聚变反应堆钨基等离子体材料研究进展

钨基材料具有高熔点、高热导率、蒸气压低、氚滞留量低等优良性能,成为具有广阔应用前景的面向等离子体材料。由于其低温脆性、再结晶脆性和辐照损伤等方面的不足,限制了其在工程上的应用,成为国际核聚变材料界的研究热点。本文综述了钨基面向等离子体材料的研究现状,阐述了钨材料在4类粒子辐照下所引起的损伤和当前钨材料改善性能常用的4类手段,并对当下钨材料还需解决的问题进行探讨。     

钨基合金与钢异质材料连接研究进展

为研究碳化硅(SiC)添加对缓解钨-铜钎焊接头残余应力的作用效果及机理,采用真空钎焊技术获得不同碳化硅含量(质量分数为0 ~ 20%)的W/SiC-AgCuTi/Cu钎焊接头,分析焊接接头组织演变及剪切性能变化规律. 结果表明,随着SiC含量的增加,钎焊接头剪切强度先提升后降低. 当SiC的质量分数为10%时,钎焊接头的剪切强度达到峰值120 MPa,比未添加SiC的焊接接头强度提升45%左右. 分析认为,少量(质量分数为0 ~ 10%)的SiC硅在W-Cu焊缝组织中较均匀分布,可有效缓解母材热失配带来的焊接残余应力,提升焊接接头强度. 但过量(质量分数为20%)的SiC易在焊缝组织中聚集成大尺寸块体,剪切过程中形成应力集中,不利于焊接接头强度进一步提升.     

Mapping the compaction and sintering response of tungsten-based materials into the nanoscale size range

Considerable knowledge exists on processing tungsten powders over a broad particle size range. Published data and processing models have been combined for tungsten powders ranging from 20 nm to 18 μm to build a response model for press-sinter processing. The model predicts apparent density, green density, green strength, sintered density, sintered grain size, and product properties such as strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Further, the model isolates several problems as particle size decreases that will require changes in how tungsten powders are handled, compacted, and sintered. Maps of strength versus processing conditions are generated from the model to direct future efforts toward improved properties using nanoscale tungsten powders. From these findings, new opportunities become evident for press-sinter consolidation of nanoscale powders.     

Plastic flow of tungsten-based composite under hot compression

Liquid-phase sintered tungsten composite specimens with a 92.5W–5.25Ni–2.25Fe composition were tested for temperature and strain-rate effects during hot deformation. The flow stress was measured for samples tested at constant strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s⁻¹ and at temperatures ranging from 25 to 1100°C for reductions in height of 30, 50 and 70%. The results show that the true stress/true strain response of the tungsten composite depends on both the test temperature and, to a lesser extent, the applied strain rate, with the rate of strain hardening decreasing with increasing temperature and strain rate. Optical microscopic observations showed a dramatic increase in grain deformation and micro-crack density as the strain rate, temperature and reduction in height are increased. Initial cracking occurred preferentially at tungsten–tungsten boundaries or at the tungsten grain/matrix interface, then cracking propagated along a minimum fracture energy path. Brittle failure of tungsten grains is mainly found at 1100°C. The results are modelled mathematically using a strain-, strain rate- and temperature-dependent equation.     

Alternatives to dichromate sealer in anodizing operations

Ogden Air Logistics Center (OO-ALC) is the primary facility within the United States Air Force for maintaining and overhauling aircraft landing gear. Aluminum landing gear components are anodized at OO-ALC to provide enhanced corrosion resistance, paint adhesion, and wear resistance; a sodium dichromate sealing operation usually completes the anodizing process. During sealing, the pores of the anodized (oxide) layer are hydrated, which fills the pores and provides improved corrosion resistance. However, this sealer contains hexavalent chromium, which is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency's list of industrial toxic chemicals that are targeted for voluntary reduction or elimination. The specification that outlines the sodium dichromate sealing process delineates three alternative processes that are approved for use: 1) boiling de-ionized water, 2) cobalt acetate, and 3) nickel acetate. While some research to support the use of these and other sealing processes has been gathered under past efforts, additional work must be conducted to fully integrate non-chromate sealers into OO-ALC's anodizing operations. To meet this need, the Air Force Research Laboratory tasked Concurrent Technologies Corporation to identify viable alternatives to the sodium dichromate sealer, conduct testing on these alternatives, and recommend the most promising sealer(s) for implementation based on the test results. This paper will describe the requirements for anodizing and sealing operations within OO-ALC, as well as the sealing technologies that are available and a path forward to demonstrate/validate the most promising alternatives for the specific needs and applications of OO-ALC.     

