Biological aging of sherry wines under periodic and controlled microaerations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. capensis: Effect on odorant series

Wine aged for 2 years in cellar conditions and a batch of non aged wine were subjected to biological aging with S. cerevisiae var. capensis under controlled microaeration. Another batch of the non aged wine and 4 year aged wine in cellar conditions were used as control and named initial and final control wines, respectively. Thirty-five aroma compounds were quantified by GC–MS, and grouped in nine odorants series to compare the microaerated wines with the control wines. Fruity, balsamic, floral, herbaceous, fatty and roasty series increases their values, while solvent and phenolic diminishes by the effect of yeast metabolism. Roasty and spicy series show the higher values in wines previously aged in cellar conditions for 2 and 4 years probably due to the contact of the wine with the wood. The roasty series is dependent of compounds such as 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-pentanodione, 4-ethylguaiacol and some lactones, whereas the spicy series is only dependent on 4-ethylguaiacol. The similarity obtained for some odorant series in wines aged under controlled conditions and wines aged for 4 years in cellar, suggest that the biological aging time can be shortened using a first step for wine aging in stainless-steel under controlled and periodic microaerations and a second step in an oak cask under cellar conditions.     

香气活度值法结合PLSR用于梨酒特征香气物质筛选与鉴定

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱对市售3种梨酒香气物质进行分离鉴定,共检出43种挥发性成分,其中醇类16种、酯类15种、醛类4种、酮类2种、酚类1种、酸类3种和其他化合物2种。结合香气活度值(odor activity value,OAV)和偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)确定梨酒特征香气物质并推断其对梨酒香气的贡献程度。OAV结果表明:梨酒特征香气物质主要为异丁醇、1-辛醇、1-壬醇、苯乙醇、丁酸乙酯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、β-大马士酮、丁香酚。建立6个感官属性(发酵香、酸香、果香、花香、甜香、清香)与43种香气物质的PLSR模型表明,苯甲醇、正丁醇、丁二酸二乙酯的OAV小于1,但对梨酒的香气有贡献,经OAV确定的梨酒特征香气物质与发酵香和甜香属性具有很好的相关性,而在清香、酸香、果香和花香上的相关性不明显。     

Volatile composition of partially fermented wines elaborated from sun dried Pedro Ximénez grapes

In this work, we used a cell immobilisation system consisting of Penicillium chrysogenum fungi (GRAS) bound to the osmotolerant yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae X4 and X5 for the partial fermentation of raisin musts. The resulting wines were compared with others obtained by partial fermentation of musts with free yeasts and with a traditionally produced sweet wine (i.e. without fermentation of the must). The analysis of volatile compounds grouped by aroma series showed the partially fermented musts had a more complex aroma than the traditional wine. Specially prominent among aroma series was that of ripe fruit, followed by the milky and chemical series. The volatiles with the greatest impact on wine aroma as assessed in terms of odour activity were ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, butyrolactone, isoamyl alcohols, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin and 2,3-butanedione. A cluster analysis according to the Ward method was performed to assess the similarity between the traditional sweet wine and those obtained by partial fermentation with free and immobilised yeasts revealed small differences between the wines obtained with free and immobilised yeasts, and marked differences between partially fermented and traditionally obtained sweet wine. The wines provided by immobilised yeasts were the most appreciated in the sensory analysis (especially those obtained with X4 yeasts).     

Volatile aroma and sensory analysis of black raspberry wines fermented by different yeast strains

Robus coreanus Miquel is a small berry fruit used for Korean black raspberry (KBR) wine‐making. Twelve different yeast strains were investigated by laboratory‐scale fermentation to develop a wine with a high flavour quality. Volatile aroma compounds from the wines were analysed using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and sensory evaluation was performed to evaluate the flavour characteristics. The volatile aroma compounds that mostly contributed to the flavour of KBR wines were those related to fruity (esters) and floral (terpenes) aromas. Fifteen out of the 67 identified volatile compounds showed higher odour activity values than other compounds in the wines, and these compounds were considered as important contributors to the final aromas of the wine. Additionally, the KBR wine fermented by the M1 yeast strain had the highest sensory preference because of higher fruity and floral aroma characters compared with other wines. In addition to the M1 strain, the other yeast strains that produced favourable sensory characteristics included Enoferm CSM, Uvaferm VRB, Lalvin ICV GRE, Lalvin ICV Opale and LevureSeche Active. Of these strains, the M1 strain produced a particularly excellent black raspberry wine, and thus could be applied for further large‐scale production of black raspberry wines. It is also expected that this work will expedite research on the production of high‐quality black raspberry wines with beneficial physicochemical properties, functionality and good sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

外源可发酵糖对葡萄酒挥发性化合物的影响

通过气相色谱-质谱法对4 种外源可发酵糖葡萄酒中的挥发性化合物进行定性定量分析。结果表明：添加外源可发酵糖,影响葡萄酒挥发性物质的特征;添加麦芽糖,葡萄酒中醇类、酮类、酸类、醛类、酚类和萜烯类的含量较高,酯类含量较低,而醇类和酯类的总含量在添加果糖和葡萄糖的条件下达到最大值。通过计算挥发性物质的香气活性值,确定20 种挥发性化合物为葡萄酒的关键香气物质。主成分分析和感官分析显示添加不同可发酵糖发酵葡萄酒的关键香气物质有显著差别,添加葡萄糖改善了葡萄酒的植物香和果香,风味强度最大,添加果糖和蔗糖改善了葡萄酒的青草香、花香、甜香和果香,添加麦芽糖改善了葡萄酒的花香、酯香、果香和甜香。     

