TCP和XTP协议传输性能仿真与分析

针对卫星链路的特点,利用仿真技术,采用NS2仿真软件建立仿真模型,设计仿真场景,给出了软件实现方法,分别在固定误码率和信道带宽、时延变化条件下,固定时延和信遣带宽、误码率变化条件下,固定时延和误码率、信道带宽变化条件下,对TCP协议和XTP协议在卫星链路的传输性能进行了仿真和对比分析,最后得出结论,XTP协议的通信机制比TCP协议更适合于卫星链路数据传输,为基于XTP协议的卫星协议网关设计提供仿真依据.     

卫星链路中TCP传输性能改进与仿真

卫星信道与地面有线信道具有不同的特点,当TCP协议直接应用于卫星链路上时,其吞吐量等性能会受到影响。针对卫星链路的特点,分析了现有的卫星链路进行TCP传输的几种解决方案,使用NS 2仿真软件,建立了仿真模型,并在给定的仿真环境下得出了一些卫星链路下TCP传输性能和卫星spoofing技术的仿真结论。卫星链路具有时延大、误码率高等特点,仿真结果说明卫星spoofing技术和PS技术相结合的方案对卫星链路TCP传输性能改善是十分有益的。     

卫星链路中TCP传输性能仿真与分析

卫星信道与地面有线信道具有不同的特点,当3TCP协议直接应用于卫星链路上时,其吞吐量等性能会受到影响。针对卫星链路的特点,文中分析了卫星链路中TCP协议存在的主要问题,使用NS2仿真软件,建立了仿真模型,并在给定的仿真环境下得出了一些结论。卫星链路具有时延大、误码率高等特点,仿真结果说明了当数据大小一定时,比特误码率越高,系统吞吐量越低,引起的丢包率越高;时延（往返时间）越长,系统吞吐量越低。最后,分析比较了优化TCP的运行参数、修改TCP控制机制、分割连接技术等卫星链路TCP协议的主要解决方案。     

基于SCPS-TP的TCP协议加速器的研究与实现

TCP协议是目前Internet中应用最为广泛的传输层协议,已经成为端到端可靠数据传输的事实标准。但是由于卫星链路的长传输时延、高误码率和链路带宽不对称等特性,使得卫星链路上TCP传输性能极大下降。针对卫星链路影响TCP性能的因素和SCPS-TP对卫星链路上TCP的改进,总结了卫星链路TCP加速器的几种实现方式,并给出一种基于SCPS-TP的TCP代理加速器的实现方案。测试结果表明,使用基于SCPS-TP的TCP代理能够明显提高TCP协议性能。     

改善卫星融合网络随机丢包和间歇性中断的方法研究*1

当移动自组织网用户通过网关经卫星网络发送数据时,存在卫星链路的长传播时延、随机丢包以及移动终端的移动性引起链接的间歇性中断,导致TCP触发拥塞控制机制而降低传输性能降低。针对以上卫星网络的特点,提出了TCP M-Veno方法。在发送端对TCP Veno进行优化改进使得它能够缓解卫星网络中长的传播时延和随机丢包的影响。在网关中结合M-TCP算法来解决卫星融合网络移动终端间歇性中断。仿真表明,所提出的TCP M-Veno比NewReno、Veno以及M-TCP有更好的传输性能。     

卫星链路传输5G业务优化技术应用研究

当卫星链路传输5G业务时,用户UDP业务基本不受影响,TCP业务主要表现为下载、上传速率上不去,严重影响用户体验,这主要是因为TCP受带宽延时积的限制,延时越大,传输速率越低。通过分析5G网络用户面GTP协议,针对卫星网络传输大延时和较高误码率等特点,进行GTP协议加速优化技术研究。首先,采用TCP加速技术,解决大延时情况下传输速率低的问题。其次,分析了5G网络用户面使用的GTP协议,包头比较长,可以缩减一些包头字段,对包头进行优化。最后,网络中小包比较多,严重影响传输速率,为此,采用包合并拆分技术,对载荷进行优化,提高小包传输速率。测试结果表明,通过在卫星网络中引入TCP加速网关,在加速网关中进行包头优化和载荷优化,5G业务在卫星链路中能够高效传输。     

用于卫星通信系统的空间通信协议网关设计

针对卫星通信系统中传输控制协议(TCP)传输性能不理想的问题,设计并实现了一种基于空间通信协议的网关。在网关设计中,优化了Vegas拥塞控制算法的参数,并通过空间通信协议连接表实现了对多连接的支持。卫星通信模拟系统中的测试结果表明,当卫星链路具有高误码率和大传输延时(大于1 000 ms)情况下,该网关的性能与直接使用TCP相比,平均吞吐量提高比达10∶1,且多连接情况下各连接之间竞争带宽的公平性表现较为满意。     

基于卫星的Internet接入技术的研究

近年来随着卫星通信应用的快速发展,卫星网络可提供更广泛的Internet业务。目前大部分的应用和业务是基于TCP和UDP协议,因为卫星链路和地面信道有许多不同的特性,所以TCP在卫星链路上的实现对TCP性能和应用有很大的影响。本文分析了卫星链路的特征和影响TCP性能的主要因素,提出了一种改进的Internet接入方案。     

