MINERAL COMPOSITION OF MEDLAR (MESPILUS GERMANICA) FRUIT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY

Abstract The mineral composition of medlar fruit collected (June 15 - October 8) in Turkey at five stages of development was studied. In the fruit, 32 minerals were analyzed and 16 minerals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sr, Ti and Zn) were present at detectable levels. The ripe medlar fruit was richest in potassium (7370 μg/g dry wt), calcium (1780 μg/g dry wt), phosphorus (1080 μg/g dry wt), magnesium (661 μg/g dry wt) and sodium (183 μg/g dry wt). During the fruit development, Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn were highest in August (unripe fruits) while the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Cu gradually decreased throughout development. The ripe medlar fruit is an important source of nutritionally needed minerals and trace elements, in particular Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn, for human populations in southeastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.     

Contribution to the study of avocado honeys by their mineral contents using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Avocado honey samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric. First, the botanical origin of the honeys was confirmed by melissopalynological analysis. Twenty-four minerals were quantified for each honey sample. The elements Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Si and Zn were detected in all samples; seven elements were very abundant (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Si), six were not abundant (Al, Cu, Fe, Li and Zn) and 11 were trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr and V).     

Simultaneous Determination of 20 Inorganic Elements in Preserved Egg Prepared with Different Metal Ions by ICP-AES

In the present study, 20 inorganic elements in three parts of preserved eggs prepared with different metal ions, including Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Zn, Se, and Sr, were determined simultaneously by using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The recoveries obtained by the standard addition method ranged between 84.4 and 112.2 %, and RSDs were lower than 8.76 %, The detection limits of the method for the 20 elements were in the range of 0.4–10 μg?L^?1. The determination results showed that three parts of preserved eggs prepared with different metal ions are all rich in essential inorganic elements, such as Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn, and the contents of most of the inorganic elements in egg yolk are higher than in egg white. In comparison with fresh duck eggs, the contents of Na, Cu, Fe, Al, and Mn are significantly increased in three parts of preserved eggs prepared with different metal ions. Metal ions added in pickling solution would significantly affect the content of element added in preserved eggs. High contents of Pb (20.15 μg/g in egg shell, 18.99 μg/g in egg white, and 0.96 μg/g in egg yolk) were found in preserved eggs with PbO. Meanwhile, the experimental results indicated that the ICP-AES technique is easy to operate, rapid, accurate, and highly sensitive to determine many inorganic elements simultaneously in preserved egg.     

绿豆、红小豆和黑豆种皮18 种元素分析

为全面了解绿豆皮、红小豆皮和黑豆皮的18 种元素含量,充分开发利用豆皮资源,提高豆类加工产品
的附加值,用元素分析（elemental analyzer,EA）仪和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（inductively coupled plasmaatomic
emission spectrometer,ICP-AES）仪测定了3 种豆皮的N、C、S、Ca、Mg、K、P、Na、B、Ba、Co、
Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn和Sr元素含量。结果表明,EA仪测定豆皮中N、C和S方法检出限为32～96 μg/g,回收
率为97%～115%,相对标准偏差为0.20%～2.63%（n=5）;ICP-AES测定豆皮中Ca、Mg、K、P、Na、B、Ba、
Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn和Sr元素方法检出限为0.02～152 μg/g,回收率为84%～118%,相对标准偏差为
0.44%～4.46%（n=5）。黄豆标准物N、Mg、P、B、Ba、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn和Sr元素测定值在推荐范围内,
S、Ca、K、Na、Cu和Fe元素测定值接近推荐值。分析方法快速、简便,达到了应用的要求。     

Concentrations and bioconcentration factors of minerals in yellow-cracking bolete (xerocomus subtomentosus) mushroom collected in noteć forest, poland

Abstract: Yellow‐cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil were collected from Note? Forest–a large forested enclave in western part of Poland. Mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy and the other elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. K, P, and Mg were particularly abundant, with mean values of 46000, 8400, and 1100 mg/kg dry weight (dw) in caps followed by Na, Rb, Zn, and Ca with mean concentrations of 580, 350, 200, and 170 mg/kg dw, respectively. In descending order, the mean concentrations of Fe, Al, Cu, and Mn were 52, 49, 46, and 14 mg/kg dw, while the mean for the remaining elements was around 1.0 mg/kg dw or less. The elements such as Ca, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Ni were accumulated (with bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1), while Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, Sr, Co, Cr, and Pb were excluded (BCF < 1) in the fruiting bodies. The Pb and Cd content did not exceed the maximum levels set by the EU for cultivated mushrooms. Mercury in a conventional meal (300 g) portion of Yellow‐cracking Bolete was far below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake of 0.004 mg/kg body weight (bw) as reevaluated recently by WHO. Practical Application: The method presented in this study allows one to determine the content of 20 elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn) in caps and stipes of Yellow‐cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil samples collected from Poland. This study has revealed that the total Cd, Hg, and Pb dose provided to human body due to consumption of Yellow‐cracking Bolete does not pose threat to a consumer's health.     