Effects of Ce and Si additions to CoNiCrAlY bond coat materials on oxidation behavior and crack propagation of thermal barrier coatings

In thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, thermally grown oxide (TGO) forms at the interface between the top coat and the bond coat (BC) during service. Delamination or spallation at the interface occurs by the TGO formation and growth. Therefore, modifications of the BC materials are one means to inhibit the TGO formation and to improve the crack resistance of TBCs. In this study, morphologies of TGO were controlled by using Ce and Si additions to conventional CoNiCrAlY BC material. The evaluation of the crack resistance was carried out using acoustic emission methods under pure bending conditions. As a result, when the BCs of TBCs with Ce added were aged at 1373 K over 10 h, the morphologies of the TGO were changed drastically. The BC materials of TBCs coated with Ce added indicated an improved crack resistance with high-temperature exposure. It is expected that the morphologies can improve the crack resistance of TBCs. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success: Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, 2006.     

Solid-solution hardening and softening by Fe additions to NiAl

Solid-solution hardening in the case of a ternary alloy addition to a B2 compound with the triple defect structure has been investigated. The fact that the ternary element may occupy either of two sublattices or may affect the concentration of other types of point defects present in the material makes this a very interesting problem to consider. Ni-rich (40 at% Al), stoichiometric (50 at% Al), and Al-rich (52 at% Al) alloys were doped with up to 12 at% Fe. Lattice parameter, bulk density and hardness measurements were performed on samples quenched from 1000 °C. It was found that solid-solution softening actually occurs in the Ni-rich alloys, while hardening was observed in the stoichiometric and Al-rich alloys. The vacancy concentration was determined from the experimental data, and the site occupancies of the Fe atoms were estimated from a thermodynamic model. Through careful consideration of all point defect concentrations the solid-solution hardening and softening behaviors could be effectively rationalized.     

基于价值链的业务流程选择

我在近期为几家企业所做的内部培训中做了一项相同的调查,让人惊奇的是,不论是国有企业还是民营企业都存在一个突出问题:管理的关注点集中在"火烧眉毛"的事情上,也就是说,这些企业忽略了对更长远的战略流程的选择与考虑.     

Co添加对固溶淬火态钨基合金微观结构和性能的影响

以高能球磨粉末为原料,研究元素钴对固溶淬火态93W-Ni-Fe合金微观结构和性能的影响.对经1 490℃烧结并保温90 min的试样在1 280℃固溶2 h,随后在水中淬火,采用光学金相(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及EDAX能谱等对样品的组织形貌进行表征,采用准静态拉伸实验对合金的拉伸强度及伸长率进行测试,采用排水法对合金的相对密度进行测量.结果表明:当Co含量为0~0.9%(质量分数)时,随着Co含量的增加,固溶淬火态93W-Ni-Fe合金的拉伸强度、伸长率和相对密度由不添加Co时的1 039 MPa、18.3%和99.3%分别提高到0.9%Co时的1 085.5 MPa、26.5%和99.4%;元素Co的适量加入能增加固溶淬火态合金中钨晶粒的穿晶解理断裂和粘结相的延性撕裂,改善合金组织,提高合金的性能:当元素Co含量超过0.9%时,随着Co含量的增加,固溶淬火态93W-Ni-Fe合金的性能降低;当Co含量为1.5%时,合金的拉伸强度降至1 039.5 MPa,伸长率降至24.6%.     