Effect of cofermentation of grape varieties on aroma profiles of la mancha red wines

The effect of winemaking using blends of red grape varieties cultivated in La Mancha region (Spain) on the aroma profile of wines was researched by chemical characterization. Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds were isolated by solid phase extraction using dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively, as solvents in elution and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Free and bound volatile compounds were analyzed in Cencibel, Bobal, and Moravia Agria monovarietal wines, and in 3 wines obtained with the blending of grapes: Cencibel (50%) + Bobal (50%); Cencibel (50%) + Moravía Agria (50%); Cencibel (33%) + Bobal (33%) + Moravía Agria (33%). Aroma compounds were studied in terms of odor activity values (OAVs). Ninety free aroma compounds and sixty-five bound aroma compounds were identified and quantified. The odor activity values for the different compounds were classified into 7 odorant series. The fruity and sweet series contributed most strongly to the aroma profile of all wines, independently of the winemaking technique used. In general, co-winemaking wines present a more complex chemical profile than monovarietal wines. Practical Application: Some grape varieties could benefit from this process with the presence of other varieties that might have an excess of aroma compounds. In this study, the wines were elaborated by blending different grape varieties together; this process implies co-maceration and co-fermentation steps. The co-winemaking technique could benefit from additional molecules provided by the other varieties, which results in a more complex formation than in the case of monovarietal wines. This technique provides a viable alternative to traditional winemaking methods for improving and enhancing the sensory profile of elaborated wines.     

Enhancement of volatile aromatic compounds in black raspberry wines via enzymatic treatment

Robus coreanus Miquel is widely used in the production of Korean black raspberry (KBR) wine owing to its health benefits and commercial value. The effects of three different commercially available glycosidase enzymes on the volatile compounds in KBR wines were investigated with large‐scale fermentation to develop a high‐flavour‐quality wine. Volatile aroma compounds from the wines were analysed using headspace‐solid phase micro‐extraction‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC–MS) and sensory evaluations were performed to evaluate the flavour characteristics. KBR wines treated with commercial enzymes yielded high concentrations of terpenes and esters compared with the control wine because the odourless non‐volatile glycosides in KBR wines were converted to their corresponding free forms by the enzymes. HS‐SPME‐GC–MS‐SIM analysis showed that the primary monoterpene compounds in KBR wines treated by the enzymes were myrtenol, linalool, citronellol and a significant quantity of compounds such as 2‐phenyl ethanol and ethyl benzoate, which contributed to the flavour of KBR wine, as determined by GC‐FID. KBR wines treated with the enzymes exhibited different sensory characteristics from the control wine owing to higher intensity of floral and fruity aromas. KBR wine treated with CYTOLASE PCL5 on a large scale exhibited the highest sensory preference. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

不同酿酒酵母对甜瓜酒香气品质的影响分析

以酿酒酵母XR、D254、VR、VL1发酵的甜瓜酒为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别对其进行香气成分分析。结果表明：4 种不同酵母发酵酒样共鉴定出86 种香气成分,包括酯类19 种、醇类29 种、酸类12 种、醛酮类17 种、烯烃类2 种、萜烯类4 种、酚类3 种,其中相同成分有35 种。根据定量结果和气味活度值判断出主要香气贡献物有12 种。通过主成分分析和感官评价综合判断,酵母VL1酿造酒样香气浓郁、协调,品质最佳,是适合甜瓜酒酿造的优良菌株。     

新疆焉耆盆地产区4种甜白葡萄酒中挥发性香气成分分析

为了研究焉耆盆地产区甜白葡萄酒的挥发性香气成分,延伸该产区甜白葡萄酒的产业链,该实验采用顶空固相微萃取（HSSPME）结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC×GC-TOFMS）检测了新疆焉耆盆地产区的4种甜白葡萄酒中的香气成分,并对分析结果进行主成分分析（PCA）。结果表明,新疆焉耆盆地产区4种甜白葡萄酒中共检测出103种香气成分,其种类相似,但含量有差别,酯类和醇类物质总含量在各样品中均占80%以上。通过PCA初步确定了焉耆盆地产区4种甜白葡萄酒中各自的特征香气化合物,且4种甜白葡萄酒挥发性香气成分之间的得分关联度较小,构成了甜白葡萄酒独特的风味特征。     

Aroma series as fingerprints for biological ageing in fino sherry‐type wines

BACKGROUND: The contribution of flor yeasts and wood to the ageing of fino sherry type wines was studied by using capillary column gas chromatography to analyse 72 aroma compounds in wines subjected to biological ageing. The odour activity values (OAVs) for the different compounds were classified into eight odorant series that describe the aroma profile of these wines (fruity, chemical, balsamic, vegetable, fatty, empyreumatic, floral and spicy). RESULTS: The fruity samples made up the major series followed by the fatty and spicy at the end of the ageing period. The application of a linear regression model to the OAVs for the different series revealed that the fruity series, which is related to the flor yeasts activity, and the spicy series, which includes the compounds released by wood, are those most closely representing the changes in the aroma of these wines during their ageing. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the OAVs for fruity and spicy series along the ageing period can be used to establish a balance between the aroma compounds contributed by the flor yeasts and those extracted from the wood. This balance should be particularly considered in works aimed at shortening the ageing time for these wines. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry