Influence of Silicon on the Wear Properties of Amorphous Carbon Under Dry and Lubricated Conditions

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have drawn much attention as potential surface coatings for engineering contacts because of their excellent friction and wear resistance properties. However, much less is known about their friction and wear mechanisms, especially at higher contact pressures. In this study, two amorphous carbon DLCs, with (a-C:Si) and without Si (a-C), have been investigated to understand the influence of Si on friction and wear under dry, base oil- and fully formulated oil-lubricated conditions. Si does not affect friction but significantly affects wear. a-C:Si shows lower wear than a-C but imparts higher wear on the steel counterpart. The steel counterpart that forms a hybrid tribolayer (transferred carbon from DLC + additive-derived tribofilm products) exhibits superior wear resistance properties.     

The Effects of Magnetic Treatment on the Tribological Behavior of AISI 1045 Steel under Lubricated Conditions

The mechanical and tribological properties of pulse-magnetized and untreated AISI 1045 steel were studied comparatively. The microhardness and microstructures of treated and untreated steel samples were analyzed to evaluate magnetic treatment effects on the mechanical properties. Dislocation densities were calculated from X-ray diffraction data according to the Williamson-Hall method. Tribological tests were conducted using a ball-on-disk reciprocating friction and wear tester. Scanning electron and energy-dispersive microscopies were used to analyze the morphologies and elements of worn surfaces. Dislocation densities of AISI 1045 steel were found to increase by 16.5% after magnetic treatment. Treated steel performed better under polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil lubrication with each of five additives, especially when oleic acid was 0.2 and 1.5% (by mass), and the wear scar width and friction coefficient of treated samples were 46.9 and 16.4% lower than those of the untreated samples, respectively. Morphological analyses indicated that micromagnetic fields generated during friction tests not only promoted oxidation of the worn surface and debris but also produced thinner tribofilms that included chemical and adsorbed films.     

偏压对掺钨含氢类金刚石碳膜摩擦学性能的影响

利用非平衡磁控溅射技术在单晶硅片及9Cr18基体表面制备不同偏压下的掺钨含氢类金刚石碳膜。采用Ra-man光谱分析薄膜结构,采用纳米硬度测试仪和纳米划痕仪研究薄膜的纳米硬度、弹性模量和膜基附着力,在球-盘摩擦试验机上测试薄膜在大气环境中的摩擦学性能,研究薄膜的摩擦学性能与偏压的关系。结果表明:制备的薄膜样品均具有典型的类金刚石碳膜结构;基体偏压强烈影响薄膜的力学和摩擦学性能,薄膜硬度和弹性模量在0～150 V范围内随着偏压增加而增大,薄膜的摩擦因数在偏压为100 V时最小,在此参数下的耐磨寿命也最长。     

基体表面的分数维对电弧喷涂层结合强度的影响

研究了不同喷砂角度下２０钢基体表面的粗糙度和分数维的变化及其对电弧喷涂层结合强度的影响,结果发现,不同角度喷砂处理对２０钢基体表面的平均粗糙度影响不大,而基体表面的分数维则受喷砂角度的影响。并且存在一个最优喷砂角度,此时基体表面形貌的分数维最大,电弧喷涂层的结合强度值也最大。     

润滑条件对黄豆/不锈钢摩擦副摩擦学行为的影响

食品机械加工中的摩擦磨损直接影响着食品安全问题。选用黄豆与316L不锈钢进行配副,采用滑动摩擦磨损试验机,研究干摩擦和水润滑条件对其摩擦学性能的影响。利用光学显微镜、光学三维形貌仪和红外光谱仪对试样的表面形貌、粗糙度和磨损表面成分进行了分析。结果表明：干摩擦条件下,黄豆/316L不锈钢摩擦副的平均摩擦因数波动较小,约为0.24,水润滑条件下其平均摩擦因数达到干摩擦条件下的4.4倍左右,且在摩擦过程中存在反复波动;与干摩擦相比,水润滑条件下不锈钢试样表面的磨痕宽度提高约10%,而黄豆试样表面的磨痕宽度的增加幅度约高达160%;水润滑摩擦过程中不锈钢磨痕表面产生更多黄豆分解的有机物,其磨痕表面的犁沟数量和深度均显著减少,黄豆试样磨痕表面基本没有犁沟;干摩擦条件下黄豆/不锈钢的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,而水润滑条件下,黏着磨损显著增加。     

Tribological Behavior of Carbide-derived Carbon Coating on SiC Polycrystal against SAE52100 Steel in Moderately Humid Air

In this article, carbide-derived carbon coating (CDC) on a substrate of silicon carbide was produced by chlorination at 1000 °C. The influence of dechlorination on the friction and wear of CDC coating sliding against SAE52100 steel was investigated. It was found that dechlorination is crucial and necessary for obtaining good tribological performance of CDC coating against steel. The CDC coatings exhibit excellent tribological performance in air at loads lower than 30 N and provide good protection from wear damage of steel as well. The tribological performance of CDC coating against steel is superior to that of commercially available graphite.     

