黑果腺肋花楸果汁饮料研制及其品质与抗氧化性评价

为研制黑果腺肋花楸果汁饮料并探究其抗氧化活性,以黑果腺肋花楸果实为主要原料,添加蔗糖、柠檬酸和β-环糊精等辅料,以感官评分为指标,通过单因素实验和正交试验确定黑果腺肋花楸果汁饮料的最佳配方为:黑果腺肋花楸浸提汁用量60%,60%蔗糖糖浆添加量10%,2%柠檬酸溶液添加量2.0%,1% β-环糊精添加量3.0%,该配方所制得的饮料感官评分可达94.5分,其富含16种氨基酸,总量达到374.79 μg/mL,具有黑果腺肋花楸果实的特征香气,色泽均一明亮,风味协调爽口,质地均匀;体外抗氧化活性研究表明:该饮料对DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除能力以及总还原能力分别为36.42%、32.58%、0.54 mmol/L和0.289,说明其具有较好的抗氧化能力。本实验结果为黑果腺肋花楸功能性饮料的开发提供了理论依据。     

Antioxidant synergism between fruit juice and <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-tocopherol. A comparison between high phenolic black chokeberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aronia melanocarpa</Emphasis>) and high ascorbic blackcurrant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ribes nigrum</Emphasis>)

Black chokeberry juice (Aronia melanocarpa, Elliot), blackcurrant juice (Ribes nigrum, Ben Lomond) and α-tocopherol were found to protect phosphatidyl choline against oxidation in a peroxidating liposome system as evidenced by lag phases for formation of conjugated dienes. When present together, black chokeberry juice and α-tocopherol showed a clear synergistic effect on the length of the lag phase, while effects of blackcurrant juice and α-tocopherol were additive. The concentration of total phenolics in black chokeberry juice was six times higher than in blackcurrant juice (gallic acid equivalents). Ascorbic acid corresponded to 1% of total phenolics in black chokeberry juice and 10% in blackcurrant juice. Based on the length of the lag phase, the phenolics present in black chokeberry were on an average, twice efficient as scavengers of lipid peroxyl radicals as phenolics in blackcurrant. Black chokeberry was by HPLC analysis of peroxidating liposomes, in contrast to blackcurrant, found to protect α-tocopherol efficiently against oxidation to the end of the lag phase. The phenolics present in black chokeberry juice were concluded to be more efficient in regenerating or protecting α-tocopherol than ascorbic acid or the phenolics in blackcurrant. As for the phenolics, this was further evidenced by ranking of their radical scavenging activity as studied by ESR-spectroscopy.     

Effects of drying methods on contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of black chokeberries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aronia melanocarpa</Emphasis>)

Optimal drying techniques for maintaining high levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in black chokeberries were investigated. Effects of 3 drying methods on total bioactive compound contents and in vitro antioxidant activities in 80% ethanol extracts were evaluated. Fresh black chokeberries were dried using sun-drying, freeze-drying, and oven-drying. Highest amounts of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were detected in freeze-dried black chokeberry extracts after sun and oven-drying. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and superoxide anion scavenging activities in black chokeberry extracts were also evaluated. Freeze-dried berries produced strongest antioxidant activities. Freeze-drying was the optimal drying method for maintaining high levels of bioactive compounds in 80% ethanol extracts of dried black chokeberries.     

New beverages of lemon juice with elderberry and grape concentrates as a source of bioactive compounds

Considering the health potential of lemon and berry fruits, different functional beverages rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, which demonstrated beneficial effects, were developed. To fulfill this objective, lemon juice was combined with 2 different concentrates, elderberry and grape, in a proportion of 5% (w/v). Bioactive composition (flavonoids and vitamin C) and color stability, as well as the antioxidant capacity of mixtures, during a period of 56 d of storage, were studied. A protective role of anthocyanins on ascorbic acid preservation was noted for both lemon-berry blends, keeping vitamin C stable until the end of the storage. In addition, the new drink combining lemon and elderberry performed better than the grape-lemon mixture in terms of health-promoting phytochemicals content, just as in vitro antioxidant capacity and color characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Beverages made from lemon juice and berries could contribute to develop new drinks with a prolonged preservation of bioactive compounds throughout storage, keeping an attractive color and a high antioxidant activity during long periods of time. The information obtained in the present work is in agreement to the rules of health and safety for juices established by the Directive of European Commission Dir2001/112/CE incorporated to the Spanish law through the RD1050/2003 regulation. Consequently, an improved performance of industrial products would be achieved.     

