a defined use. Four land uses were targeted by local officials for analysis: low-density housing, commercial development, industrial development, and recreation. The framework can be useful for natural resource management as well as town, city, county, and federal planning in the watershed.     

Recent water quality trends in the Schuylkill River,Pennsylvania, USA: a preliminary assessment of the relative influences of climate,river discharge and suburban development

Climate, flow rate and land use are all known drivers of water quality in river systems, but determining the relative influences of these factors remains a significant challenge for aquatic science and management. Long-term data from the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia is assessed here in an attempt to ascertain the separate and combined influence of these major drivers on water quality in a developed watershed. Water quality measures including nutrients, conservative solutes and bacteria all elicited distinct seasonal patterns driven primarily by river discharge. Mass transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased with time, and were elevated in winter, presumably as a function of road salt deposition. A steady increase in developed land area in the watershed has occurred in recent decades, which allowed the use of time as a surrogate parameter for regional development in the construction of multiple factor linear models predicting the relative influences of precipitation, river discharge and developed land area on river water quality. Linear models predicting annually averaged water quality measures showed the effects of precipitation, discharge and developed land area to be of nearly equal importance in regulating levels of conductivity, alkalinity, sodium, and chloride in the river. Models predicting water quality variables for discrete samples demonstrated that river flow was the major determinant of daily variability in alkalinity, conductivity, hardness and calcium levels, while still resolving the highly significant influence of watershed development on water quality. Increases in solute transport in the Schuylkill River in recent decades appear to be the direct result of modern suburban development in the watershed.     

Moderating effects of the geometry of reservoirs on the relation between urban land use and water quality

Edges mediate the material flux between adjacent systems. This mediating effect of edges is strongly tied to the complexity of the adjacent shapes. Land use within a watershed has a direct impact on the water quality of adjacent aquatic systems. Hydrological processes carry material produced by land-use activities into aquatic ecosystems through the edges of the ecosystem. Therefore, the geometry of aquatic ecosystems theoretically affects the relationship between land use and water quality. This study investigates whether the shape complexity of reservoirs moderates the direct impact of land use on the water quality of adjacent reservoirs. A moderation model was adopted to measure the shape effects, and 153 reservoirs were randomly sampled with a consideration of reservoir size (surface area), geographic location, and data availability. With a focus on urban land use, we used GIS to measure land-use types within a 1 km buffer of reservoir boundaries. The shape complexity of sampled reservoirs was measured using fractal dimensions. Land uses and shape complexity were then regressed to measure water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Correlation analysis revealed that the shapes of reservoirs are likely to be simple where urban land use dominates the areas close to reservoirs. Use of the standard regression model indicated that the increasing shape complexity of reservoirs significantly reduces the concentration of BOD, COD, and TP within reservoir water. Moderation models for BOD, COD, TN, and TP suggest that shape complexity can considerably relieve the negative impacts on water quality of urban land use in areas adjacent to reservoirs. The results of this study highlight the need to focus on shoreline management in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of land use on lakes and reservoirs.     

Correlations between watershed and reservoir characteristics, and algal blooms in subtropical reservoirs

This study examined the correlations between watershed and reservoir characteristics, and water quality parameters related to algal blooms in seven subtropical reservoirs. Analysis of the dissimilarity of physico-chemical parameters resulted in separation of the reservoirs into three main groups: four reservoirs with the highest proportion of agriculture and/or urban land use in their watersheds; two reservoirs with a high proportion of forest cover; and one small reservoir with a relatively pristine watershed intermediate between the other two groups. All reservoirs were dominated by cyanobacteria, and at times, had species capable of producing toxins. However, the three reservoirs with the lowest percentage forest cover ( approximately 50%) had the highest frequency and magnitude of toxic species, principally Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Analysis of dissimilarity of algal species composition resulted in three reservoir groups similar to that for the physico-chemical parameters, with the exception of the reservoir with the highest percentage urban land use being an outlier. Across all reservoirs, percentage forest cover in the watershed, watershed area and reservoir volume were all significantly correlated with algal cell concentrations and total nitrogen (TN), but not with chlorophyll a concentrations. Total phosphorus (TP) was only correlated with the proportion forest cover in the watershed, suggesting that reservoir volume and depth were of less importance for TP than for algal cell concentrations or TN. These results suggest that watershed pattern and reservoir characteristics, such as water volume and depth, have a measurable effect on the type of algal blooms in reservoirs.     