Tribological Behaviors of Different Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on Nitrided Mild Steel Lubricated With Benzotriazole-Containing Borate Esters

Three synthesized benzotriazole-containing borate esters were separately added into poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) as additives, using molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) as the comparison. The friction and wear behavior of Ti-DLC and Ti/Al-DLC coating on nitrided AISI-1045 steel sliding against AISI 52100 steel under the lubrication of PAO containing various additives was evaluated using a reciprocating ball-on-disk friction and wear tester. The morphology and chemical feature of the worn surfaces of the DLC coatings were observed and analyzed using a three dimensional (3D) surface profiler, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). Results show that the three kinds of benzotriazole-containing borate esters as additives in PAO had much better tribological properties than MoDTC; the wear resistance of Ti/Al-DLC coating was better than Ti-DLC coating.     

Influence of T4 Heat Treatment on Tribological Behavior of Za27 Alloy Under Lubricated Sliding Condition

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, and tribological behavior of ZA27 alloy were examined. The alloys were prepared by conventional melting and casting route. The heat treatment of samples included the heating up to 370 °C for 3 or 5 h, quenching in water, and natural aging. Lubricated sliding wear test were conducted on as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 samples using block-on-disc machine. The friction and wear behavior of alloys were tested in contact with steel discs using combinations of three levels of load (10, 30, and 50 N) and three levels of linear sliding speeds (0.26, 0.50, and 1.00 m/s). To determine the wear mechanisms, the worn surfaces of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The heat treatment resulted in reduction in the hardness and tensile strength but increase in elongation. The heat-treated alloy samples attained improved tribological behavior over the as-cast ones, under all combinations of sliding speeds and contact loads. The rate of improvement increased with duration of solutionizing process before quenching in water. Obtained tribological results were related to the effects of heat treatment on microstructure changes of alloy.     

Effect of Carbon Nanotube Addition on Tribological Behavior of UHMWPE

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to improve the tribological properties of UHMWPE. CNTs which have a diameter of about 10–50 nm, while their length is about 3–5 nm were produced by the catalytic decomposition of acetylene gas using a tube furnace. Ball-on-disc-type wear tests were performed to evaluate the tribological performance of UHMWPE composites reinforced with CNTs. The results showed that addition of carbon nanotube up to 0.5 wt% lowered wear loss significantly and increased friction coefficient slightly. Also through the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surfaces of UHMWPE were observed and analyzed to discuss the tribological behavior of CNT added UHMWPE.     

非平衡线圈电流对掺钨含氢类金刚石碳膜力学和摩擦学性能的影响

利用非平衡磁控溅射技术在单晶硅片及9Cr18不锈钢基体表面制备不同非平衡线圈电流下的掺钨含氢类金刚石碳膜。采用Raman光谱以及红外光谱分析薄膜结构,采用纳米硬度测试仪和纳米划痕仪研究薄膜的纳米硬度和膜基附着力,在球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上测试薄膜的摩擦学性能。结果表明:制备的薄膜样品具有典型的类金刚石碳膜结构,薄膜中含氢量较高;非平衡线圈电流对等离子体的限制条件影响着薄膜的力学和摩擦学性能,薄膜硬度和弹性模量随着非平衡线圈电流增加而增大,薄膜的摩擦因数在非平衡线圈电流增加到最大值8 A时达到最小值0.118,在此参数下的耐磨寿命也最长。     

不锈钢表面粗糙度对PTFE摩擦学性能的影响

为了研究不锈钢表面粗糙度对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)摩擦学性能的影响,使用不同目数的砂纸打磨以获得不同表面粗糙度的不锈钢表面,利用往复式点接触试验机评价PTFE球/不锈钢平面摩擦副的摩擦学性能。研究发现,干摩擦时,摩擦系数几乎不受表面粗糙度的影响,而PTFE的磨损率于不锈钢表面粗糙度达到200 nm时最小,主要是由于转移膜的存在且转移膜与粗糙表面之间的结合力较强。水润滑时,摩擦系数和磨损率均随着表面粗糙度的增加先减小后增加,即存在一个较优的表面粗糙度使得PTFE的摩擦学性能最佳,此时Ra为60 nm。这可以归结为光滑表面容纳水的能力有限而粗糙表面会造成严重的磨粒磨损。     