Evaluation of commercial red fruit juice concentrates as ingredients for antioxidant functional juices

Phenolic profiles of nine red fruit commercial juice concentrates were characterised by means of high -performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry. Flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, stilbenoids, flavan 3-ols, ellagic acid derivatives, and other phenolic acids, were both identified and quantified in chokeberry, elderberry, blackcurrant and redcurrant, strawberry, red grape, cherry, plum, and raspberry commercial juice concentrates. Once the characterisation was carried out, the antioxidant capacity of each concentrate was assessed in vitro by means of two different methods: the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method. Elderberry, chokeberry and blackcurrant concentrates were the richest in total phenolics and they had the strongest antioxidant capacity; therefore, these three juices may have huge interest as ingredients in the design of functional juices.     

Dried strawberries as a high nutritional value fruit snack

The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of using a chokeberry juice concentrate as a component of osmotic solution and convection-microwave-vacuum drying applying to obtain dried pro-health-promoting strawberries. The research material was Honeoye strawberries, which were dehydrated in sucrose and sucrose with chokeberry juice concentrate addition, and then subjected to microwave-convection-vacuum or freeze-drying. Analyses were conducted to determine the influence of the applied processes on vitamin C content, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties in dried fruit. Study results confirmed the possibility of using a chokeberry juice concentrate as a component of the osmotic solution, especially with regard to polyphenolics content and antioxidant activity. In addition, convection-microwave-vacuum drying was shown to be a promising technology for the production of dried strawberries, with high pro-health potential and acceptable sensory qualities.     

A new drink rich in healthy bioactives combining lemon and pomegranate juices

Nowadays, the interest in dietary antioxidants, mainly present in fruits and vegetables, has prompted research in the field of commercial polyphenol-rich beverages. The main objective of the present work was to produce new polyphenol-rich beverages using lemon and pomegranate juices in different proportions (at 25%, 50% and 75% for both juices). The bioactive composition (flavonoids and vitamin C) of the mixtures as well as its stability, antioxidant capacity and changes in colour over a 70 days storage period were studied. Our results suggest that the new drink made of 75% of pomegranate juice (PJ) and 25% of lemon juice (v:v), has potential for development of new healthy beverages or food products, emphasised by its high antioxidant capacity determined by its phenolic composition – punicalagin isomers, anthocyanins and vitamin C – and improved colour properties.     

Effect of Storage on Anthocyanin Degradation in Black Mulberry Juice and Concentrates

Anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables are receiving increased attention because of their potential antioxidant activity but are very susceptible to degradation during processing and storage. Effect of storage on kinetics of anthocyanin degradation and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation in black mulberry juice and concentrate was determined during 8 months of storage at temperatures of 5°, 20°, 30°, and 40 °C. The monomeric anthocyanin degradation was in accordance with the first-order reaction kinetics and the activation energies of anthocyanin degradation in black mulberry juice and concentrate were found as 56.48 and 49.75 kJ mol^?1, respectively. HMF formation in black mulberry juice and concentrate increased linearly with storage time and temperature and followed zero-order reactions. The activation energies of HMF formation in black mulberry juice and concentrate were found as 75.70 and 104.11 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The losses of antioxidant activity for black mulberry juice and concentrate during storage at different temperatures were in the ranges of 4.87–16.01 and 4.47–33.57 %, respectively. Antioxidant activity in black mulberry juice and concentrate was correlated with total monomeric anthocyanins.     