Development of a dynamic strategy planning theory and system for sustainable river basin land use management

Land use management is central to government planning for sustainable development. The main purpose of this study is to develop a novel strategy planning theory and system to assist responsible authorities in obtaining alternatives of sustainable top river basin land use management. The concepts and theory of system analysis, driving force-state-response (DSR) framework, and system dynamics are used to establish the DSR dynamic strategy planning procedure in this work. The integrated management of the land, water, and air resources of a river basin system is considered in the procedure. Two modified land use management procedures combined with the DSR dynamic strategy planning procedure are developed in this work. Based on the DSR dynamic strategy planning procedure, the sustainable river basin land use management DSR dynamic decision support system (SRBLUM-DSRD-DSS) is developed by using the Vensim, MS Excel, ArcView, and Visual Basic software. The concepts of object-orientation are used to develop the system dynamic optimization and simulation models of SRBLUM-DSRD-DSS. Based on the modified land use management procedures, SRBLUM-DSRD-DSS is used to assist decision makers in generating the land use plans of the Nankan river basin in Taoyuan County of Taiwan. Since the decisions of land, water and air resources management are still made at different agencies, the land use management system should be modified based on the innovational procedure to implement the management strategy developed in this work. The results show that the modified land use management procedures can be a guidance for the governments in modifying the systems and regulation of urban and regional plans in Taiwan.     

灰色用地在苏州工业园区的规划探索

灰色用地是城市发展的弹性用地,是在城市发展过程中的一种过渡用地形式,当土地利用形式不能满足社会发展需要时,可以将弹性用地转换为其他类型用地.苏州工业园区规划将灰色用地定义为"退二进三"的工业用地,通过两次规划(整治性规划和功能置换规划),实现以最低的成本置换土地功能,适应市场经济发展要求.     

Spatial impact of urban expansion on surface water bodies—A case study of Wuhan,China

This study aims to raise the level of attention paid to surface water management issues in spatial planning and urban development processes. In the case of cities located in alluvial river plains, surface water bodies may occupy large areas but severe ecological and environmental consequences can arise if they are given insufficient weight in the planning and development processes. After discussing in general terms some of the connections between surface water bodies and urban land use we specifically examine the situation in Wuhan, one of the largest cities in China, which has many surface water bodies in its urban region. We measure and analyse land use changes between 1993 and 2004 to lakes and shallow water bodies and their riparian areas using data derived from detailed land use surveys of the city. Our results show that urban expansion has had a significant impact on Wuhan's surface water bodies and their riparian zones. The reduction, disappearance and pollution of surface water may contribute to the undervaluation of water bodies, thereby increasing the likelihood of further impacts taking place. An integrative and proactive land use planning and management system at regional strategic level and local action level is considered to be essential if surface water systems are to be conserved and improved. Increased recognition of their societal and ecological value should be reflected in more detailed attention to the spatial requirements of water bodies and riparian areas in urban planning policies.     

STUDY ON Water-City Pattern strategies of ShenShan Special Cooperation Zone,China with Sponge City Construction at the Watershed Scale

This article focuses on the water-city pattern development in the ShenShan Special Cooperation Zone in China and discusses the watershed-based sponge city construction strategy. Specific to the challenges of the zone, this study attempts to establish the correspondence between watershed spatial construction and the control indicators of sponge city, providing rigid norms for future urban development to ensure the safety and health of the whole watershed. At a practical level, three strategies of water-city pattern construction are proposed in aspects of 1) sponge system layout, to increase the proportion of the ecological resources across the watershed by a high-level ecosystem conservation; 2) urban waterway planning, to protect the zone from floods by increasing the water network density as well as introducing infrastructures for flood storage and discharge; and 3) land development mode, to regulate resources to achieve balanced land development by dividing the zone into many “islands,” taking full advantage of flood plains, reserving the lakes and reservoirs, and introduce more ponds. As the zone is going to start high-speed development, this article studies strategies of the water-city pattern construction and discusses the innovation methods of promoting sustainable development with sponge city construction at the watershed scale.     

Using Individual Parcel Assessments to Improve Stormwater Management

U.S. localities facing extreme challenges in meeting unfunded surface water quality mandates are increasingly turning to decentralized stormwater management. Planners, though traditionally removed from stormwater management decision making, possess the land-use management skills to significantly contribute to this effort. This article argues that conditions are currently favorable for U.S. localities to follow the example of many German cities and consider assessing the storm-water burden created by individual land parcels (1) to support public policy that provides incentives to manage storm-water on site, (2) to inform watershed planning efforts, and (3) to increase public awareness of the connections between individual land use choices and regional environmental problems.     