Experimental Study on the Friction Characteristics of Textured Steel Surface with Ring-Shaped Pits under Lubricated Sliding Conditions

Surface texturing has been recognized to be an effective approach to modify the tribological performances of sliding surfaces. A ring-shaped texture has been fabricated on the surface of AISI1045 steel using a pulse laser, and reciprocating sliding tests were performed on a variable load tribometer (VLT). Frictional force of the textured surfaces was investigated under various geometrical parameters (inner radius, external radius, pitch, and offset ratio of texture units) and operating conditions (velocity and load). The results show that the width of the ring-shaped texture has a significant influence on antifriction, an optimum width for minimum friction is about 200 µm, and the staggered array of texture units is an effective way of reducing frictional force and wear.     

Thermal Stability of Fomblin Z and Fomblin Zdol Thin Films on Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon

Thermal desorption spectroscopy has been used to monitor the decomposition kinetics of Fomblin Zdol and Fomblin Z lubricant films adsorbed to the amorphous carbon overcoats of hard disk media. Comparisons have been made between Fomblin Z and Zdol with vastly different molecular weights (MW = 4000 and 50000), and films of Fomblin Z with different thickness (20 and 60 Å). Several species have been observed desorbing from the surface during heating. In all cases decomposition occurs over roughly the same temperature range of 600–750 K. This suggests that the desorption process is the result of decomposition and that the end groups of the Fomblin lubricants are not involved in determining the kinetics of this decomposition reaction. The activation barrier to the decomposition process has been estimated at 114±6 kJ/mol.     

表面改性碳纤维对聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦学行为的影响

采用硝酸氧化法和涂层复合改性法分别对碳纤维(CF)进行表面改性,并制备CF改性聚酰亚胺(PI)复合材料。考察材料在不同滑动速度和载荷下的摩擦磨损行为,利用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌。结果表明:CF与PI基体的界面结合强度对PI复合材料在不同滑动速度下的摩擦磨损性能影响较大,涂层复合处理法比硝酸处理法能更有效提高CF与基体的界面结合强度,提高复合材料在高滑动速度下的摩擦磨损性能。CF的强度是影响复合材料在不同载荷下摩擦磨损性能的主要因素,CF经过表面处理后强度出现不同程度的下降,导致在高载荷条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能下较未处理的CF/PI复合材料相比有所下降。     

The Effect of Applied Load on Tribological Behaviors of Potassium Titanate Whiskers Reinforced PEEK Composites Under Water Lubricated Condition

The tribological behavior of potassium titanate whiskers (PTW) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite has been investigated using the pin-on-disk configuration at different applied loads under water lubricated condition. It was found that the incorporation of the PTW into PEEK would achieve high wear resistance and low friction coefficient at low load. When the applied load increased up to 4 MPa, only the composite filled with 5 wt% PTW showed a significant improvement in the frictional reduction and wear resistance; on the contrary, a rapid increasing of the friction coefficient was observed for the composites of high PTW content. In the meantime, the severe wear loss occurred along with the sharply increasing temperature. This sudden deterioration of the wear resistance should be attributed to the change of the wear mechanism. The main wear mechanism of mild fatigue for the neat PEEK and mild abrasive wear for the 5 wt% PTW filled composite did not alter with the rising of the load. In this case, no transfer film could be detected on the counterpart surface. However, for the high PTW filled composites, the wear mechanism changed from the mild abrasive wear at low applied load to the severe fatigue wear at high load. Large amounts of wear debris were generated by the fatigue-delamination of the composite surface. And then, the debris served as third-body abrasives during the subsequent sliding process and the wear mechanism changed to severe abrasive wear. And unexpectedly, a thick and lumpy transfer film was formed on the counterface.     

