Lipid peroxidation,protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle,intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of myo-inositol

Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of myo-inositol (MI) (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg/kg diet) for 60 days were investigated. Total tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) content showed a downward trend to a point (P < 0.05). Conversely, total tissue anti-hydroxyl radical (AHR), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reducase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) content were generally higher in MI-supplemented diets than MI-unsupplemented diet (P < 0.05). Muscle and intestinal superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intestinal anti-superoxide anion (ASA) were increased by MI supplementation (P < 0.05), whereas these parameters in the other tissue showed no alterations (P > 0.05). These results indicated that antioxidant status was improved, and lipid peroxidation and protein oxidant were depressed in muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas by MI.     

Regulation of lipid disorders by ethanol extracts from Zingiber zerumbet in high-fat diet-induced rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the antihyperlipidaemic effects of the ethanol extract of Zingiber zerumbet (L) Smith (EEZZ). After being fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks, rats were dosed orally with EEZZ (100, 200 or 300 mg/kg) or fenofibrate (100 mg/kg) once daily for 8 weeks. EEZZ (300 mg/kg/day) produced effects similar to fenofibrate in reducing body weight gain, visceral fat-pad weights and plasma lipid levels. EEZZ caused reductions in hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol content, and lowered hepatic lipid droplet accumulation and the size of epididymal adipocytes. HFD-induced reductions in the hepatic proteins of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and cytochrome P450 isoform 4A1 (CYP4A1) were reversed by EEZZ. These results suggest that EEZZ reduced the accumulation of visceral fat and improved hyperlipidaemia in HFD-fed rats by increasing fatty acid oxidation, an effect which is likely to be mediated via up-regulation of hepatic PPARα.     

Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet in vivo

Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that high dietary fat intake of mice is associated with many physically degenerative diseases. Since oxidative stress and abnormal lipid metabolism have been speculated to be critical mechanisms underlying degenerative diseases, we hypothesized that a high-fat (HF) diet might induce oxidative stress or lipid oxidation and subsequently contribute to the high risk of some diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ones. To test this hypothesis, male kunming mice were placed on either a HF diet or a normal laboratory diet for 30 consecutive days. This investigation demonstrated that blood fat [low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL)], blood sugar (blood glucose and liver glycogen) and oxidative stress (activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of non-enzymic antioxidants) of mice fed high-fat diet (group II) were significantly increased or decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) when compared with the control group (I). The present study revealed that HF diet induced oxidative stress and provided novel evidence regarding the link between high dietary fat and increased risk of degenerative diseases. The administration of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides did not show any effect on the body weight of the experimental mice, but significantly decreased the levels of LDL, TC, TAG, blood glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) or increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) when compared with mice in HF group (II). These findings were further supported by significantly increased non-enzymic antioxidants levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), suggesting that L. barbarum polysaccharides showed a noticeable inhibition against lipid oxidation induced by free radicals caused by HF diet intake (groups III, IV, V) on the basis of their antioxidant activities.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts,piperine and piperic acid from Piper nigrum

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has long been regarded as a spice added to many foods and it is also considered as a medicinal plant. The predominant compound obtained from ethanolic extract of P. nigrum, the piperine, was purified and identified by HPLC, ¹³C NMR and by FT-IR analysis. Piperic acid was synthesized by alkaline hydrolysis of the purified piperine. The antioxidant and the antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts from P. nigrum and purified piperine and piperic acid were determined by using various in vitro tests. In all ours experiments, synthesized piperic acid was found to have the highest antioxidant power and was the most effective with the minimum inhibitory concentration (<325 μg/ml) against all strains tested. This comparative report indicates that these compounds, piperine and piperic acid, could be used as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents in both food preservation and human health.     

Beneficial effect of Ficus religiosa Linn. on high-fat-diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats

Ficus religiosa Linn. (Moraceae) was evaluated as a hypolipidaemic and antioxidant agent. Ethanol and hexane leaves extracts were examined for inhibition of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and DPPH free radical elevation. The ethanol extract was evaluated for its effect against hypercholesterolaemia in rats, compared with the standard hypolipidaemic lipanthyl. Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), phospho and total lipids were estimated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Administration of rats with 30 mg cholesterol five times per week for nine consecutive weeks caused a significant increase in lipid profile, MDA and SOD, while HDL-C and GSH showed significant decreases. Treatment with plant extract (500 mg/kg body weight) or lipanthyl drug (50 mg finofibrate/kg body weight) for the same duration recorded improvement in lipid profile, antioxidant levels, liver function enzymes and hepatic architecture. In conclusion, ethanol extract of F. religiosa exerted hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects.     

Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic composition of selected medicinal herbs from Leguminosae family in Peninsular Malaysia

Determination of total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and various antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, ferrous ion chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition) of leaves and flowers of Bauhinia kockiana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Cassia surattensis were performed in this study. The B. kockiana flower was found to possess the highest TPC (8280 ± 498 mg GAE/100 g), free radical scavenging activity (ascorbic acid equivalents 14,600 ± 2360 mg AA/100 g) and reducing ability (72.4 ± 8.7 mg GAE/g). Rutin and chlorogenic acid were detected in the plants, where the C. pulcherrima leaf contained the highest amount of rutin (669 ± 26 mg/100 g), while minute amounts of chlorogenic acid were detected in C. surattensis leaf (9.13 ± 0.44 mg/100 g). The C. pulcherrima leaf displayed the highest ferrous ion chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. Positive correlation was observed between TPC and various antioxidant activities.     

Efficacy of chemically characterized Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil as an antioxidant and a safe plant based antimicrobial against fungal and aflatoxin B1 contamination of spices

The paper reports the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum gratissimum as plant based preservative and recommends its application as a nontoxic antimicrobial and antiaflatoxigenic agent against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of spices as well their shelf life enhancer in view of its antioxidant activity. The EO exhibited antifungal activity against fungal isolates from some spices and showed better efficacy as fungitoxicant than prevalent fungicide Wettasul-80. The EO also completely checked the aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) synthesis by the toxigenic strains LHP-6 and LHP-10 of A. flavus isolated from Piper nigrum and Myristica fragrans respectively at 0.6 ??l/ml and 0.5 ??l/ml, respectively. In addition, EO showed antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging and ??-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay. Methyl cinnamate (48.29%) and ??-terpinene (26.08%) were recorded the major components of the oil through GC-MS analysis. The EO was found non-mammalian toxic showing high LD₅₀ (11622.67 ??l/kg) during oral toxicity on mice.     

Antiobese and hypocholesterolaemic effects of an Adenophora triphylla extract in HepG2 cells and high fat diet-induced obese mice

The ethyl acetate extract from Adenophora triphylla root (ATea) had strong antioxidant effect. We hypothesised that a high fat (HF) diet might induce oxidative stress and so, dietary antioxidant may have beneficial effects on hypercholesterolaemia, but the underlying mechanisms involved are not fully understood. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were fed with HF diet for 9 weeks. In the last 4 weeks, the HF diet was supplemented with 0, 25 or 75 mg/kg ATea. ATea decreased body weight gain and both ATea doses significantly reduced the plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels of the obese mice. Analysis of the hepatic expression of proteins known to play important roles in cholesterol metabolism indicated that ATea significantly enhanced low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression but inhibited the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–CoA reductase (HMG–CoA reductase) expression in HepG2 cells and mice. No mutagenic activity was observed at high doses of ATea.     

Antiatherogenic and antioxidative effects of Houttuynia cordata extracts in rats fed a high-fat diet

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extracts from Houttuynia cordata on the serum lipid profile and hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats. Animals were fed either a normal or high-fat diet (HFD) containing 0, 1 or 5% H. cordata extracts for 8 weeks. Dietary supplementation of H. cordata extracts at 1 and 5% normalized the HFD-induced weight gain in rats without a significant change in food intake. The H. cordata extracts dose-dependently increased serum HDL cholesterol levels in HFD-fed rats, resulting in a more than 2.5-fold decrease in atherogenic index. Lipid hydroperoxide content in the liver was significantly increased by HFD feeding, and the supplementation of H. cordata extracts at 5% reversed the hydroperoxide content to the level in the normally fed control group. Consistent with reduced hepatic lipid hydroperoxide, animals fed H. cordata extracts exhibited reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in the liver and serum. These findings suggest that the ethanolic extracts from H. cordata reduces atherogenic risk and hepatic oxidative damage induced by HFD consumption in rats.     

Organic acids,antioxidant capacity,phenolic content and lipid characterisation of Georgia-grown underutilized fruit crops

Four underutilized Georgia-grown fruit crops, namely loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), mayhaw (Crataegus sp.), fig (Ficus carica), and pawpaw (Asimina triloba), and their leaves were analysed for total polyphenols by Folin–Ciocalteau method, and antioxidant capacity by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Organic acids and phenolic compounds were identified by RP-HPLC. For lipid profile, fruits were separated into two fractions – seed and fruit (i.e., without seed); lipid was extracted using the Folch method and analysed for fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids. The major organic acid identified in all samples was malic acid (177–1918 mg/100 g FW). The predominant phenolic acids in all the fruits were gallic (1.5–6.4 mg/100 g FW) and ellagic (0.2–33.8 mg/100 g FW), and the most abundant flavonoid was catechin (12.2–37.8 mg/100 g FW). Total lipid content varied from 0.1% in mayhaw fruit to 21.5% in pawpaw seed. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all of the samples (28.2–55.7%).     

Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of aqueous extracts from Colombian Amazonian plants with medicinal use

The total phenol and flavonoid contents of 19 Amazonian plants and their related antioxidant activities were determined. The extracts from the plant leaf, bark, root, fruit and/or stem were prepared as infusions, as are traditionally used in popular medicine. Total phenols ranged from 0.8 to 22.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and flavonoids from 0.0 to 10.2 mg catechin equivalents/g, by using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride colourimetric methods. Differences were observed in phenol and flavonoid contents at the organic level, the leaf presenting greater values than the stem. All the extracts showed different degrees of antioxidant activity with TEAC, 1.1 up to 117.4 and ORAC, 7.8 up to 359.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/g. These values correlated with total phenol content (r² = 0.90) and flavonoid content (r² = 0.70 for TEAC; r² = 0.76 for ORAC). Piper putumayoense, Piper glandulosissimum, Piper krukoffii and Senna reticulata leaves and Brownea rosademonte bark showed elevated antioxidant activities, thus representing promising plant-sources of medicine.     

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of exopolysaccharides from Bifidobacterium bifidum WBIN03 and Lactobacillus plantarum R315

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bifidobacterium bifidum WBIN03 (B-EPS) and Lactobacillus plantarum R315 (L-EPS). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and superoxide radical-scavenging abilities were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. Inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation was also measured. Both B-EPS and L-EPS had strong scavenging ability against DPPH and superoxide radicals at high concentration. The inhibitory effect of B-EPS on erythrocyte hemolysis was stronger than that of L-EPS in a concentration range from 0.30 to 1.00 mg/mL, whereas the hydroxyl scavenging ability of L-EPS (39.15 ± 0.58%) was significantly higher than that of 0.15 mg/mL ascorbic acid (24.33 ± 1.17%) and B-EPS (17.89 ± 3.30%) at 0.10 mg/mL. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation of 0.50 mg/mL B-EPS and L-EPS was 13.48 ± 1.74% and 12.43 ± 0.51%, respectively, values lower than that of ascorbic acid at the same concentration (23.20 ± 1.41%). Furthermore, all these abilities were enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner. Agar diffusion assay showed that both EPS exhibited antibacterial activities against tested pathogens such as Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphyloccocus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella sonnei at 300 μg/mL. In conclusion, both EPS have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and could have applications in the food industry.     

Antioxidant properties of dried product of ‘haba-nori’, an edible brown alga, Petalonia binghamiae (J. Agaradh) Vinogradova

Dried ‘haba-nori’ Petalonia binghamiae, a brown alga, is a traditional food in the fisheries towns in Japan. To determine the antioxidant properties of the dried P. binghamiae, assays for antioxidant activities, including ferrous-reducing power, ferrous ion chelating, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and scavenging of a superoxide anion radical-generated by non-enzymatic system were tested in this study. A water extract solution contained total phenols at about 75 μmol phloroglucinol equivalents/g dry sample and showed strong antioxidant activities in the reducing power, DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. The antioxidant activities were detected in high-molecular (>100 kDa), 10–30 kDa, and low-molecular (<5 kDa) fractions and were correlated with, not only phenolic compounds, but also brown compounds. The radical- scavenging activities were increased by heat treatment at 121 °C for 1 h. These results suggest that P. binghamiae is both a useful seafood and a healthy food with antioxidant activity.     

Effect of feeding growing–fattening rabbits a diet supplemented with whole white lupin (Lupinus albus cv. Amiga) seeds on fatty acid composition and indexes related to human health in hind leg meat and perirenal fat

A total of 20 weaned rabbits (33 days old) (10 per treatment) were fed one of two diets that included 150 g of sunflower meal (SF)/kg of diet or 120 g of whole white lupin (WL)/kg of diet for 42 days. The WL diet contained less saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than the SF diet. The WL diet significantly decreased SFA and PUFA content, as well as the PUFA n − 6/PUFA n − 3 ratio and saturation, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in hind leg meat. The fatty acid composition in perirenal fat was similar to that of hind leg meat; however, significantly higher MUFA levels were observed in rabbits fed the WL diet. Thus, feeding rabbits the WL diet affected the fatty acid profile of hind leg meat and perirenal fat in a favourable manner.     

Antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Polygonum cuspidatum and application in peanut oil

Polygonum cuspidatum was extracted with 95% ethanol to obtain a crude antioxidant extract. P. cuspidatum extract (PCE) had a very high content of total phenol, which was 104.83 ± 8.58 mg/g dry weight, expressed as pyrocatechol equivalent. PCE exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, as measured using α,α-diphenyl-β-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and total antioxidant assays. It also showed a high lipid antioxidant activity and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity. A positive correlation was found between the reducing power and the antioxidant activity of PCE, which was found to be comparable to resveratrol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Then the suitability of PCE as an antioxidant was determined in peanut oil, and the decrease of oxidation was monitored using thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay. PCE treatment significantly (P <  0.05) reduced lipid oxidation in peanut oil compared to resveratrol and BHT.     