浓香型白酒蒸馏过程中金属元素的迁移变化规律

利用微波消解结合电感耦合等离子体质谱检测的方法测定泸州老窖浓香型白酒蒸馏过程中,蒸馏前后的酒糟、底锅水及所得的酒样样品中Na、K、As、Pb、Cd、Sn、Ti、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ca、Al、Ni、Cr和Ba 17 种金属元素的含量,并借助SPSS统计学软件采用t检验分析酒体中对应元素的来源。结果表明,蒸馏之后超过94%的金属元素仍保留在糟醅中,不到6%的金属元素转移至白酒及底锅水中。Pb、Mn、Cr等重金属元素的转移率显著低于Na、K、Ca和Mg等矿质元素,有效减少了酒中Pb、Mn、Cr等重金属的超标几率。酒样中的Ca、Cu、K、Mg、Na、Zn和Ba等元素主要来源于糟醅,而蒸馏使用的设备则会引入Fe、Ni、Al、Sn元素,Pb和Cr等有害重金属。     

Minor and trace elements in different honey types produced in Siena County (Italy)

The concentrations of 23 chemical elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Th, Tl, U, Zn) were determined in 51 honey samples of different botanical origin produced in Siena County (Italy). K, Ca, Na and Mg were the most abundant elements, with mean contents of 1195, 257, 96.6 and 56.7 mg/kg, respectively. The Fe, Zn and Sr contents generally ranged from 1 to 5 mg/kg. Except for Ba, Cu, Mn and Ni, the trace element contents were below 100 μg/kg. The analytical data indicated a good level of quality of the honeys, especially with regard to the concentrations of toxic trace elements, such as As, Cd, Pb and Sb, and suggested a significant influence of the botanical origin on the element composition. Some local geological and geochemical features also seemed to affect the chemistry of the honey.     

Multi-element analysis of mineral and trace elements in medicinal herbs and their infusions

Twelve mineral and trace elements (Al, B, Ba, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg, K, Na, P, Cu, Sr, and Ca) were determined in the herbs and their infusions consumed for medical purposes in Poland such as chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), peppermint (Mentha xpiperita), melissa (Melissa officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), nettle (Urtica dioica), linden (Tilia vulgaris) and St. John's wort (Hypericum calycinum). Dry digestion procedure for total concentration and wet digestion procedure for infusions were applied under optimized conditions for dissolution of medicinal herbs. Element concentrations in herbs and their infusions were determined by ICP-OES. The accuracy and precision were verified against NCS DC 73349 - bush branches and leaves certified reference material. The result of total concentrations of elements in herb leaves shows that all herbs contain most of the elements, except K and P, in the μg/g range, and that elemental concentrations varied widely. Moreover, on the basis of experimental results for the extraction efficiencies, the elements in herb infusions were classified into three specific groups: highly-extractable (>55%) including K; moderately-extractable (20-55%) including Mg, Na, P, B, Zn and Cu and poorly-extractable (<20%) including Al, Fe, Mn, Ba, Ca and Sr. The results of analysis were evaluated statistically using ANOVA one-way and three-way analysis of variance, variance correlation test and Spearman's test.     

