介孔材料在燃料电池催化剂载体中的应用

催化剂是决定燃料电池性能、寿命、成本的关键因素之一,近年来介孔材料因其高的比表面积、独特的孔结构及良好的热稳定性,在燃料电池催化剂载体中应用广泛.简要介绍了介孔材料的合成方法,包括溶胶-凝胶法、水热法和模板合成法等.论述了近年来介孔材料在燃料电池载体中的研究进展,展望了介孔材料的发展趋势.     

有机粘土合成的介孔材料

有机粘土合成的介孔材料(MSCs)是用有机物或聚合物有机改性的粘土凝胶经过水热结晶，使得插层的粘土片层随机分散在聚合物基体中，然后焙烧脱去有机模板而制得。介孔半径的大小与聚合物质量百分含量及分子量大小有关。该类介孔材料可应用于加氢脱硫催化剂载体、分子的选择吸收、聚合物基纳米复合材料等领域。本文介绍了MSCs的制备方法及应用。     

介孔炭材料及介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料对大分子有机污染物的吸附

介孔炭材料与活性炭相比具有较大的孔体积和孔径,高的比表面积以及规则的孔道结构,而介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料兼顾了活性炭与介孔材料的优点,因此在吸附大分子有机污染物方面有很好的应用前景。笔者综述了近年来介孔炭,负载/修饰后的介孔炭,介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料的制备和最新研究进展。在制备方面,根据其制备机理的不同可分为硬模板法和软模板法,制备出有序的介孔炭与介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料。在应用方面,重点介绍了介孔炭材料和介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料对大分子有机污染物的吸附性能。进而对介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料在吸附方面的应用进行了展望。     

介孔炭材料应用于电化学催化的研究进展

由于介孔炭材料具有高比表面、均一可调的孔径尺寸和形貌、良好的导电性和化学稳定性等优点,已被广泛应用到催化、吸附、分离和电化学储能等领域.近年来,多组分的掺杂与复合使介孔炭材料拥有可调变的功能性,已成为材料领域研究的一个热点.本文首先介绍介孔炭材料的合成,包括软模板法、硬模板法和无模板法等.接着论述介孔炭及其复合材料在电...     

可溶性酚醛树脂为碳源合成有序介孔炭及其电催化性能

利用介孔硅SBA-15与苯酚、甲醛混合,原位合成可溶性酚醛树脂,高温炭化得有序介孔炭(C1);同时将预聚的酚醛树脂与SBA-15 共混后再聚合,高温炭化得有序介孔炭(C2).微波多元醇还原法合成Pt/C1、Pt/C2、Pt/CMK-5(糠醇为碳源)电催化剂.使用X射线衍射仪(XRD),N2物理吸附,透射电镜(TEM)和循环伏安技术(CV)对介孔炭的结构和催化剂的性能进行了表征.结果表明:CI主要由规则的六方介孔孔道构成,比表面积为947m2/g,孔径分布集巾在4.5nm,Pt微粒在C1上具有良好的分散性,平均粒径约为3nm.C2的孔道较为模糊,负载的Pt微粒有一定程度的团聚.CV曲线显示,Pt/C1催化剂的电化学活性面积(EAS)为54.2m2/g,其催化甲醇氧化的性能优于Pt/C2及Pt/CMK-5而略筹于商用催化剂Pt/C(E-TEK).     

有序介孔复合炭膜的制备及其性能研究

采用软模板法合成有序介孔炭(OMC),利用XRD、TEM及SEM等分析方法对其进行结构性能分析,探讨了催化剂和模板剂的种类及用量、反应温度等合成工艺条件对形成OMC结构性能的影响。以最佳工艺条件制备的OMC前驱体为涂膜液涂敷在管状微滤炭膜表面,经炭化制得有序介孔复合炭膜,而后考察了复合炭膜的气体渗透性能。结果表明:以盐酸为催化剂、模板剂F127/间苯二酚摩尔比为0.0081、反应温度为30℃时,可合成有序程度最佳的OMC前驱体。用该OMC前驱体涂敷微滤炭膜制备的有序介孔复合炭膜,改善了微滤炭膜的孔结构,最大孔径由0.530μm减小至0.299μm,同时提高了炭膜的气体渗透通量。其中,由混煤微滤炭膜所制有序介孔复合炭膜,N2气渗透通量达1.18·10-8m3·m-2·s-1·Pa-1,是未经修饰烟煤微滤炭膜的4倍。     

有序介孔炭的模板合成进展

以MCM-41为代表的介孔分子筛具有孔道排列规则、孔径分布窄、比表面积高等特点，在催化、吸附、分离等领域具有广泛应用前景，尤其是以其为模板开展的纳米组装科学已成为目前材料研究的热点之一。在简要介绍硅基介孔分子筛的分类和合成机理的基础上，对国内外多孔炭模板合成的研究现状进行了述评，重点阐述了有序介孔炭模板合成的特点、合成工艺、模板类型、碳前驱体的种类及其在双电层电容器、催化、储能等方面的初步应用结果，并展望了有序介孔炭模板合成的发展趋势，指出模板成本的降低、工艺条件的简化和可控化将成为未来一段时期人们研究的重点。     

有序介孔有机硅杂化材料的制备研究

分别采用两种不同的模板剂在不同的酸碱条件下成功地制备出有序介孔有机硅杂化材料,通过X射线衍射图谱、热失重分析和透射电子显微镜对制备的材料进行了表征,结果表明以嵌段共聚物和阳离子表面活性剂为模板剂均能成功制备出有序的介孔材料,而且所制得的材料具有优良的热稳定性,不同的有机官能团的引入大大地丰富了介孔材料的种类和用途.     

