高压均质灭菌对胡萝卜橙汁理化性质及类胡萝卜素生物利用率的影响

目的 探究高压均质灭菌(high-pressure homogenization sterilization, HH)对胡萝卜橙汁理化性质和类胡萝卜素生物利用率的影响。方法 以鲜榨和巴氏杀菌胡萝卜橙汁为对照样品,对比HH过程中橄榄油和海藻酸钠的添加对胡萝卜橙汁菌落总数、粒度、浊度、色泽、活性成分含量、类胡萝卜素稳定性和生物利用率的影响。结果 巴氏杀菌(80℃, 10 min)和HH (150 MPa, 25℃)均可使菌落总数指标达到商业无菌标准。橄榄油有利于小尺寸油滴的形成(2.89μm),可提升果蔬汁的浊度与亮度;海藻酸钠可提高油滴的静电斥力,改善体系的悬浮稳定性。橄榄油可促进HH过程中类胡萝卜素的释放,显著提升其含量至626.53 mg/L。巴氏杀菌处理对类胡萝卜素稳定性和生物利用率无显著性影响,而HH时添加橄榄油和海藻酸钠可显著改善上述指标。结论 HH对胡萝卜橙汁有较好的杀菌效果,且添加橄榄油和海藻酸钠可改善胡萝卜橙汁的理化性质,提升类胡萝卜素含量、稳定性和生物利用率。     

Effect of UV irradiation on enzymatic activities and physicochemical properties of apple juices from different varieties

The influence of ultraviolet irradiation (UV) on some quality attributes (colour, pH, soluble solids content, formol index, total phenolics, sugars and vitamin C) and enzymatic activities (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and pectinolytic enzymes) of fresh apple juice was investigated. Apple juices made from four different varieties (Golden, Starking, Fuji and King David) were irradiated during 120 min with a high-pressure mercury lamp of 400 W that emits in a range between 250 and 740 nm with a resulting incident energy of 3.88·10⁻⁷ E·min⁻¹. The treatment was effective in the inactivation of the assayed enzymes. Polyphenol oxidase was inactivated in 100 min, while peroxidase was completely destroyed in only 15 min in all the four varieties. No variations were observed in pH, soluble solids content, formol index, total phenolics and sugars. The colour of the juice made from King David was unvariable during all the experiment. In the ones made from Golden, Starking and Fuji, UV radiation impaired some of the pigments present in the juice, either initially present or the ones formed later. This fact can be especially observed in the increase of the CIELab parameter L*, which increased from 23.2 to 24.6 in Fuji juice. The content of vitamin C in juices from Golden, Starking and Fuji slightly changed during the experiment, decreasing a 4.0% in Fuji juice, 5.7% in Golden one and 5.6% in Starking one. Meanwhile, in the juice from King David the loss was 70.0%. This significant difference can be attributed to the lack of pigmentation of this juice.     

黄原胶辅助干热改性淀粉纳米颗粒的理化特性研究

以玉米淀粉纳米颗粒为原料,通过黄原胶辅助对其进行干热改性,以便改善淀粉纳米颗粒的加工特性,扩大其应用范围。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、流变仪、X-衍射分析仪、透射电镜(TEM)等对干热处理前后的纳米颗粒与黄原胶共混物的热特性、流变特性以及微观结构进行了研究。结果表明,经黄原胶辅助干热处理后,淀粉纳米颗粒的糊化温度和焓值显著增加,表明纳米颗粒的结构增强,热稳定性增加。与未经干热处理的样品相比,干热混合物的储能模量(G')值显著升高、而损失因子(tanδ)明显降低,表明干热处理后,淀粉纳米颗粒乳液的凝胶性增强,呈现更加偏向于类固体的性质。TEM结果显示,淀粉纳米颗粒的直径在100 nm左右,与黄原胶混合干热后,有聚集现象,且颗粒有缩小的趋势。本研究可作为淀粉纳米颗粒物理改性的一种新方法,为生产改性淀粉纳米颗粒提供参考。     

Small and large deformation viscoelastic behaviour of selected fibre blends with gelling properties

Dietary fibres can be used as valuable functional ingredients in baked goods, as thickeners and gelling agents as a result of their ability to modify the structural properties of the matrix in which they are embedded. Viscoelastic behaviour of 12 selected gel–fibre blends (carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, locust bean gum, high ester pectin, fructo-oligosaccharide and gluco-oligosaccharide) prepared at 10% concentration (w/v) was investigated at 25 °C and 95 °C by applying both fundamental and empirical rheological techniques to explore their usefulness/suitability as structural ingredients in diluted and weakened baking systems such as gluten free matrices. Mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties were recorded by using a controlled stress rheometer, measuring the storage modulus (G′), the loss modulus (G″) and the complex viscosity (η*). Textural characteristics were assessed by using a TAXTplus Texture Analyser with different attachments. Penetration and back extrusion tests were used for solid and liquid-like samples, respectively. The overall results indicated that (i) carboxymethylcellulose and pectin formed the strongest and the weakest gels, respectively, and that (ii) temperature had a significant effect on gel strength improvement especially for locust bean gum. A 30% substitution of hydrated fibres (cellulose derivates, galactomanans and high ester pectin) by prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides and gluco-oligosaccharides) led to a significant decrease of gel structure rigidity when compared to an identical system without prebiotic addition. Only locust bean gum exhibited an opposite behaviour inducing an increase in values of both dynamic moduli (G′ and G″) and static hardness. Significant relationships between dynamic (rheometry) and static (texture analysis) methods were found. Strengthening and structuring ability of some fibre blend gels endorsed them to be used as promising functional ingredients to make gluten-free bread by using low cost thickeners' agents.     

The influence of the carrier addition and spray drying temperatures on physicochemical properties of microencapsulated carrot juice powder

The objective of this study was to determinate the influence of carrier addition and spray drying temperatures (160 or 200°C) on physicochemical properties of spray-dried carrot juice powder. As carriers, maltodextrin and gum Arabic in different proportions were used. In powders were determined the following: moisture content, water activity, apparent density, size of particles, colour and carotenoids content. The content of carotenoids in powders prepared from solutions with juice to carrier ratio 2:3 was 324.3–406.6 mg/kg d.m., while in powders with a J:C = 3:2 values ranged from 576.7 to 637.7 mg/kg d.m. The highest content of carotenoids and the most yellow colour were observed in powders with 1:3 gum Arabic to maltodextrin ratio. Powders with the highest amount of gum Arabic have the highest diameter and the lowest water activity. High inlet temperature caused brighter colour of powders, higher dry matter content, lower water activity and apparent density of powders.     

抗氧化剂及其增效剂对荔枝、龙眼和芒果原果汁的抗氧化作用研究

以热带水果荔枝、龙眼、芒果为研究对象,选取叔丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）、没食子酸丙酯（PG）、特丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）、二丁基羟基甲苯（BHT）及茶多酚等作为抗氧化剂,柠檬酸、苹果酸、磷酸、葡萄糖酸钙、EDTA等作为抗氧化增效剂,进行单体和复合抗氧化剂抗氧化试验。结果表明：对龙眼果汁的抗氧化能力从大到小排列为：TBHQ〉BHT〉茶多酚〉PG〉BHA;各种增效剂均可明显增加TBHQ的抗氧化能力,对龙眼果汁的抗氧化能力从大到小排列为：TBHQ＋苹果酸＋EDTA〉TBHQ＋苹果酸〉TBHQ＋柠檬酸〉TBHQ＋EDTA〉TBHQ＋磷酸〉TBHQ＋葡萄糖酸钙;TBHQ加入柠檬酸及EDTA增效后对荔枝、芒果原果汁的抗氧化效果理想,VC保存率均达到85%以上。     

Effects of β‐cyclodextrin addition and farming type on vitamin C,antioxidant activity,carotenoids profile,and sensory analysis in pasteurised orange juices

The effects of organic farming, pasteurisation and addition of β‐cyclodextrin on the content of vitamin C, colour, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of orange juices were studied. After pasteurisation at 98 °C (20 s) and subsequently storage along 145 days at room temperature (20–25 °C), the loss of vitamin C content was around 30%. The effects of the thermal process on carotenoid were clearly observed in lutein (loss of 16% for organic and traditional 8%) and especially β‐cryptoxanthin (loss of 30%). The colour changes were noticeable after the pasteurisation of orange juice and subsequent storage, with significant decreases being observed in lightness and the coordinate a*, while increases were found for coordinates b*, Hue* and chroma. The antioxidant capacity was 0.075 ± 0.01 and 0.053 ± 0.01 mMT mL^?1 for organic and conventional, respectively, with losses around 40% being found at the end of the storage period. The addition of β‐cyclodextrin caused no significant effects on the parameters under analysis. These data showed that strong thermal treatments, such as pasteurisation, adversely affect the nutritional and sensory quality of orange juices.     

The antioxidant properties of skim milk supplemented with rosemary and green tea extracts in response to pasteurisation,homogenisation and the addition of salts

The aim of this study was to develop functional dairy products with high antioxidant activities to combat the risk of degenerative diseases. Rosemary and green tea extracts were added separately to reconstituted skim milk at the ratios of 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, 8.0% and 10.0% respectively. The effect of pasteurisation, homogenisation, addition of calcium chloride and sodium chloride as well as the effect of added extracts on rennet coagulation time of milk were measured. The additions of green tea, rosemary extract, calcium chloride and pasteurisation significantly increased markedly the phenol content and the antioxidant activity of skim milk.     

Frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of fruit juices associated with pasteurization by dielectric heating

Dielectric properties of apple, pear, orange, grape and pineapple juices were studied from 20 to 4500 MHz at 15-95 °C. The dielectric constants ε^′ of fruit juices decreased as frequency increased. The loss factors ε^″ decreased with increasing frequency to a minimum between about 1000 and 3000 MHz, depending on temperature, and then increased as frequency increased. The frequency of that turning point increased, whereas the minimum ε^″ decreased with increasing temperature. The ε^″ values increased with increasing temperature below about 1000 MHz, and decreased with increasing temperature above 3000 MHz. Dielectric constants decreased consistently and linearly with increasing temperature. Linear or polynomial correlations for the dependence of dielectric properties on temperature were developed. The power penetration depth of all fruit juices decreased with increasing frequency. The depth decreased as temperature increased at lower frequencies and increased with temperature above 3000 MHz. The dielectric properties obtained in the study provide important parameters for juice pasteurization by dielectric heating.     

Characterisation of volatile aroma compounds of orange juices by three dynamic and static headspace gas chromatography techniques

The influence of collection of volatiles by different headspace sampling techniques was compared for different orange juices, including one fresh unpasteurised, two reconstituted commercial juices and one juice freshly hand extracted in the laboratory. Dynamic headspace sampling from stirred juice samples (DH + S) and notably by purge and trap (PT) sampling gave the highest levels of analysed volatiles, but the composition of the isolated volatiles from the different types of juices varied depending on the volatiles collection method. Aroma sampling by dynamic headspace method without stirring (DH) gave results that reflected the equilibrium aroma composition as determined by static headspace better than that obtained by PT sampling. Totally, 67 aroma constituents were identified among all the orange juices. The largest amount of volatiles was isolated from the fresh commercial, unpasteurised juice, followed by the two reconstituted juices and the hand extracted juice. Limonene was the major constituent of all commercial juices comprising 72–93% of the total peak area of isolated volatiles, meanwhile its amount in the freshly hand extracted juices ranged from 25 to 62% depending on the method of isolation. Qualitatively, the aroma profiles of the freshly extracted oranges and the fresh, commercial unpasteurised juice were described by 62 and 55 aroma compounds, respectively, which included large proportions of esters and aldehydes. Only 41 and 34 aroma compounds, mainly terpenes, were identified in the reconstituted orange juices.     

Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC–CUPRAC assay

It was aimed in this study to identify and quantify various constituents (particularly phenolics) of apple juice and to quantitatively compare the total antioxidant capacities of juices obtained from apple varieties grown in Turkey.     