基于卫星的Internet接入技术的研究

近年来随着卫星通信应用的快速发展，卫星网络可提供更广泛的Internet业务。目前大部分的应用和业务是基于TCP和UDP协议，因为卫星链路和地面信道有许多不同的特性，所以TCP在卫星链路上的实现对TCP性能和应用有很大的影响。本分析了卫星链路的特征和影响TCP性能的主要因素，提出了一种改进的Internet接入方案。     

基于TCP的卫星链路性能分析与改进策略

针对低误码率有线网络所设计的TCP协议,具有使用广泛、算法成熟、可移植性好等优点,然而卫星链路自身的高误码率、长传播时延、高时延带宽积等因素导致了TCP性能的大幅下降.这使得传统TCP协议应用到卫星网络时性能不理想.本文在梳理TCP协议特点的基础上,对卫星链路影响TCP性能的原因进行了分析,并提出了几种基于卫星链路传输TCP协议的性能改进方法.     

面向卫星网络的TCP传输性能的研究

卫星信道的长时延、高误码率、大延时带宽积等的特性使TCP协议的性能受到了很大的影响.为了提高卫星网络下TCP的性能,在不破坏TCP端到端语义的前提下,文中利用在异构网络的边界处设置具有传输控制功能的性能增强代理(Performance Enhancing Proxies,PEP)的理论模型,在SACK TCP协议下对该模型实现了一种卫星网络的拥塞控制和拥塞恢复策略.仿真实验表明,新模型能够充分利用卫星网络的带宽,达到获得最佳有效吞吐量的目的.     

TCP性能增强代理在卫星网络中的应用

卫星网络的长时延、高误码率特性使TCP的性能受到极大影响,文中利用性能增强代理（Performance Enhancing Proxies,PEP）的理论模型,提出了由有线网络、PEP和卫星网络构成的具有传输控制功能的异构网络体系结构。文中介绍了该体系结构在NS2中的建立过程,并通过大量的仿真实验验证了该体系结构的正确性及对卫星网络中TCP传输性能的改善。     

Traffic management for TCP/IP over satellite ATM networks

Several Ka-band satellite systems have been proposed that will use ATM technology to seamlessly transport Internet traffic. The ATM UBR, GFR, and ABR service categories have been designed for data. However, several studies have reported poor TCP performance over satellite ATM networks. We describe techniques to improve TCP performance over satellite ATM networks. We first discuss the various design options available for TCP end systems, IP-ATM edge devices, as well as ATM switches for long-latency connections. We discuss buffer management policies, guaranteed rate services, and the virtual source/virtual destination option in ATM. We present a comparison of ATM service categories for TCP transport over satellite links. The main goal of this article is to discuss design and performance issues for the transport of TCP over UBR, GFR, and ABR services for satellite ATM networks     

Deploying Internet Protocol Security in satellite networks using Transmission Control Protocol Performance Enhancing Proxies

Applications that use the reliable Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) have a significant degradation over satellite links. This degradation is mainly a consequence of the congestion control algorithm used by standard TCP, which is not suitable for overcoming the impairments of satellite networks. To alleviate this problem, two TCP Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) can be deployed at the edges of the satellite segment. Then these PEPs can use different mechanisms such as snooping, spoofing and splitting to achieve a better TCP performance. In general, these mechanisms require the manipulation of the Internet Protocol (IP) and TCP headers that generates a problem when deploying the standard IP security (IPsec) protocol. The security services that IPsec offers (encryption and/or authentication) are based on the cryptographic protection of IP datagrams, including the corresponding IP and TCP headers. As a consequence, these cryptographic protections of IPsec conflict with the mechanisms that PEPs use to enhance the TCP performance in the satellite link. In this article, we detail the reasons that cause this conflict, and we propose three different approaches to deploy IPsec in a scenario with TCP PEPs. Our proposals provide different trade‐offs between security and TCP performance in some typical scenarios that use satellite networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transport layer protocols and architectures for satellite networks

Designing efficient transmission mechanisms for advanced satellite networks is a demanding task, requiring the definition and the implementation of protocols and architectures well suited to this challenging environment. In particular, transport protocols performance over satellite networks is impaired by the characteristics of the satellite radio link, specifically by the long propagation delay and the possible presence of segment losses due to physical channel errors. The level of impact on performance depends upon the link design (type of constellation, link margin, coding and modulation) and operational conditions (link obstructions, terminal mobility, weather conditions, etc.). To address these critical aspects a number of possible solutions have been presented in the literature, ranging from limited modifications of standard protocols (e.g. TCP, transmission control protocol) to completely alternative protocol and network architectures. However, despite the great number of different proposals (or perhaps also because of it), the general framework appears quite fragmented and there is a compelling need of an integration of the research competences and efforts. This is actually the intent of the transport protocols research line within the European SatNEx (Satellite Network of Excellence) project. Stemming from the authors' work on this project, this paper aims to provide the reader with an updated overview of all the possible approaches that can be pursued to overcome the limitations of current transport protocols and architectures, when applied to satellite communications. In the paper the possible solutions are classified in the following categories: optimization of TCP interactions with lower layers, TCP enhancements, performance enhancement proxies (PEP) and delay tolerant networks (DTN). Advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches, as well as their interactions, are investigated and discussed, taking into account performance improvement, complexity, and compliance to the standard semantics. From this analysis, it emerges that DTN architectures could integrate some of the most efficient solutions from the other categories, by inserting them in a new rigorous framework. These innovative architectures therefore may represent a promising solution for solving some of the important problems posed at the transport layer by satellite networks, at least in a medium‐to‐long‐term perspective. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multilayer IP security protocol for TCP performance enhancement in wireless networks

