Investigation of mode coupling due to ohmic wall losses inovermoded uniform and varying-radius circular waveguides by the methodof cross sections

The effect of ohmic wall losses on mode coupling in overmoded varying-radius circular waveguides is investigated. Mode coupling and multimode propagation in uniform lossy-wall circular waveguides is also discussed. The expressions for the coupling coefficients are given by line integrals of the power-normalized fields of the normal modes along the boundary of the waveguide cross section. Numerical results are presented for the case of propagation of an HE₁₁-like mode excitation in a uniform smooth lossy-wall circular waveguide     

Low-loss twists in oversized rectangular waveguide

The unwanted mode conversion from twists in overmoded waveguides is calculated from numerical integration of the coupled-mode equations, considering simultaneous coupling of the five lowest-order modes coupled in a twist. Twists with tapered or linearly varying rates of twist are shown to be superior in medium- or broad-band applications to those with uniform twist rate. Measurements consistent with these theoretical calculations are discussed for uniform twists in WR90 waveguide at 60 GHz and for an electroformed twist having a linearly tapered rate of twist in WR187 waveguide from 15.7 to 17.7 GHz. The coupling coefficients needed in the calculations are derived and are compared with the results of other work, including a modal expansion of the dominant mode in twisted waveguide. The work also considers the transmission through an oversized waveguide with a mode converter generating a trapped unwanted mode, and the result for the dependence of the resonance depth on the mode conversion and the attenuation of the trapped mode is found     

Modal analysis of waveguide antennas with arbitrary cross sections

An approach is given to analyze the modal coupling of open-ended waveguides with arbitrary cross sections located in a conducting screen. The presented theory enables the determination of reflection characteristics of a single waveguide, as well as the analysis of mutual coupling between elements in waveguide antenna arrays. The field inside each waveguide is expressed as a sum of the transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic modes and expressions for the mutual admittances of modes excited at the aperture are obtained using a direct integration method. From these expressions, the mode reflection and conversion coefficients are determined. Computed and measured results are presented. Furthermore, this approach has been used to design a new type of horn antenna with high return loss and equal radiation patterns in the two principle planes     

Analysis of dielectric loaded hybrid mode coaxial horns

This article presents a numerical solution for radiation from a novel coaxial horn with a partial dielectric loading. The horn is represented as a set of three-layer dielectric loaded coaxial waveguide sections. Characteristic equation has been obtained to calculate phase coefficients for hybrid modes in each section. Applying mode matching technique generalised scattering matrices for each junction between the sections have been obtained, besides that power coupling integrals for each of three different type of junctions have been found in closed-form solutions. Cascading these scattering matrices with transmission matrices of each section yields a generalised scattering matrix of the horn. For the given excitation at the throat of the horn, amplitude and phase of eigenmodes at the aperture of the horn have been determined. Finally, Fourier transform integral of the aperture electric field has been applied to solve radiation problem of the horn. Numerical results on propagation and radiation characteristics of the first four hybrid modes of the horn are presented and it is validated that this solution can be successfully used for full-wave electromagnetic analysis and optimisation of multiband dielectric loaded coaxial feeds.     

A Novel TM$_01$–TE$_11$Circularly Polarized (CP) Mode Converter

A novel mode converter that converts a$hboxTM_01$mode to a CP$hboxTE_11$mode was developed. In the converter, the$hboxTM_01$mode is transformed into a coaxial transverse electric and magnetic (TEM) mode first, then the coaxial TEM mode is split in space into multiple$hboxTE_11$sector waveguide modes by eight plates in the coaxial waveguide, which further subject the$hboxTE_11$sector waveguide modes to different signal paths and hence effectively convert the TEM mode into a CP$hboxTE_11$mode. A mode converter at 4GHz was designed. The conversion efficiency of$hboxTM_01$-to-$hboxTE_11$is 99% at center frequency with an axial ratio of 0.7dB. Over the frequency range of 3.8–4.3GHz, the conversion efficiency exceeds 90%, and the axial ratio is less than 2.7dB. A good agreement between experiments and simulations was observed.     

Scattering at a nonchiral-chiral interface in a coaxial waveguide

A formally exact full-wave solution is presented for the problem of scattering at a nonchiral-chiral interface in a coaxial waveguide. The field components for the axisymmetric modes in a coaxial chirowaveguide are initially obtained. A new orthogonality relation for the modes is then proposed and used to find expansion coefficients for the electromagnetic fields in the coaxial chirowaveguide. The scattering matrix for the nonchiral-chiral dielectric discontinuity in a coaxial waveguide is finally derived by enforcing the continuity conditions of the tangential field components across the interface. Numerical results for the reflection and transmission coefficients at the nonchiral-chiral interface in a coaxial waveguide are presented     

填充多层介质的共焦椭圆同轴线传播特性

采用在椭圆柱坐标系中分离变量的方法,得到了填充多层介质共焦椭圆同轴线模式特征方程.研究表明:当椭圆退化为圆时,利用角向和径向马修函数的渐进关系,可得到填充多层介质的圆形同轴线的模式特征方程,由此可见,圆形同轴线可看作椭圆形同轴线的特例;当椭圆同轴线内导体半长轴大小为零时,则椭圆同轴线就变成椭圆波导,同样的方法,可得到填充多层介质的椭圆波导模式特征方程.当填充一层介质时,得到了椭圆同轴线和椭圆波导的模式特征方程,结果和相关文献所得结果相同.作为示例,对填充一层介质和两层介质的椭圆同轴线中一些模式色散特性进行了数值计算,分析了椭圆同轴线中介质参数的变化以及椭圆同轴结构的变化等对其传播特性的影响.     

Optimized overmoded TE01-to-TM11 mode converters for high-power millimeter wave applications at 70 and 140 GHz

Mode coupling in bent, oversized, smooth-wall circular waveguides was studied by means of numerical integration of coupled-mode differential equations in order to optimize high-power TE01-to-TM11 mode transducers at 70 GHz and 140 GHz. Such mode transformers are used in the mode conversion sequence TEOn to TE01 to TM11 to HE11 for generating the almost perfectly linearly polarized Gaussian-like HE11 mode from circular electric TEOn gyrotron modes. This quasi-optical HE11 hybrid mode is in many respects ideal for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of magnetically confined plasmas in thermonuclear fusion research and for other technical applications. Curvature and ellipticity coupling as well as ohmic attenuation of 6 coupled modes (TE01, TM11, TE11, TE12, TE21, TM21) are included in the coupling matrices. Integral expressions were used for deriving the coupling coefficients for arbitrary modes in bent, smooth-wall waveguide. Lowest level of unwanted spurious modes together with highest transmission efficiency (shortest arc length) is achieved with sinusoidal curvature distribution instaed of constant curvature. The calculated conversion efficiencies of 98.0% at 70 GHz and 95.2% at 140 GHz (interior waveguide diameter D=27.8 mm for 200 kW transmission lines) are in excellent agreement with the measured values of (97.6±0.4)% and (95±1)%, respectively.     

A Complete Solution of the Inductive Iris with TE/sub k0/ Incidence in Rectangular Waveguide

A TE/sub k0/ wave incident on an inductive metal iris in a rectangular waveguide excites a reflected and a transmitted wave in the TE/sub k0/ mode. The reflection and transmission coefficients describing these waves are computed. In addition to the incident mode, a number of other modes are excited by the discontinuity. The amount of coupIing to these other modes, given by coupling coefficients, is determined using the variational technique. The method developed makes it possible to find the coupling to any desired mode without first finding the coupling to any other mode or group of modes. The analysis shows under what conditions certain modes can be suppressed or eliminated. The method should be applicable to other problems of interest where modes other than the incident one are excited. Since the reflection, transmission, and coupling coefficients are known, the total field at any point in the waveguide can be computed. As an example, the total field at the discontinuity when the TE/sub 10/ mode is incident is calculated. The result closely resembles the expected result (of zero electric field over the metal iris).     

同轴TE_(11)~⊙模与矩波导TE_(10)模的耦合计算

首先建立同轴 TE1 1 ⊙ 模与圆波导 TE1 1 o 模的等效关系。进而将同轴 TE1 1 ⊙ 模与矩波导 TE1 0 模的耦合问题转化为其等效圆波导 TE1 1 o 模与矩波导 TE1 0 模的耦合问题。实验证明 ,理论计算与实测结果吻合     

A new model for microwave characterization of composite materialsin guided-wave medium

A method of determining the permittivity and the permeability of heterogeneous materials from microwave measurements in a coaxial line or in a rectangular waveguide is presented. Fluctuations are observed in the curves of the transmission and reflection coefficients measured in a guided space cell which are caused by the propagation of modes higher than lowest order. The measuring cell containing the sample is represented by an unperturbed line in series with resonators which model the coupling between the sample and the measurement cell for each higher mode resonating inside the sample. Finally, the intrinsic characteristics of the material are computed from the data for the unperturbed line. Results for several composite materials and measurement cells are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of this model     

微波源中同轴提取区支撑杆的理论分析与设计

同轴提取区支撑杆的设计是MILO等同轴提取型高功率微波源设计的重要环节。本文根据场匹配原理导出了具有支撑杆的同轴提取区系统的传输方程和散射矩阵，并对同轴提取区各部分的微波模式进行了理论分析。对给定参数下的同轴提取区系统的散射矩阵参数进行数值计算，进而得到各微波模式系数，并对支撑杆进行了设计和参数优化。理论分析和数值计算都得出同样结论：对一定频率的微波来说，若同轴波导中第一个截止模式是Hn1则应选择n根支撑杆。这种支撑杆对TEM波的传播几乎无影响，可使微波源的束波互作用区及微波模式转换器和辐射器免受非旋转对称模式的影响。     

Mode Selective Coaxial Directional Couplers for Harmonic Measurements

Bethe's small-hole coupling theory is applied to coaxial transmission line to design mode selective directional couplers. By independently sampling the TEM and TE11 modes in coaxial line, harmonic measurements can be performed which would require five or more directional couplers if made in rectangular waveguide. Mode selectivity on the order of 30 dB has been achieved.     