In vitro and in vivo studies on the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts of Douchi (a traditional Chinese salt-fermented soybean food)

The aqueous extracts of Douchi were obtained and evaluated for their antioxidant properties. The isoflavones and peptides contents of extracts were determined. Antioxidant activities in vitro of extracts were conducted by determining the α,α-diphenyl-β-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, and the chelating ability of ferrous ions, of which IC₅₀ values were found to be 0.658, 0.204 and 206 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant enzymatic activities of extracts in cholesterol-fed rats and an index of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) were determined, and hepatic tissue ultramicrostructure was also observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). These results showed that, in Douchi extracts groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver and kidney, catalase (CAT) activity in liver, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in kidney increased significantly compared with the negative control group (p < 0.05). TBARS in liver and kidney of extracts groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Less fatty degeneration in hepatocytes of extracts groups was found on TEM photos. The percentage of total isoflavones and peptides contents in aqueous extracts were 0.087% and 40.7%, respectively. These results showed that Douchi extracts had excellent antioxidant activities, might affect the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, and mitigate the lipidosis of hepatocytes.     

Effect of a supplementation of Euphorbia heterophylla on nutritional meat quality of Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L.)

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of dietary supplementation of Euphorbia heterophylla on the quality of the Guinea pig meat. Forty guinea pigs were divided into two groups fed ad libitum during 46 days a Panicum maximum diet (Panicum diet) or a mixed diet (75% Panicum maximum + 25% Euphorbia heterophylla) (Paneuphorbia diet) to compare their effects on performances and on the composition of guinea pig tissues and carcass. Daily weight gain, liver weight, carcass yield, and the lipid content of both the carcass and the perirenal fat were significantly increased by the Paneuphorbia diet. Feeding Paneuphorbia diet increased (P < 0.05) the n-3 PUFA content in perirenal fat, muscle, liver and in the carcass and decreased (P < 0.05) the n-6/n-3 ratios in all these tissues and the carcass. In conclusion, this study shows that Euphorbia heterophylla is a source of n-3 fatty acids which can improve significantly the n-3 PUFA content of Guinea pig meat and carcass.     

Enriching the egg yolk in n − 3 fatty acids by feeding hens with diets containing horse fat produced in Uruguay

The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of horse fat produced in Uruguay, compared with other lipid sources supplemented in the diet of laying hens, to modify the lipid composition and the n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratio of the produced eggs. For this purpose, 60 laying hens (Gallus domesticus) were fed for 30 days with five experimental diets (12 hens/diet) containing 3% sunflower oil (SO), rice oil (RO), beef tallow (BT), pressed-fat (PF), obtained by pressing fat from bovine viscera, and horse fat (HF) obtained from horse bone medulla. Throughout the trial, feeding rate, shell index, weight and total lipid contents of eggs, were not affected by the different diets. Feeding on the SO and RO diets significantly increased the amount of linoleic acid of the egg, although it was lower in the RO than in the SO eggs. Diet BT did not affect the saturated fatty acid content of the yolks. The diets with animal fats containing 18:3n − 3 (diets PF and HF), resulted in a significant increase in the n − 3 fatty acid contents of the eggs, through an increase of linolenic (18:3n − 3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n − 3) contents. Eggs from hens fed the HF diet showed increased linolenic acid (46 mg/yolk) and DHA (71 mg/yolk, 1.7% of total fatty acids) contents. These levels were obtained after two weeks of feeding. Moreover, the fatty acid profiles of eggs from treatment HF were not significantly affected by thermal treatment of the yolks. In conclusion, the fat from horse bone medulla, as produced in Uruguay, can be considered as a suitable lipid source for diets of laying hens, to modify the nutritional composition of the eggs in n − 3 PUFA content, especially DHA, and consequently, the n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratio.     

Antifungal,antiaflatoxin and antioxidant potential of chemically characterized Boswellia carterii Birdw essential oil and its in vivo practical applicability in preservation of Piper nigrum L. fruits

The study explores the chemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Boswellia carterii essential oil (EO). The EO significantly inhibited growth and aflatoxin production by the food borne toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus at 1.75 μl/ml and 1.25 μl/ml respectively. It exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against 12 food borne moulds and also showed strong antioxidant activity, IC₅₀ value and % inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation being 0.64 μl/ml and 51.68% respectively. The antifungal action of EO was observed in terms of reduction in ergosterol content of plasma membrane of A. flavus. As fumigant in food system in storage containers, the EO provided 65.38% protection against fungal deterioration of Piper nigrum. GC–MS results revealed 31 components of EO. The chemically characterized B. carterii EO may thus be recommended as plant based preservative in view of its antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic, antioxidant activity and efficacy in food system.