不同热输入下F460钢焊接粗晶热影响区韧脆转变的内在机理

使用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机模拟F460钢单道次焊接条件下焊接粗晶热影响区的热循环过程,通过光镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析热影响区的显微组织、确定临界事件,通过ABAQUS软件计算临界解理断裂应力σf,进而系统分析不同焊接热输入E下韧脆转变温度变化的内在机理。结果表明:随着E的提高,焊接粗晶热影响区显微组织依次为少量板条马氏体和大量细密的板条贝氏体,板条贝氏体较多的板条/粒状贝氏体,粒状贝氏体较多的板条/粒状贝氏体,粗大的粒状贝氏体。原始奥氏体晶粒、贝氏体团的最大尺寸随着E的提高而变大。在完全解理断裂的冲击断口上,寻找停留在缺口尖端附近的残留裂纹,通过对比残留裂纹长度、原始奥氏体晶粒大小、贝氏体团尺寸,发现不同E下解理断裂的临界事件尺寸都是贝氏体团大小,而临界事件尺寸越小,韧脆转变温度越低。此外,通过有限元模拟缺口尖端的应力分布得到σf,σf越大冲击韧度越好,随着E的提高σf降低,故进一步说明随着E的提高韧脆转变温度Tk上升的内在机理。     

Tensile properties of a 0.34C---3Ni---Cr---Mo---V steel with mixed lower-bainite---martensite structures

The primary objective of this work is to study the influence of microstructure on the tensile properties of a 0.34C---3Ni---Cr---Mo---V steel with mixed lower-bainite---martensite microstructures. In general, the tensile yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel with mixed structures were found to decrease with an increase in the lower-bainite content, while a few exceptions were observed on mixed structures containing 10–25% lower bainite which showed higher yield strength than fully martensitic structure. The introduction of lower bainite in prior austenite grains was found to cause a refinement of the martensite packet size. However, the improvement of the strength of martensite due to the refinement of its substructure can only account for part of the strengthening in a mixed lower-bainite---martensite structure. The tensile ductility (RA%) of the mixed lower-bainite---martensite structure in general is quite close to that of the fully martensitic structure except for the fine austenite grain condition (8 μm), for which the mixed structures show inferior RA% as compared with the fully martensitic structure. On the other hand, the refinement of prior austenite grain size was found to cause beneficial effects on both tensile strength and ductility for the steel with mixed lower-bainite---martensite structure.     

Effects of Re-B modification on the strength and toughness of 30CrMn2Si cast steel

The effects of multi-modification on the strength and toughness of 30CrMn2Si cast steel were investigated. The mechanical properties tested include tensile strength; Charpy impact toughness from room temperature to –60 °C; hardness and fracture toughness. Microanalyses were carried out by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, and included the microstructure and submicrostructure of martensites, residual austenites, the size and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, and the original austenite grain size. It was concluded that, with the hardness unchanged, the fracture toughness of the modified steel was raised to 95 MPa m^1/2, 34% more than that of the un-modified steel, and the impact toughnesses at normal and low temperatures raised to 62 and 61.2 J cm^-2, respectively, 67 and 75% more than those of the un-modified steel. Furthermore, the fracture strength and yield strength of the steel were increased by over 200 MPa.     

Effect of Prior Austenite Grain Size on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Martensite in Medium Carbon Steel

In industrial application,unintentional manufacturing line troubles often consequence in heating raw materials excessively,in terms of either time or temperature.One of the effects of such occurrence is a product with a variation of prior austenite grain size,even if after the heat treatment the end result is the same,martensite.The variation of the prior austenite grain size is believed to vary the end results of the martensite.This undesirable variation includes the variation of fatigue resistance,impact strength,yield strength,hardness,etc.This research studies the effect of the prior austenite grain size on the morphology of the martensite microstructure.The results show that within the typical industrial application of temperature and holding time set up,as holding time or the temperature increases,the prior austenite average diameter increases.The block and packet sizes in the martensite also increase.The variation of mechanical property dependence on the grain size is indeed due to the different characteristics reflected in the martensite morphology.With respect to the same area,smaller grain has more blocks and packets,which agrees with higher dislocation density verified with transmission electron microscopic evaluation.     