铅铜螯合物/介孔炭催化剂对改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响

通过稳态燃烧火焰结构、熄火表面形貌和成分分析,研究铅铜螯合物/介孔炭催化剂对改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,铜铅螯合物/介孔炭复合物作用于改性双基推进剂,其稳态燃烧火焰结构的燃烧表面均匀分布,其火焰亮度高,暗区域面积较少,熄火表面形貌均匀,且不能明显观察到残留晶状物,表明加入铜铅螯合物/介孔炭催化剂后催化燃烧更充分彻底.     

模板法制备有序介孔炭及其超电性能研究

以F127为模板剂,通过模板法制备了有序介孔炭材料(OMC)。对样品进行了X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM),研究其结构和形貌。结果表明,OMC孔道有序规则,壁宽为10nm。电化学测试表明此电极材料具有良好的电化学性能,可逆性能好。在电流密度为700mA/g的条件下,经500次循环测试,有序介孔炭的容量保持率为90.5%。     

Self-assembled mesoporous carbon films for platinum metal catalyst loading

This work demonstrates the use of self-assembled carbon films in designing fuel cell electrode. Well-dispersed mesoporous carbon particles were prepared based on the spontaneous and strong chemisorption of polyoxometalate (POM) solution on carbon surface. Electrostatically self-assembled films of the POM stabilized carbon interlaced with cationic polyelectrolyte binding layer were useful for confining electrodeposition of platinum (Pt) catalyst. The structure and morphology of the resulting films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively. The electrocatalytic activities of Pt deposited on the self-assembled carbon films toward the degradation of small organic molecules are largely dependent on the quantity of Pt and carbon. This work represents a simply controlled test-bed for fundamental studies on loading metal catalysts on ordered mesoporous carbon films for catalysis.     

Nonionic surfactant-templated mesoporous carbon as an electrocatalyst support for methanol oxidation

Two carbons were synthesized for use as platinum electrocatalyst supports for methanol oxidation. For both materials, furfuryl alcohol was used as the carbon precursor; however, one (CPEG) was made using poly ethylene glycol as the pore former, while the other (CSRF) was produced using Pluronic^® F127 as the soft template by organic–organic self-assembly. The CPEG and CSRF carbons were estimated from nitrogen physisorption experiments to be micro- and mesoporous, respectively. Platinum nanoparticles were deposited on each carbon as well as on Vulcan XC-72 carbon by the formic acid reduction method. The physicochemical properties of electrocatalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and their electrochemical features were examined using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy. It was found that higher methanol oxidation peak current densities as well as lesser charge transfer resistance at electrode/electrolyte interface were obtained for Pt supported on CSRF as compared to those on Vulcan XC-72 carbon, owing to the higher specific surface area and larger total pore volume (696 m² g⁻¹ and 0.60 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively) together with superior electrical conductivity of mesoporous CSRF. On the other hand, the lower surface area and pore volume of microporous CPEG substrate confined Pt nanoparticles deposition and thus made CPEG-supported Pt an inefficient methanol oxidation electrocatalyst.     

用作气相催化反应体系CNF/泡沫炭催化剂载体的合成

以中间相沥青为碳质前躯体,采用自发泡法制得泡沫炭.为了提高比表面积,泡沫炭经质量分数65％的HNO3氧化后,采用化学气相沉积法在其表面生长一层纳米炭纤维(CNFs).泡沫炭表面生长一层CNFs后,其比表面积和导热系数分别由40m2/g、107W/mK相应提高到198 m2/g、125W/mK.这种结构的CNFs/泡沫炭复合材料可以用作气相催化反应体系的催化剂载体.     

Using phenol–formaldehyde resin as carbon source to synthesize mesoporous carbons of different pore structures

In this research communication, we performed the phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin as an alternative carbon source and various mesostructured silicas as the nano-templates to conveniently prepare the mesoporous carbons of high surface area (850–1500 m² g⁻¹), large pore size (2.0–22.0 nm) and great pore volume (0.65–1.15 cm³ g⁻¹). It was reasonably supposed that there exist interaction matching between the negative-charged silica surface of the silica template and PF resin. Therefore, the PF oligomers could be homogeneously adsorbed into the nanochannels or cages of the mesoporous silicas via an impregnation process. Because the thermosetting PF resin only requires a simple heat treatment process at 100 °C to form the cross-linked polymeric structure, the replication of the mesostructure of the mesoporous silica template could be readily achieved without adding any polymerization catalysts.     