An integrated multi-level watershed-reservoir modeling system for examining hydrological and biogeochemical processes in small prairie watersheds

Eutrophication of small prairie reservoirs presents a major challenge in water quality management and has led to a need for predictive water quality modeling. Studies are lacking in effectively integrating watershed models and reservoir models to explore nutrient dynamics and eutrophication pattern. A water quality model specific to small prairie water bodies is also desired in order to highlight key biogeochemical processes with an acceptable degree of parameterization. This study presents a Multi-level Watershed-Reservoir Modeling System (MWRMS) to simulate hydrological and biogeochemical processes in small prairie watersheds. It integrated a watershed model, a hydrodynamic model and an eutrophication model into a flexible modeling framework. It can comprehensively describe hydrological and biogeochemical processes across different spatial scales and effectively deal with the special drainage structure of small prairie watersheds. As a key component of MWRMS, a three-dimensional Willows Reservoir Eutrophication Model (WREM) is developed to addresses essential biogeochemical processes in prairie reservoirs and to generate 3D distributions of various water quality constituents; with a modest degree of parameterization, WREM is able to meet the limit of data availability that often confronts the modeling practices in small watersheds. MWRMS was applied to the Assiniboia Watershed in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Extensive efforts of field work and lab analysis were undertaken to support model calibration and validation. MWRMS demonstrated its ability to reproduce the observed watershed water yield, reservoir water levels and temperatures, and concentrations of several water constituents. Results showed that the aquatic systems in the Assiniboia Watershed were nitrogen-limited and sediment flux played a crucial role in reservoir nutrient budget and dynamics. MWRMS can provide a broad context of decision support for water resources management and water quality protection in the prairie region.     

Simulating the impacts of future land use and climate changes on surface water quality in the Des Plaines River watershed, Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area, Illinois

Modeling the effects of past and current land use composition and climatic patterns on surface water quality provides valuable information for environmental and land planning. This study predicts the future impacts of urban land use and climate changes on surface water quality within Des Plaines River watershed, Illinois, between 2010 and 2030. Land Change Modeler (LCM) was used to characterize three future land use/planning scenarios. Each scenario encourages low density residential growth, normal urban growth, and commercial growth, respectively. Future climate patterns examined include the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) B1 and A1B groups. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was employed to estimate total suspended solids and phosphorus concentration generated at a 10 year interval. The predicted results indicate that for a large portion of the watershed, the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) would be higher under B1 and A1B climate scenarios during late winter and early spring compared to the same period in 2010; while the summer period largely demonstrates a reverse trend. Model results further suggest that by 2020, phosphorus concentration would be higher during the summer under B1 climate scenario compared to 2010, and is expected to wane by 2030. The projected phosphorus concentrations during the late winter and early spring periods vary across climate and land use scenarios. The analysis also denotes that middle and high density residential development can reduce excess TSS concentration, while the establishment of dense commercial and industrial development might help ameliorate high phosphorus levels. The combined land use and climate change analysis revealed land use development schemes that can be adopted to mitigate potential future water quality impairment. This research provides important insights into possible adverse consequences on surface water quality and resources under certain climate change and land use scenarios.     

A hybrid neural-genetic algorithm for reservoir water quality management

A combined neural network and genetic algorithm (GA) was developed for water quality management of Feitsui Reservoir in Taiwan. First, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was employed to simulate the behavior of nutrient loads into the reservoir. The data from watershed loads, precipitation in the watershed, and outflow were used in the ANN model to forecast the total phosphorus concentration in the reservoir. A 6-year (1992-97) record of water quality data was used for network training, and additional data collected in 1998-2000 were used for model verification. Further, a GA was used with this ANN model to optimize the control of nutrient loads from the watershed. The GA was used as a search strategy to determine the proper reduction rates of nutrient loads from the watershed so that the objective function could be as close to the optimal value as possible. The study results indicate that the ANN model can effectively simulate the dynamics of reservoir water quality. The GA is able to identify control schemes that reduce the in-reservoir total phosphorus concentration by as much as 60%, and water quality in the reservoir can be expected to achieve an oligotrophic (most of the time) or mesotrophic level if the watershed nutrient loads are reduced by 10-80%.     

城市“灰色用地”规划的应用性研究

系统归纳了"灰色用地"及其规划的相关理论体系。通过对被动型"灰色用地"和主动型"灰色用地"规划的详细分析,明确"灰色用地"规划的实践意义及操作方法,力求完善"灰色用地"规划这一规划新模式。     

Nicosia

This profile of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, focuses on a crucial aspect of its historical growth and emerging planning responses: the issue of urban land. In Nicosia, as elsewhere, an understanding of land markets and the actors and agencies involved in development processes is indispensable for the management of urban change and the effective implementation of planning strategies for future growth. The provision of land which is affordable and available to urban dwellers has become a central issue, especially in the developing world. Accordingly, the relationship between planning policies and land issues, so long ignored by many planning systems, has become the new focus of current practice and research.     