饰用钨基合金粉末的高速压制成形规律试验

以WC-Ni-Cr_3C_2-P系合金粉末为研究对象,通过密度测试、SEM断口形貌分析等手段研究了粉末粒度配比、预热处理、压制能量、高径比、质量能量密度等工艺参数对生坯密度、烧结密度、弹性后效、烧结径向收缩率等成形性能指标的影响规律。研究结果表明:粗WC颗粒(2μm)与细WC颗粒(0.4μm)相互搭配的WC-Ni-Cr_3C_2-P系合金粉末具有更好的成形性能;预热处理不能改善该系合金粉末的成形性能;未添加石蜡作为有机成形剂会出现生坯开裂的情况,能保证成形的压制能量范围较窄,但在生坯密度和烧结密度两方面均比添加有机成形剂时更高,实测压制能量为1425 J时,未添加有机成形剂的生坯密度和烧结密度分别达到10.67和13.48 g·cm~(-3),而添加有机成形剂的生坯密度和烧结密度分别只达到9.99和13.39 g·cm~(-3);生坯密度随质量能量密度的提高而提高,添加和未添加有机成形剂粉末的质量能量密度的临界点分别为101.79和118.75 J·g~(-1),质量能量密度超过临界点,并不能进一步提高生坯密度。     

Site preference of substitutional additions to triple-defect B2 intermetallic compounds

The site preferences of substitutional ternary and higher-order additions to triple-defect type B2 intermetallic compounds are studied. A simple equation that is able to predict the site preference of dilute additions is given. The only parameters needed for this equation are the standard enthalpies of formation at the equiatomic composition. General equations that are able to calculate defect concentrations and substitutional atom distributions for dilute as well as non-dilute additions are also given. These equations use bond energies of atom pairs as parameters.

This study shows the site preferences of dilute additions are not always in agreement with predictions based on the direction of the solubility lobes on ternary Gibbs isotherms. The site preference of dilute additions is controlled by the relative strength of bonds formed between the component elements. The addition atoms are distributed in such a way as to favor the formation of stronger bonds over that of weaker bonds. The predictions for dilute additions to NiAl, FeAl and CoAl are compared with experimental results in the literature. There are good agreements between the predictions of the model and the experimental results.

The same methodology can be applied to substitutional additions to intermetallic compounds of other crystal structures such as the important Ll₂, structure. It is also argued that the calculation of defect concentrations and substitutional atom distributions based on this type of methodology is critical for the understanding of physical and mechanical properties of ternary and higher-order intermetallic compounds.     

Carbon-containing additions for welding fluxes

The reduction properties of carbon with other elements – reduction agents in a liquid metal – oxide melts – gas system and the thermodynamic mobility of reactions – are evaluated. It is shown that the carbon added to the composition has high reduction properties at T = 1950–2200 K and exerts a strong effect on the oxygen content of the system. The results of calculations of the thermodynamic characteristics of the reactions of removal of hydrogen in interaction with metal fluorides are presented. It is shown that the application of the compound Na₃AlF₆ is more efficient in comparison with fluorite for the removal of oxygen in submerged-arc welding. The technological aspects of the addition of the carbon–fluorine-containing addition to the AN-348, AN-60 and AN-67 fluxes in welding 09G2S steel are examined. It is shown that when using this addition, the total oxygen content of the welded joint decreases, the degree of contamination with oxide non-metallic inclusions is smaller and the level of gas saturation of the weld metal also decreases, the required mechanical properties and impact toughness of the welded joint are higher and the carbon concentration of the welded joints remains on the level of the parent metal.     

Thermal properties of cerium and thorium tellurates

Enthalpy increment measurements on CeTe₂O₆ (s) and ThTe₂O₆ (s) were carried out using a Calvet micro-calorimeter. The enthalpy increment values were least squares analyzed, with the constraint that H⁰(T)−H⁰ (298.15 K) at 298.15 equals 0 and C_p⁰ (298.15 K) is equal to the value estimated by Kellog’s method.The dependence of the enthalpy increment with temperature can be given as:

H⁰(T)−H⁰ (298.15 K)(J mol⁻¹)=189.95 T (K)+15.226×10⁻³ T² (K) +15.414×10⁵/T (K)−63157 (CeTe₂O₆ (s), 391.5–848.0 K)

H⁰(T)−H⁰ (298.15 K)(J mol⁻¹)=191.34 T (K)+14.993×10⁻³ T² (K) +14.668×10⁵/T (K)−63300 (ThTe₂O₆ (s), 391.5–909.3 K)

Molar heat capacity C_p⁰(T), S(T) and Gibb’s free energy functions were evaluated.