Nickel nanoparticles decoration of ordered mesoporous silica thin films for carbon nanotubes growth

We report in situ successive depositions of nickel nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on ordered mesoporous silica films used as template for the catalyst particles. The mesoporous films are synthesized by the evaporation-induced self-assembly process from tetraethyl orthosilicate derived oligomers and a di-block copolymer from dip-coating deposition method. The substrates are decorated with Ni nanoparticles through Ion Beam Deposition and posterior annealing to induce metal coalescence in the mesoporous cavities. CNTs were then grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition in the presence of an electric field. These techniques provide a simple control method producing ordered arrangements of catalyst nanoparticles and ordered nanostructures for large area applications.     

Simple preparation of tungsten carbide supported on carbon for use as a catalyst support in a methanol electro-oxidation

Two types of supported tungsten carbides were prepared via the impregnation of tungsten precursors on carbon support followed by heat treatment. Depending on whether ammonium metatungstate (AMT) or tungsten chloride (WCl₆) was used as the precursor, this process resulted in samples that are referred to as either WC-A or WC-W, respectively. Both WC-A and WC-W showed tungsten subcarbide (W₂C) as the major crystalline phase, with tungsten monocarbide (WC) as a minor phase. More amount of tungsten carbide being formed when WCl₆ was used as the precursor. This increased formation has occurred because the thermodynamically favorable properties of WCl₆ caused the contact area between the tungsten precursor and the carbon support to promote formation of tungsten carbide. The prepared tungsten carbides were used as a catalyst support of the Pt catalyst in a methanol electro-oxidation. The metal dispersion and the catalytic performance were increased as follows: Pt/C<Pt/WC-A<Pt/WC-W. It is believed that the tungsten carbides supported on the carbon support improved the dispersion of Pt and the activation of water for removal of intermediate CO, which enhanced the catalytic performance during the methanol electro-oxidation.     

双模板结构导向剂制备有序介孔炭

以间苯二酚/甲醛制备的酚醛树脂为碳前躯体,三嵌段共聚物F127和P123作为主辅结构导向剂,采用有机-有机自组装的方法制备有序介孔炭(Ordered mesoporous carbons,简称OMCs)。采用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜和N2吸/脱附手段对所制OMCs进行表征,研究了反应时间以及主辅模板剂的比例对介孔孔道结构的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间从24h延长至72 h,介孔炭有序性先增后减;当主辅模板剂F127/P123摩尔比为0.002 7∶0.002 7时,所得介孔炭有序性较好,为P6mm型孔道结构,介孔孔容和比表面积分别为0.59 cm3/g和640.34 m2/g,平均孔径为3.68 nm.     

双电层电容器用中孔炭微球/活性炭复合电极的制备

采用水热法合成比表面积1850m2/g、粒径lμm的中孔炭微球(MCM);而后将所制MCM加入比表面积为3200m2/g的超级活性炭(HSAC)中制成用于双电层电容器的复合电极材料,并研究了该复合电极材料的电化学性能.结果表明:在比表面积为3200m2/g的HSAC中添加质量分数20%的MCM后,其颗粒接触内阻、离子扩散内阻明显降低;在6mol/L的KOH电解液体系中,在12A/g的电流密度下,其比电容仍能稳定在230F/g.而在同样的条件下,纯HSAC和纯MCM的比电容仅分别为190F/g和148F/g.复合电极在大电流下电化学性能的提高应归因于MCM合适的粒径、中孔结构及其较高的比表面积.     

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica thin films as a catalyst support on a titanium substrate

Mesoporous silica films with a thickness of 500-900 nm were synthesized on a titanium substrate by the evaporation-induced self-assembly method (with 900-1200 rpm for 90 s) using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as structure-directing agent and tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source. Prior to coating deposition, the titanium substrate was oxidized to increase the surface roughness up to 500 nm and to produce a thin titania layer. Just before the synthesis, the titania layer was made super hydrophilic by an UV treatment for 2 h to provide a better adhesion of the silica film to the substrate. Films with hexagonal and cubic mesostructures with a uniform pore size of 2.8 nm and a surface area of 1080 m²/g were obtained and characterized by different methods. An alternative approach for surfactant removal by gradual heating up to 250 °C in vacuum was applied. Complete removal of CTAB from the as-synthesized silica films was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.     

Preparation of mesoporous carbon from biomass for heavy metal ion adsorption

Mesoporous carbon (MC-S) has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method by using cheap and nontoxic soluble starch as carbon precursor, Pluronic copolymer as soft templates. In the process of hydrothermal synthesis, the soluble starch can hydrolyze to give glucose, which can assemble with Pluronic copolymer through hydrogen bond interactions. Glucose further dehydrates and cross-links to form polymer networks. After carbonization of the polymer networks, MC-S can finally be obtained. The obtained MC-S has a specific surface area of 439 m² g^?1, uniform pore size of 4.5 nm as well as high oxygen content of 23.32%. The MC-S exhibits a good adsorption for heavy metal ions superior to FDU-15 due to the oxygen functional groups.