ICP-OES法分析测定大红袍花椒中的矿质元素

经湿法微波消解制样,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对大红袍花椒中的矿质元素进行全面详细的分析测定。测定结果表明,花椒中含有K、Ca、P、Mg、S、Al、Fe、Sr、Na、Mn、B、Zn、Ba、Cu、Ti、Cr等16种矿质元素,常量矿质元素中钾和钙的含量较高,微量元素中,铝、铁、锶、锰、硼含量丰富。分析方法回收率在90.1%～109.1%之间,测定结果相对标准偏差在0.55%～8.95%之间。该方法简单、快速、可靠、灵敏度高,且多元素可同时测定,能满足实际样品分析要求。分析结果可为花椒的相关研究提供参考。     

Mineral Composition of Fresh and Cured Jellyfish

The inorganic constituents of fresh and cured jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum), including Zn, Co, Ni, Ba, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu, Al, Sr, Mo, Cr, Cd, Pb, Si, V, Ti, Na, K, Li, and Rb, were determined by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The fresh and cured jellyfish were treated by lyophilization and microwave digestion in turn. Zn, Co, Fe, Mg, Ca, Al, Sr, Cr, Li, and K were used as the added standards to evaluate accuracy. The results show that different parts of jellyfish, such as the umbrella, oral arms, and gonads, contain different amounts of inorganic elements. The relative standard deviation values (RSD) of all elements range from 0.8% to 8.6%. For most of determined elements, RSD values are under 5%. All inorganic elements of the jellyfish can be determined simultaneously after once dissolution. The method is accurate, rapid, and convenient to determine inorganic constituents of the biological sample containing high water content.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定砂糖中31种微量元素

利用微波消化－电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ）同时测定了白砂糖和赤砂糖中３１种微量元素。白砂糖中检测出２３种,赤砂糖中检出２７种。结果表明,Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,Ｋ,Ｆｅ,Ｍｎ,Ｃｕ等６种元素在赤砂糖中含量比在白砂糖中含量高出４￣４００倍。Ｌｉ,Ｂａ,Ｎａ,Ｐ,Ａｌ,Ｖ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ,Ｚｎ,Ｇａ,Ｓｒ,Ａｇ,Ｓｎ,Ｓｈ,Ｂａ,Ｈｇ,Ｐｂ等１７种元素在白砂糖和赤砂糖中的含量无显著差别。本方法具有前处理简单     

绿豆中矿质元素组成的测定与分析

经HNO3/H2O2湿法微波消解制样,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法（ICP—OES）,全面详细地分析测定了陕北地区产绿豆中的矿质元素。测定结果显示,绿豆中含有K、P、Mg、Ca、Si、Fe、Al、Na、Zn、B、Mn、Cu、Sr、V、Ba等15种矿质元素。测定结果相对标准偏差RSD值在0．48％～5．38％之间,分析方法回收率在91．9％～108,4％之间。测定方法可以多元素同时测定,且快速、简单、可靠,能满足实际样品分析要求,分析结果可为绿豆的相关研究提供参考。     

Metal contents in “oloroso” sherry wines and their classification according to provenance

“Oloroso” sherry wines, belonging to the denominations of origin Jerez-Xérès-Sherry (JX), Montilla-Moriles (MM) and Condado de Huelva (CH) (Andalusia, Spain), were analysed for their contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and Na, K, Al and Sr by flame atomic emission spectrophotometry. Among the three denominations of origin, differences in the mean contents were found for Na, Mg, Fe, Al and Sr. Cluster analysis showed that these differences were significant. Linear discrimination analysis, using Na, Mg, Fe, Al and Sr, gave 100% recognition ability and 93% prediction ability.     

百香果中矿物元素分析

采用高压密封硝化罐消解样品,应用ICP-AES 法测定百香果果汁、果皮、种仁中20 种矿物元素 (Na、K 、C a 、Mg、Z n 、F e 、S r 、Cu 、Co 、Mn、Ge 、S e 、S n 、B a 、A l 、P b 、Hg、As 、C r 、Cd) 的含量,设计正交试验方案,通过方差分析选择最佳的试验操作条件,其回收率在95.0%～104.0% 之间,相对标准偏差小于2.15%。实验结果表明：百香果果汁、果皮、种仁中均含有丰富的Na、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Ge等对人体有益的矿物元素,而对人体有害的元素均未检出,营养价值高,极具开发价值。     

Multi-element analysis of tea beverages by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

The metal content of several tea beverages, infusions, instant and tea soft drinks was determined. Eleven metals Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES). A study of the differences in the metal contents of tea beverages has been carried out. Pattern recognition techniques such as principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to discriminate between the tea beverages. The metal intake related to tea consumption has also been studied.     