Effects of solution treatment temperature on grain growth and mechanical properties of high strength 18%Ni cobalt free maraging steel

Abstract

The effects of solution treatment (ST) temperature (1073–1473 K) on the prior austenite grain size, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a 2000 MPa grade 18%Ni Co free maraging steel have been investigated. The results show that prior austenite grain size normally increases with increase of ST temperature. Strength and ductility in the solution treated condition are independent of both ST temperature and prior austenite grain size due to constant martensite lath spacing and dislocation tangles. In the solution treated + aged condition, the relationship between yield strength and prior austenite grain size follows the Hall- Petch equation, and ductility improves until the ST temperature used is >1373 K. Accordingly, the fracture mode transforms from intergranular to transgranular at a critical prior austenite grain size of ~ 150 μ m, because of severe segregation of Ni₃(Mo,Ti) and reverted austenite at prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries. The variation of Charpy V notch impact energy with increase of ST temperature in both the solution treated and solution treated + aged conditions is similar to that of the tensile ductility. The fracture toughness K_IC, however, increases with increase of ST temperature. No thermal embrittlement resulted from the Ti(C,N,S) inclusion segregation at prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries in the high temperature solution treatment.     

Microstructure and cleavage in lath martensitic steels

Abstract

In this paper we discuss the microstructure of lath martensitic steels and the mechanisms by which it controls cleavage fracture. The specific experimental example is a 9Ni (9 wt% Ni) steel annealed to have a large prior austenite grain size, then examined and tested in the as-quenched condition to produce a relatively coarse lath martensite. The microstructure is shown to approximate the recently identified ‘classic’ lath martensite structure: prior austenite grains are divided into packets, packets are subdivided into blocks, and blocks contain interleaved laths whose variants are the two Kurjumov–Sachs relations that share the same Bain axis of the transformation. When the steel is fractured in brittle cleavage, the laths in the block share {100} cleavage planes and cleave as a unit. However, cleavage cracks deflect or blunt at the boundaries between blocks with different Bain axes. It follows that, as predicted, the block size governs the effective grain size for cleavage.     

Effects of inclusions on formation of acicular ferrite and propagation of crack in high strength low alloy steel weld metal

Abstract

High strength low alloy steel was welded by gas shielded arc welding process without preheating. Microstructural characteristics of the weld metal, morphology of inclusions and crack propagation paths were investigated by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the inclusion and element distribution across the inclusion were analysed via energy dispersive spectroscopy system. Results indicated relatively large inclusions with diameters of about 0·6–0·8 μm are much more effective in providing nucleation sites for acicular ferrite transformation and refining the microstructure within austenite grain than small ones with diameters of about 0·3–0·5 μm. When the main crack tip encountered inclusion, more crack paths would be initiated from the interface between inclusion and acicular ferrite plates.     

The role of grain size in static and cyclic deformation behaviour of a laser reversion annealed metastable austenitic steel

Different grain sizes were created in a metastable 17Cr‐7Mn‐7Ni steel by martensite‐to‐austenite reversion at different temperatures using a laser beam. Two fully reverted material states obtained at 990°C and 780°C exhibited average grain sizes of 7.7 and 2.7 μm, respectively. The third microstructure (610°C) consisted of grains at different stages of recrystallization and deformed austenite. A hot‐pressed, coarse‐grained counterpart was studied for reference. The yield and tensile strengths increased with refined grain size, maintaining reasonable elongation except for the heterogeneous microstructure. Total strain‐controlled fatigue tests revealed increasing initial stress amplitudes but decreasing cyclic hardening and fatigue‐induced α′‐martensite formation with decreasing grain size. Fatigue life was slightly improved for the 2.7‐μm grain size. Contrary, the heterogeneous microstructure yielded an inferior lifetime, especially at high strain amplitudes. Examinations of the cyclically deformed microstructure showed that the characteristic deformation band structure was less pronounced in refined grains.     

夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响

对洁净车轮钢在不同温度下进行正火处理,得到不同晶粒尺寸的显微组织,然后对车轮钢进行室温冲击试验,利用扫描电镜对冲击试样断口形貌进行观察,研究了夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响。结果表明：部分车轮钢冲击试样以夹杂物起裂,夹杂物类型为Ti（C,N）,另一部分冲击试样断口起裂源处则未发现有夹杂物,但尺寸在10μm以下的Ti（C,N）夹杂物对车轮钢的冲击韧度没有明显的影响,而晶粒尺寸对车轮钢的冲击韧度有明显影响;其主要原因是室温下车轮钢冲击断裂的临界事件是微裂纹穿过晶界扩展引发解理断裂,因此晶粒尺寸是决定洁净车轮钢冲击韧度的主要因素。     

两次淬火对HSLA钢组织和冲击韧性的影响

研究了两次淬火+回火和传统的一次淬火+回火热处理对HSAL钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在不显著降低强度的条件下,两次淬火使实验钢的冲击功明显提高,还改善了低温韧性和稳定性。两次淬火回火热处理可细化钢的组织,使原始奥氏体晶粒的尺寸和有效晶粒尺寸减小、大角度界面的密度和解离裂纹的扩展偏折频率提高。组织的细化和大角度晶界的增多抑制了裂纹的扩展,使韧性大幅度提高。     

高速车轮钢的组织韧化工艺及机理研究

为改善高速车轮钢韧性,从而提高高速车轮运行安全性,通过改变辗轧变形温度(tD)及踏面淬火温度(tQ),系统研究了热处理工艺对车轮钢力学性能的影响.采用光学、扫描电子显微(SEM)技术、电子背散射技术(EBSD)、定量金相技术等研究了车轮钢珠光体组织.试验结果表明:车轮钢韧性随着tD与tQ的降低而升高,强度变化不大;tD与tQ的降低导致奥氏体晶粒尺寸减小,同时得到细化的珠光体球团组织,是韧性优化的直接原因.进一步断口分析与EBSD分析表明,单个珠光体球团可形成一个解理面,且解理面滑移带终止于珠光体球团界,与珠光体球团内部小角度晶界相对应,可认为珠光体球团是车轮钢韧性的控制单元.     

2.47 GPa grade ultra-strong 15Co-12Ni secondary hardening steel with superior ductility and fracture toughness

This study investigated the effect of multi-step heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of thick 15 Co-12 Ni secondary hardening steel. As-quenched sample was found to have elongated prior austenite grain(PAG) and coarse lenticular martensitic structure. On the other hand, heat-treated sample was observed to have fine lenticular martensitic structure due to fine PAG size and a lot of nano-sized carbides. Also, after heat treatment, nano-scale reverted austenite film was formed at the martensite interfaces. The heat-treated sample showed 2.47 GPa superior tensile strength and superior elongation of about 12 %. The high strength was mainly due to fine block size and high number density of nano-sized carbides. The average value of plane strain fracture toughness(KIC) was 29.3 MPa m1/2, which indicated a good fracture toughness even with the high tensile strength. The tensile fracture surface was observed to have ductile fracture mode(cup-and-cone) and the formation of about ~1 μm ultra-fine dimples. In addition to this, nano-sized carbides were observed within the dimples.The findings suggested that the nano-sized carbide had a positive effect not only on the strength but also on the ductility of the alloy. The fractured surface after toughness test, also showed ductile fracture mode with a lot of dimples. Based on the above results, correlation among microstructural evolution,deformation and fracture mechanisms along the heat-treatment was also discussed.     

A model to predict the fracture distance of cleavage fracture as a function of temperature

We propose a model which computes the fracture distance of materials (reactor pressure vessel steel, C–Mn steel, and four heat-treated HSLA steels) as a function of temperature. The fracture distance, an important length scale for predicting cleavage fracture, is determined using the parameters such as mean grain size, fracture toughness and yield stress of the material in the range of −250 to 0 °C. The fracture distances computed from the proposed model agreed with measurements for the materials. Some differences between the predictions and the measurements were observed for HSLA steel with fine grain size (30 μm) and coarse grain size (55 μm).     

奥氏体化温度对900 MPa级HSLA钢显微组织和晶体学演变的影响

采用OM和SEM研究了奥氏体化温度对HSLA钢组织演变和低温韧性的影响.结果 表明:奥氏体化温度由850℃升高至950℃(实验钢的AC3温度为819℃)并保温30 min后,奥氏体的平均晶粒尺寸由7.22 μm增大到17.39 μm,在850～950℃淬火后的显微组织均为板条马氏体,屈服强度和抗拉强度均呈下降趋势,延伸...     

Effect of austenite grain size on isothermal bainite transformation in low carbon microalloyed steel

Abstract

The effect of austenite grain size on isothermal bainite transformation in a low carbon microalloyed steel was studied by means of optical microscopy, SEM and TEM. Two widely varying austenite grain sizes, a fine average grain size (～20 μm) and a coarse average grain size (～260 μm), were obtained by different maximum heating temperatures. The results showed that the morphology of isothermal microstructure changes from bainite without carbide precipitation to bainitic ferrite with a decrease in holding temperature. Coarse austenite grain can retard the kinetics of bainite transformation and increase the incubation time of bainite transformation by reducing the number of nucleation site, but it does not influence the nose temperature of the C curve of bainite start transformation, which is ～534°C.     

Static bend strength of carburising steel SS 2506

Abstract

Effect of austenite grain size on the static bend strength for the steel SS 2506 in a carburised condition has been studied. Bend test samples, designed to simulate the conditions in the root of a gear, were gas carburised to a nominal surface carbon content and a case depth of 0·8 wt-% and 1 mm, respectively. A Hall–Petch type relationship was found between the bend strength and the grain size. No significant differences in the carburised microstructure were observed for the various grain sizes studied. Below a critical grain size, d_crit=42 μm, the fracture mode was observed to be less intergranular at the carburised surface and this coincided with an increased hardness after fracture. Changes in the fracture mode are discussed in terms of yielding preceding fracture, and differences in the crack initiation site, as the grain size decreases.

MST/1761     

X90钢级管线钢预精焊接头的性能研究

为综合研究X90管线钢的焊接性,选用国内某钢厂轧制的X90管线钢卷板,利用预精焊工艺制备试验钢管4根,采用金相分析、扫描电镜(SEM)断口分析、夏比V型缺口冲击试验、拉伸、弯曲、硬度等试验,研究了焊接接头各个区域的组织和性能.试验结果表明:内外焊缝区组织均为针状铁素体,热影响区(HAZ)粗晶区晶粒粗化严重,主要组织为粒状贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体,在原奥氏体晶界和贝氏体板条内部存在块状或条状的(马氏体-奥氏体)M-A组元;HAZ冲击功离散性较大,出现了单值较低(45 J)的试样,SEM断口分析呈现典型的解理断裂特征;焊接接头抗拉强度805~815 MPa,断裂位置均在HAZ;焊接接头反弯试样易在HAZ出现裂纹和脆断现象;HAZ硬度在220~250 HV之间,较母材下降30 HV左右.HAZ是X90预精焊钢管焊接接头的薄弱环节,为提高X90管线钢的焊接稳定性,应重点研究精焊内外热循环双热影响亚区的组织转变和脆化机理.     

Microstructure Evolution of a 10Cr Heat-Resistant Steel during High Temperature Creep

The microstructure evolution of a 10Cr ferritic/martensitic heat-resistant steel during creep at 600℃ was investigated in this work.Creep tests demonstrated that the 10Cr steel had higher creep strength than conventional ASME-P92 steel at 600℃.The microstructure after creep was studied by transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis.It was revealed that the martensitic laths were coarsened with time and eventually developed into subgrains after 8354 h.Laves phase was observed to grow and cluster along the prior austenite grain boundaries during creep and caused the fluctuation of solution and precipitation strengthening effects,which was responsible for the two slope changes on the creep rupture strength vs rupture time curve.It was also revealed that the microstructure evolution could be accelerated by stress,which resulted in the lower hardness in the deformed part of the creep specimen,compared with the aging part.     

奥氏体不锈钢晶粒细化对形变机制和力学性能的影响

利用相逆转变原理采用冷变形使得亚稳奥氏体转变为形变马氏体,采用不同温度和时间退火分别获得纳米晶/超细晶和粗晶奥氏体不锈钢。通过拉伸实验得到不同晶粒尺寸的奥氏体不锈钢力学性能,采用透射电镜观察形变组织结构并利用扫描电镜观察断口特征。结果表明:高屈服强度纳米晶/超细晶奥氏体不锈钢通过形变孪晶获得优良塑性;而低屈服强度的粗晶奥氏体不锈钢发生形变诱导马氏体效应,得到良好的塑性;两组具有不同形变机制的奥氏体不锈钢拉伸断口均为韧性断裂。形变机制由形变孪晶转变为形变诱导马氏体归因于晶粒细化导致奥氏体稳定性大幅度提高。     

Banded microstructure in a low-alloyed eutectoid steel

The possible influence of banded microstructure on the fracture performance of a high-carbon steel is investigated using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The banded microstructure was found to be alternating layers of bainite and tempered martensite/retained austenite. Transformation of bainite was promoted by a combined effect of segregation of alloying elements, non-uniform thermal gradient across the steel, and the insufficient austenitisation. The transformation of bainite along the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs) introduces a non-uniform strain distribution at bainite/martensite interface and a higher stress concentration, which may eventually lead to the failure of the heavy section in a brittle intergranular manner. Results provide insights to the importance of understanding the bainitic transformation in such eutectoid steel systems.