不同杀菌方式对梨枣汁杀菌效果及理化性质的影响

研究超高压杀菌、微波杀菌、巴氏杀菌对梨枣汁杀菌效果与理化性质的影响。研究结果表明,3种不同杀菌方式对梨枣汁中可溶性固形物、总糖、还原糖含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。其中,超高压杀菌效果最好,灭菌率可达到93%以上;超高压杀菌处理可使梨枣汁可滴定酸含量降低、透光率升高、非酶褐变程度降低,同时保持梨枣汁色泽。超高压处理的梨枣汁部分抗氧化成分损失,但仍能保持梨枣汁较强抗氧化性。因此,超高压杀菌技术不仅有良好的杀菌效果,而且能保持好梨枣汁品质。     

Fortification of set yogurt with passion fruit juice: Effects on fermentation kinetics,physicochemical properties,and functionality

With the purpose of developing an alternative set yogurt with high consumer acceptability, passion fruit juice, at levels that varied from 0 to 10%, was incorporated into set yogurt, and the effects on the fermentation kinetics, physicochemical properties, and functionality of set yogurt were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of passion fruit juice was simultaneously propitious for milk acidification in earlier fermentation stages and reduced the fermentation rate at later stages of fermentation. The phenolic compounds and pectin in passion fruit juice interacted with caseins to form soluble complexes, enhancing the gel strength of set yogurts by 7.5%. The aroma and flavor of the set yogurt was improved as well. However, with the addition of 10% passion fruit juice, the gel structure was destroyed, and the quality of the set yogurt was very degraded. More importantly, the addition of passion fruit juice increased the polyphenol content and significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the set yogurt. This investigation demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating passion fruit juice-enriched set yogurt and its superior quality compared with the corresponding normal product.     

Impact of fortification with iron salts and vitamin A on the physicochemical properties of laboratory‐pasteurised toned milk and bioaccessibility of the added nutrients

The sensory and physicochemical attributes of pasteurised milk fortified with soluble ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) (25 mg/L iron) and vitamin A (2500 IU) were comparable to unfortified control samples. The heat coagulation time (HCT) of fortified milks was comparable to the control and exhibited a type A curve with HCT–pH maxima at the acidic side of the natural pH. The distribution pattern of iron in different milk fractions was similar in control and fortified milk samples. The bioaccessibility of iron, estimated through in vitro digestibility of milk fortified with vitamin A and iron, was found to be slightly higher than that of milk fortified with iron alone.     

Influence of ultra-high pressure homogenisation on physicochemical and sensorial properties of orange juice in comparison with conventional thermal processing

The effect of different ultra-high pressure homogenisation (UHPH) treatments on physicochemical and sensorial properties of orange juice was studied in comparison with thermal pasteurisation (90 °C, 1 min). UHPH treatments consisted on combinations of two inlet temperatures (10 or 20 °C) and three pressures (100, 200 and 300 MPa). Effect of treatments was assessed on general quality parameters (colour, pH, °Brix, titratable acidity, reducing sugars and non-enzymatic browning index), particle size distribution and cloud stability. None of the UHPH treatments caused significant differences in the °Brix, reducing sugars, pH and non-enzymatic browning index with respect of fresh or pasteurised juice. Only titratable acidity was significantly lower when inlet temperature of UHPH treatments was 20 °C. UHPH treatments significantly reduced the particle size and in consequence the cloudiness and the total colour value (∆E*) increased. The overall consumer acceptability of UHPH and pasteurised juices was similar.     

Sensory and physicochemical characterization of juices made with pomegranate and blueberries, blackberries, or raspberries

The quality parameters of 1 commercial pomegranate juice mixed with 5 different concentrations of blueberry, blackberry, or raspberry juices were studied. The pH, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and total phenolic content were determined. To understand the aroma differences of the juices, solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the volatile compounds present in the mixtures. A consumer study also was carried out to relate consumer ratings to the instrumental data and to determine acceptance and possible modifications of the designed juices. Four juices received the highest scores in overall consumer liking: pomegranate/blueberry juice with 20% and 50% of blueberry, pomegranate/blackberry with 10% of blackberry, and pomegranate/raspberry with 10% of raspberry. The main characteristics in these juices were: a high maturity index (from 13.9 to 16.5), low acidity (0.79 to 1.09 g citric acid 100 per milliliter juice), and the presence of aromatic compounds typical in blueberries such as 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-terpineol, and E-nerol. The total phenolic content was significantly higher in the pomegranate/blackberry 90%/10% sample, raising around 3500 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter, and could be a positive determinant for consumers interested in purchasing healthful products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The data presented in this article will help the juice industry, in the United States and elsewhere, to understand the consumer's preferences for pomegranate blended juices. Pomegranate juices have high antioxidant content, which makes these juices more desirable for the health-conscious consumer of today.     