Cadmium,lead and some other trace elements in Larch Bolete mushrooms (Suillus grevillei) (Klotzsch) Sing., collected from the same site over two years

The aim of this study was to examine the status of some trace metals accumulated in the flesh of Suillus grevillei mushrooms collected from the same site over two successive years. Total Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn contents of fruiting bodies were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) with ultrasonic cross-flow nebuliser. A difference (p < 0.05) was found in the contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb and Sr in caps and Fe, Na, P and Rb (p < 0.05) in stipes (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were not determined in stipes). Natural fluctuations in trace elements’ content of Suillus grevillei collected from the same site over time is a variable that needs to be considered when assessing minerals’ nutritional status of mushrooms.     

加工精度对大米矿物元素指纹信息影响研究

矿物元素指纹分析技术已逐渐被应用到农产品的产地溯源中,大米中的矿质元素指纹信息的稳定性不仅与环境(地域和年际)密切相关,还受品种和加工精度的影响。研究农产品矿物元素指纹信息在不同加工等级与不同品种间的稳定性,解析品种、加工精度及其交互作用对各元素含量变异的贡献率,筛选出受品种、加工精度影响较小的元素作为产地溯源的指纹信息。可为农产品产地矿物元素指纹溯源技术的应用提供理论参考。本研究以水稻作为模式生物,于2013年收获期在黑龙江同一地市的3个品种的水稻样品,加工成5个不同等级,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定不同等级大米中49种矿物元素的含量。对数据进行单因素方差分析、多因素方差分析。大米中元素Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、Rb、Sr和Ba含量与加工精度密切相关;元素Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Rb和Mo含量与品种密切相关;在今后产地溯源技术筛选溯源指标时应考虑这些元素。     

Investigation of major and trace elements and their distributions between lipid and non-lipid fractions in Brazil nuts by inductively coupled plasma atomic optical spectrometry

Major (Ca, Mg, P) and trace (As, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn) elements were determined in Brazil nuts by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic optical spectrometry (ICP-OES) and five of them were measured for the first time. For measurement of As, Hg and Se levels, hydride generation was used as the sample treatment method. The element concentrations were compared with recommended dietary allowances and upper tolerable levels. The distributions of the elements between lipid and lipid-free fractions were investigated with the use of solvent extraction. Two extractants (petroleum ether and chloroform:methanol 2:1) were applied. Most of the Cr, Fe and Ni contents were found in the lipid fraction, while Ba, Ca, Cu, Mn, P and Zn were mainly bonded with defatted nut residue. Al, Mg, Se, Sr were only present in the defatted fraction.     

Characterization of arabica and robusta roasted coffee varieties and mixture resolution according to their metal content

The metal content of roasted coffee samples belonging to the arabica and robusta varieties and coffee blends has been analysed. Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, Zn have been determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Principal component and cluster analysis have been applied to characterize the coffee varieties. P, Mn and Cu have been found to be the most discriminating variables. Partial least squares regression was applied to determine the relative content of each variety in the coffee blends. This method has been applied to determine the percentage of the robusta variety in some commercial roasted coffee samples.     

Content of various elements in different parts of the tea plant and in infusions of black tea from Southern India

Contents of various elements in dyferent parts of the tea plant (shoot, mature leaf, small stem, thick wood and root), black tea manufactured by the crush-tear-curl and orthodox processes, and tea brew after 1 and 5 min of infusion were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. From these, the amount of each element assimilated in the production of 1000 kg of marketable tea, as well as the quantity of each element brought into infusion and thus possib f y taken up through drinking tea, were calculated and discussed. Among the various elements assimilated by the tea plant, the shoot jraction (economically important for manufacturing commercial tea) contained high concentrations of N, P, K and Mg while the mature leaf accumulated Al, Bu, Ca, Cd, Mn, Pb and Sr. Of the dgerent elements brought into infusion while brewing black tea, the amount of K was found to be the largest (> 10000 μg g⁻¹ tea) followed by P (700–1200 μg g⁻¹), Mg (300–700 μg g⁻¹), Ca and A1 (each 150–300 μg⁻¹), Mn (60–150 μg g⁻¹), Cu, Na, Si and Z n (each 6–50 μg g⁻¹), B, Ba, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb (each Id μg g⁻¹), and Sr, Co and Gd (each <1μg g⁻¹). The proportion of the totalamount of an element brought into infusion showed that the elements Ba, Ca, Fe and Sr were less soluble (<10 % of total amount), Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Si and Zn were moderately soluble (10–50 %), and K, Nu and Ni were highly soluble (>50%). The overall mean of the extent of solubility of all elements in 1 and 5 min showed that, out of the amount soluble in 5 min, about 68% was dissolved within 1 min.