Wear Behavior of Ceramic Powder and Solid Lubricant Cladding on Carbon Steel Surface

Thick composite coatings of carbides on a metal matrix are ideal for use in components that are subjected to severe abrasive wear. It is a metal matrix composite (MMC) that is reinforced by an appropriate ceramic phase, a solid lubricant coating to reduce friction and to protect the opposing surface. This study tested the wear behavior of a carbon steel surface after cladding by a gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) method to enhance wear resistance. The microstructures, chemical compositions, and wear characteristics of the cladded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The coating was uniform, continuous, and almost defect-free, and particles were evenly distributed throughout the cladding layer. The results of wear tests indicate that the friction coefficient of the TiC coating is lower than that of AISI 1020 carbon steel. Thus, the wear depth of the TiC coating is only one tenth of that exhibited by the AISI 1020 carbon steel. The experiments confirm that the cladding surfaces of TiC particles reduce the wear rate and friction.     

Reciprocating Sliding Wear Behavior of 60NiTi As Compared to 440C Steel under Lubricated and Unlubricated Conditions

ABSTRACT

60NiTi is a hard (～60 HRC) and highly corrosion-resistant intermetallic with a relatively low elastic modulus (～100 GPa). In addition, this alloy exhibits a high compressive strength (～2,500 MPa) and a high elastic compressive strain of over 5%. These attributes make this alloy an attractive candidate to be employed in structural and mechanical component applications. However, sliding wear behavior of this intermetallic has not yet been studied in a systematic way. In this study, lubricated and unlubricated reciprocating sliding wear behavior of 60NiTi is compared to 440 C steel as a conventional bearing and wear-resistant alloy. Results of experiments carried out under different loads show that 60NiTi, despite having a higher hardness, exhibits a significantly inferior wear behavior under dry conditions in comparison to 440 C steel. These unexpected results indicate that 60NiTi does not follow conventional wear theories where the wear of materials has an inverse relationship to their hardness. On the other hand, under lubricated conditions with castor oil and a synthetic gear oil, 60NiTi exhibits low specific wear rates. These results exhibit the importance of proper lubrication in sliding mode applications where 60NiTi is exploited as a wear-resistant alloy.     

工艺条件对类金刚石薄膜在不同介质环境下摩擦学性能的影响研究

考察了基底负偏压对类金刚石薄膜(DLC)在无水和有水环境下摩擦性能的影响。利用电子回旋共振等离子体化学气相方法沉积制备DLC薄膜,利用激光拉曼(Raman)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和纳米硬度计表征了其结构特征,用UMT型多功能摩擦磨损实验机考察了其摩擦性能,并用光学显微镜分析了磨痕特征。结果表明:随着基底偏压的增加,表面粗糙度减小;在无水条件下,基底偏压较低的DLC薄膜摩擦因数较高,并存在一定的波动性,基底偏压较高时,摩擦因数较低。在有水条件下,基底偏压对摩擦因数影响不大。总体来说,加水后薄膜磨损较为严重。     

包埋工艺参数对碳/碳复合材料表面SiC涂层致密性的影响

采用包埋法在碳/碳(C/C)复合材料表面制备出不同致密度的SiC涂层,用正交试验法系统研究了包埋温度(A)、包埋时间(B)、烧结助剂Ⅰ含量(C)、烧结助剂Ⅱ含量(D)、硅含量(E)等工艺参数对SiC涂层抗氧化性能(用抗氧化性能表征涂层的致密性)的影响.结果表明:研究的包埋工艺参数对SiC涂层抗氧化性能(致密性)影响的显著性从大到小依次为A,C,E,D,B;在A1B1C1DE1工艺条件下所得的SiC涂层最疏松;通过改进参数,在A3B2C4D2E4工艺条件下所得的SiC涂层最致密,该涂层可在1 500℃空气中提供10 h以上的抗氧化保护.     

Effect of Operating Temperature on Tribological Behavior of As-Plated Ni-B Coating Deposited by Electroless Method

The present work investigates the tribological behavior of electroless Ni-B coating in its as-plated condition at elevated operating temperatures. Ni-B coating is deposited using an electroless method on AISI 1040 steel specimens. Coating characterization is done using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Vicker's microhardness and surface roughness are measured. Friction and wear tests are carried out on a pin-on-disc tribological test setup at room and elevated temperatures of 100, 300, and 500°C. The tribological behavior deteriorates at 100°C compared to room temperature. Electroless Ni-B coating shows excellent wear resistance at 300°C, which again degrades at 500°C due to severe oxidation and softening of the deposits. The worn surface of the coatings is analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Within the temperature range considered, the wear mechanism changes from adhesion to a combination of adhesion and abrasion as the temperature rises from ambient condition to 100°C, following which the wear mechanism is predominantly abrasive. The formation of a tribochemical oxide film also affects the tribological behavior of the coatings at high temperature.