Transmission control protocol (TCP) performance enhancement proxy (PEP) mechanisms have been proposed, and in some cases widely deployed, to improve TCP performance in all-Internet protocol (IP) wireless networks. However, this technique is conflicted with IP-security (IPsec)-a standard IP security protocol that will make inroad into wireless networks. This paper analyzes the fundamental problem behind this conflict and develops a solution called multilayer IP-security (ML-IPsec). The basic principle is to use a multilayer protection model and a fine grain access control to make IP security protocols compatible with TCP PEP. It allows wireless network operators or service providers to grant base stations or wireless routers limited and controllable access to the TCP headers for performance enhancement purposes. Through careful design, implementation, and evaluation, we show that we can easily add ML-IPsec to existing IPsec software and the overhead is low. We conclude that ML-IPsec can help wireless networks provide both security and performance.     

Providing differentiated service to TCP flows over bandwidth on demand geostationary satellite networks

The elasticity of transmission control protocol (TCP) traffic complicates attempts to provide performance guarantees to TCP flows. The existence of different types of networks and environments on the connections' paths only aggravates this problem. In this paper, simulation is the primary means for investigating the specific problem in the context of bandwidth on demand (BoD) geostationary satellite networks. Proposed transport-layer options and mechanisms for TCP performance enhancement, studied in the single connection case or without taking into account the media access control (MAC)-shared nature of the satellite link, are evaluated within a BoD-aware satellite simulation environment. Available capabilities at MAC layer, enabling the provision of differentiated service to TCP flows, are demonstrated and the conditions under which they perform efficiently are investigated. The BoD scheduling algorithm and the policy regarding spare capacity distribution are two MAC-layer mechanisms that appear to be complementary in this context; the former is effective at high levels of traffic load, whereas the latter drives the differentiation at low traffic load. When coupled with transport layer mechanisms they can form distinct bearer services over the satellite network that increase the differentiation robustness against the TCP bias against connections with long round-trip times. We also explore the use of analytical, fixed-point methods to predict the performance at transport level and link level. The applicability of the approach is mainly limited by the lack of analytical models accounting for prioritization mechanisms at the MAC layer and the nonuniform distribution of traffic load among satellite terminals.     

An end‐to‐end alternative to TCP PEPs: Initial Spreading,a TCP fast start‐up mechanism

While Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP) solutions have long been undisputed to solve the inherent satellite problems, the improvement of the regular end‐to‐end TCP congestion avoidance algorithms and the recent emphasis on the PEPs drawbacks have opened the question of the PEPs sustainability. Nevertheless, with a vast majority of Internet connections shorter than ten segments, TCP PEPs continue to be required to counter the poor efficiency of the end‐to‐end TCP start‐up mechanisms. To reduce the PEPs dependency, designing a new fast start‐up TCP mechanism is therefore a major concern. But, while enlarging the Initial Window (IW) up to ten segments is, without any doubt, the fastest solution to deal with a short‐lived connection in an uncongested network, numerous researchers are concerned about the impact of the large initial burst on an already congested network. Based on traffic observations and real experiments, Initial Spreading has been designed to remove those concerns whatever the load and type of networks. It offers performance similar to a large IW in uncongested network and outperforms existing end‐to‐end solutions in congested networks. In this paper, we show that Initial Spreading, taking care of the satellite specificities, is an efficient end‐to‐end alternative to the TCP PEPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of SCTP for space networks

The stream control transmission protocol has recently been standardized as a new transport layer protocol in the IP protocol suite. SCFP is based on the TCP protocol, but incorporates a number of advanced and unique features that are not available in TCP. Although the suitability of TCP over satellite networks has been widely studied, the suitability of SCTP over satellite networks remains to be evaluated. The objective of this article is to investigate the suitability of SCTP for data communications over satellite networks. We focus on the advanced features of SCTP that enhance its performance in satellite networks. Finally, we provide recommendations on the use of SCTP over satellite networks.     

基于可靠UDP的卫星IP网关设计

TCP是面向连接的可靠点到点协议,但是由于卫星网络中典型的长延时、高误码率以及非对称带宽的特点,导致TCP通过宽带卫星网络时,信道利用率非常低。可靠UDP协议基于标准UDP协议并在应用中增加窗口、应答和重传算法来实现。网关采用该协议将TCP连接分段,在应用中明显地改善了TCP在宽带卫星信道上传输的性能,增加TCP的信道利用率。