城市生态红线规划方法研究

长期以来,城市生态空间规划的编制和实施管理,由于对城市生态用地概念的界定模糊,理论学界对其内涵难以整合、城市规划管理缺乏对城市生态用地规划编制、审批、实施管理的有效措施,导致我国目前生态空间日益受到威胁,生态环境极其脆弱的态势。2012年实施的新的城市用地分类,突出了土地的生态价值,但却仍未明确生态用地类型。基于此,并在对天津市生态现状调查的基础之上,运用LUCC（土地利用土地覆被）土地分类法,ANDERSON（基于遥感数据的土地利用/地表覆盖分类系统）分类法,CORINE（欧盟环境信息协调）分类法等土地分类方法,结合天津市的生态系统,生态空间布局和土地生态功能,研究出适用于规划设计、编制、实施管理的生态用地分类方法,便于城市生态红线规划管理的操作。     

Development of an integrated modeling system for improved multi-objective reservoir operation

Reservoir is an efficient way for flood control and improving all sectors related to water resources in the integrated water resources management. Moreover, multiobjective reservoir plays a significant role in the development of a country’s economy especially in developing countries. All multi-objective reservoirs have conflicts and disputes in flood control and water use, which makes the operator a great challenge in the decision of reservoir operation. For improved multi-objective reservoir operation, an integrated modeling system has been developed by incorporating a global optimization system (SCE-UA) into a distributed biosphere hydrological model (WEB-DHM) coupled with the reservoir routing module. The new integrated modeling system has been tested in the Da River subbasin of the Red River and showed the capability of reproducing observed reservoir inflows and optimizing the multi-objective reservoir operation. First, the WEB-DHM was calibrated for the inflows to the Hoa Binh Reservoir in the Da River. Second, the WEB-DHM coupled with the reservoir routing module was tested by simulating the reservoir water level, when using the observed dam outflows as the reservoir release. Third, the new integrated modeling system was evaluated by optimizing the operation rule of the Hoa Binh Reservoir from 1 June to 28 July 2006, which covered the annual largest flood peak. By using the optimal rule for the reservoir operation, the annual largest flood peak at downstream control point (Ben Ngoc station) was successfully reduced (by about 2.4 m for water level and 2500 m³·s⁻¹ for discharge); while after the simulation periods, the reservoir water level was increased by about 20 m that could supply future water use.     

Estimation of monthly diffuse nutrient loads for a watershed in Turkey

Diffuse pollution has a complex nature depending on various land‐use activities like agriculture, livestock breeding and forestry. In this study, an alternative methodology is applied for decreasing the spatial uncertainty of diffuse nutrient load estimations. It is applied in the Melen Watershed, Turkey, which is an important watershed from where additional water will be supplied for the megacity Istanbul via interbasin water transfer. Monthly diffuse nutrient loads were estimated for each subwatershed by utilizing remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). Estimated nutrient loads were considerably different in various months due to the temporally irregular fertilizer application and meteorological conditions. Temporal differences were also predicted in the spatial distribution of the nutrient loads. The methodology is applicable in watershed protection studies, especially where necessary etudes should be conducted in the short term and with limited data. Such efforts in identifying and determining the diffuse loads are important for sustainable management of the watershed.     

THOUGHTS ON ECOLOGICAL WATERSHED PLANNING UNDER THE TERRITORIAL SPATIAL PLANNING

The author firstly points out several problems that commonly exist in China’s watersheds and the urgent need for multidisciplinary collaboration in ecological planning. The theories and practices on watershed ecological planning are reviewed respectively from the aspects of waterway planning, natural river and wetland protection, ecological baseflow recovery, nonpoint source pollution reduction, and biodiversity protection. The author suggests that if we could reserve multi-functional ecological zone in the new territorial spatial planning by multidisciplinary collaboration, ecological goals including flood control, water quality improvement, ecological base flow provision, and biodiversity protection could be achieved. In this comprehensive solution, only when water bodies and associated habitats such as the ground and underground, upstream and downstream, and rivers and banks are coordinated as a whole, it will generate multiple ecological benefits. Finally, the author believes that planners and designers have the ability to solve ecological problems. To fulfill this vision, we must call for collaboration between land planning and ecological watershed planning in the process of territorial spatial planning.     

Spluma,Zoning and Effective Land Use Management in South Africa

For the first time, South Africa has a single national piece of legislation, the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, 2013, that creates an overarching framework for spatial planning, policy and land use management for the entire country, including rural and informal settlements. Spatial plans linked to zoning schemes are at the heart of this planning system. However, zoning as a land use management tool has been intensely criticised as being exclusionary and socially, economically and environmentally unsustainable. Given that the purpose of the new legislation is to create equitable and sustainable development, this paper questions whether zoning is indeed the most suitable land use management tool in South Africa. The paper briefly outlines the requirements of the new act and then evaluates the usefulness of various forms of land use management such as land use zoning, performance zoning, form-based control and discretionary systems in the South African context. Drawing on the strengths of some of the alternative land use management systems, proposals are made for a more suitable land use management system for South Africa that could have applicability in other countries with a similar colonial history.