Mode conversion in helix loaded waveguide

Forward coupling of a fast TE-like mode is an interesting and desirable option in the gyro-TWT amplifier. We consider in this paper a mode conversion at the abrupt junction of two infinitely long sheath-helix-loaded waveguides. A helix mode traveling from the left to the right side excites fast TE-like modes are numerically calculated by taking dominant terms in the into TE-like modes are numerically calculated by taking dominant terms in the eigenmode-expansion method. The bandwidth (3 dB) for TE-mode-like coupling in the second (right-hand-side) waveguide is found to be over 40$.     

PPLN光波导中传输光波模场重叠因子分析

为了研究铌酸锂光波导中传输光波模场重叠因子对波长转换效率的影响,采用有限差分的方法进行了波导中传输光波模场及差频波长转换效率的研究,得到了波导中1560nm基频光和780nm倍频光光场分布以及引入模场匹配因子进行修正后的差频波长转换效率。结果表明,修正后的转换效率理论值与实验结果更加吻合,并且能够得到直接键合铌酸锂波导的最佳尺寸。这为周期极化铌酸锂脊形光波导的设计提供了理论依据。     

Fields in Waveguide Bends Expressed in Terms of Coupled Local Annular Waveguide Modes

The fields in waveguide bends with arbitrary curvature and cross section are expressed in terms of "local" annular modes. The coupling between the local mode amplitudes is derived by evaluating the differential scattering coefficients between two adjacent infinitesimal annular waveguides. Comparison of these solutions with an earlier analysis of the problem shows that the coupling terms for the local annular modes are smaller for gradually curved bends since they are proportional to the derivative of the curvature. Furthermore, the significant scattered annular modes are bunched more tightly about the incident mode. The coupled differentiaI equations for the annular mode amplitudes may therefore be solved by considering relatively fewer scattered modes.     

The Propagation Constants of Higher-Order Modes in Coaxial Waveguides With Finite Conductivity

Overmoded coaxial waveguides have been used in coaxial gyrotrons as a key interaction structure. To achieve the required mode selectivity, the resistivity of the center conductor is properly chosen to damp unwanted modes. Considering attenuation due to conductor loss, this study employs the perturbational method to determine the propagation constants of higher-order modes in the coaxial waveguide. The validity of the theoretical model is confirmed by comparison with results obtained using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Moreover, the method proposed herein is applied to analyze the ohmic mode selection of the coaxial waveguide.     

Loss mechanisms in single-mode fiber tapers

The onset of transmission loss in four single-mode tapers is shown to coincide with the taper slope exceeding the critical slope angle at which fundamental mode cutoff occurs. This implies that the primary loss mechanism in single-mode fiber tapers is cutoff of the fundamental mode from the core. A secondary loss mechanism of coupling to the modes of a coaxial outer waveguide is also observed and modeled. Implications for fused fiber couplers are discussed.     

Mutual coupling in arrays of coaxial waveguides and horns

A solution is presented for the mutual coupling between the modes of different-sized circular coaxial aperture arrays, which are used as direct radiators and feed antennas. This solution is expressed in terms of integral transforms and the mutual admittances for the cross coupling between all three mode types, TE, TM, and TEM, are obtained. The accuracy of this new integral formulation is demonstrated by comparing computed results with measured data for a three-element test array. Excellent agreement is obtained between theory and experiment for both coupling coefficients and radiation patterns. Results are also presented for a coaxial feed array for the Lovell radio telescope.     

A multipole analysis of a dielectric loaded coaxial rectangularwaveguide

A multipole analysis of a coaxial rectangular waveguide whose inner conductor is circular is made in order to determine the TE and TM modes of the system. The analysis is based on using multipole (dipole, quadrupole etc.) electric and magnetic current sources to generate field solutions in the waveguide. These solutions are used to match the electromagnetic boundary condition in a homogeneous coaxial rectangular waveguide and to determine the TE and TM eigenvalues of the waveguide system. Eigenvalue results are compared with results of the generalized spectral domain method and to eigenvalue results for a ridged waveguide. Propagation in a coaxial rectangular waveguide is also studied when the coaxial rectangular waveguide is loaded with lossy inhomogeneous dielectric material. A variational formula is used to relate the TEM, TE, and TM modes of an empty coaxial rectangular waveguide to the propagation in the loaded inhomogeneous dielectric waveguide