The effect of homogenization and addition of polysaccharides on the viscoelastic properties of processed cheese sauce

This study was conducted to determine the effect of 1-stage homogenization (OSH) and 2-stage homogenization (TSH) and the addition of polysaccharides [κ-carrageenan (CR) or furcellaran (FR) at levels ranging from 0.000 to 1.000% (wt/wt)] on the physicochemical, viscoelastic, and mechanical vibration damping properties of processed cheese sauces (PCS) after 30 d of storage (6 ± 2°C). The basic chemical properties (pH, dry matter content) were similar for all tested samples. Viscoelastic measurements indicated that PCS rigidity was directly proportional to increasing CR or FR concentration and to the application of homogenization. The interactions between the application of homogenization and the concentration of polysaccharides used were also significant. Compared with OSH, TSH did not lead to any further increase in the rigidity. The preceding results were also supported by data obtained from a nondestructive method of mechanical vibration damping. No changes in water activity were observed in any PCS sample. Overall, the addition of FR or CR appeared to be highly suitable for increasing the emulsion stability of PCS. If PCS products with softer consistency are desired, then a concentration of CR/FR ≤0.250% (wt/wt) could be recommended together with OSH/TSH. For products for which a firmer PCS consistency is required, the addition of CR in concentrations of ≥0.500% (wt/wt) or FR in concentrations of ≥1.000% (wt/wt) together with OSH is recommended. Finally, as the concentration of polysaccharides increased, a darker PCS color was observed.     

Effects of addition of strawberry juice pre- or postfermentation on physiochemical and sensory properties of fermented goat milk

Fruit juice addition can influence the physiochemical and sensory properties of fermented milk. Effects of adding strawberry juice (15% vol/vol) pre- or postfermentation on particle size, rheology properties, volatile flavor profile, and microstructure of fermented goat milk were investigated. Samples with juice added prefermentation showed larger reinforcement in particle size, apparent viscosity, and storage and loss moduli than samples with juice added postfermentation. Compared with the control, all samples showed improved fruit aroma and reduced goaty flavor; this effect was more remarkable in samples in which juice was added before fermentation. Fermented goat milk with strawberry juice added prefermentation showed the highest levels of 1-hexanol and 2-hexen-1-ol (26.16 and 22.03%, respectively) and the lowest percentage of octanoic acid (2.47%), which are mainly responsible for fruit and goaty flavor, respectively. Microstructure analysis showed that samples with juice added prefermentation had a compact protein network. Results indicated that addition of strawberry juice before fermentation may be a good technology for developing a stirred strawberry fermented goat milk.     

Mechanical properties of pea starch films associated with xanthan gum and glycerol

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of xanthan gum and glycerol to the starch of green pea with high content of AM (cv. Utrillo) in the preparation of films and their physical characteristics. Filmogenic solution (FS) with different levels of pea starch (3, 4, and 5%), xanthan gum (0, 0.05, and 0.1%), and glycerol (glycerol–starch ratio of 1:5 w/w) were studied. The FS was obtained by boiling (5 min), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 120°C. The films were prepared by casting. Films prepared only with pea starch were mechanically resistant when compared to other films, prepared with corn, cassava, rice, and even other pea cultivars (yellow, commercial). The tensile strength of these films is comparable to synthetic films prepared with high‐density polyethylene and linear low‐density polyethylene. However, they are films of low elasticity when compared to other films, such as rice starch films, and especially when compared to polyethylene films. The increased concentration of starch in the solution increased the puncture force. The increased concentration of glycerol slightly decreased the film crystallinity and interfered in the mechanical properties of the films, causing reduction of the maximum values of tensile strength, strain at break, and puncture force. The plasticizer also caused an increase of elongation at break. Xanthan gum was important to formation of films; however, it did not affect their mechanical properties.