不同品种苹果非浓缩还原汁的多酚组成及与抗氧化能力的关系

目的:通过分析15种非浓缩还原(NFC)苹果汁的多酚组成、抗氧化能力及二者相关性,研究多酚组成对抗氧化能力的贡献,为果汁生产企业在原料果选择方面提供借鉴。方法:制备15个品种的NFC苹果汁,利用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)和体外抗氧化试验分析多酚组成和抗氧化能力(DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力),通过单因素方差和相关性分析处理试验结果。结果:NFC苹果汁中,单体酚以绿原酸含量最高,表儿茶素没食子酸酯含量最低;大类多酚有原花青素、酚酸和黄酮类3种,其中酚酸含量最高(102~331μg/mL),黄酮含量最低(5~30μg/mL)。不同品种苹果中,“乔纳金”苹果的DPPH自由基清除能力最高为89.1%,“秋香”苹果的ABTS自由基清除能力最强为92.6%。结论:原花青素大类物质是NFC苹果汁体外抗氧化能力的主要贡献者,原花青素B2、表儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯3种单体酚有较强的DPPH自由基清除能力,而ABTS自由基清除能力更多地依赖于总酚含量。     

黑果腺肋花楸在体外模拟消化过程中酚类物质及抗氧化性的变化规律

本研究探讨了体外胃肠道消化模拟对黑果腺肋花楸中酚类物质的含量及抗氧化活性的影响,采用福林酚法和硝酸铝显色法测定黑果腺肋花楸消化前后总酚和总黄酮的含量。通过DPPH?和ABTS+自由基清除能力来验证胃肠消化处理对黑果腺肋花楸抗氧化活性的影响。实验结果表明：在模拟体外消化过程中,黑果腺肋花楸的多酚和黄酮含量表现出不同的变化趋势。其中,黑果腺肋花楸多酚在胃消化模拟过程中稳定性较好,黄酮含量显著增加（p<0.05）,DPPH?和ABTS+自由基清除能力均无显著性变化（p>0.05）;在模拟肠液消化过程中,多酚和黄酮含量显著增加,分别是提高了1.33、1.38倍（p<0.05）,DPPH?和ABTS+自由基清除率分别降低了36.84%和8.55%。胃肠道中胃蛋白酶、胃酸、胰蛋白酶对黑果腺肋花楸中多酚和黄酮的释放有一定的促进作用,但胰蛋白酶会降低果实的抗氧化能力,这可能与有机酸的分解有关。本研究结果为黑果腺肋花楸天然产品的开发及应用提供科学依据。     

Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract

The leaf material of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was extracted with 450 ml/l aqueous ethanol by medium pressure liquid-solid extraction. The total phenolic content of the extract was estimated as gallic acid equivalents by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and a qualitative-quantitative compositional analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection. The lemon balm extract contained hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids with caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside, naringin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, naringenin, hesperetin being identified based on their chromatographic behaviour and spectral characteristics. The extract was also investigated for potential in vitro antioxidant properties in iron(III) reduction, iron(II) chelation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate), superoxide anion and nitric oxide free-radical scavenging, and inhibition of β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity in all the assays. However, it was not as potent as the positive controls except in the β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay, where its activity was superior to that of gallic and caffeic acids and statistically indistinguishable from quercetin and BHA. The exceptionally high antioxidant activity and the fact that this assay is of biological relevance warrants further investigation of lemon balm extract in ex vivo and in vivo models of oxidative stress.     

柠檬汁清除DPPH自由基能力及实验方法比较研究

应用电子顺磁共振(EPR)和紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)两种方法研究美国加州和中国广西柠檬汁清除DPPH自由基的能力。结果表明,EPR方法测得加州和广西柠檬汁的半数清除率EC50值分别为54.53%和32.73%;UV-Vis方法测得加州和广西柠檬汁的EC50值分别为46.41%和30.41%,并且DPPH自由基清除率与柠檬汁浓度呈现良好的正相关性。统计学分析结果表明,两种实验方法的实验结果之间无显著性差异,测试方法对实验结果无显著性影响,两种方法均可用于柠檬汁对DPPH自由基清除能力的研究。     

Comparative Analysis of the Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Fruit Juices and Nectars: Chokeberry Juice as a Rich Source of Polyphenols

The bioactive compounds, and hence the antioxidant capacity, of fruit juice are affected by a given type of juice and fruit processing conditions. In this study, some polyphenol-rich juices and nectars were compared, considering the manufacturing conditions (Stage I). Organic chokeberry juice was determined to possess the highest antioxidant capacity, which was 4- to 10-fold higher than in other popular juices. Subsequently, this juice was analyzed for selected flavonoids (flavanols, flavonols, flavones) and phenolic acids (Stage II). The results showed that chokeberry juice was a rich source of chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids. The high total content of polyphenols and high antioxidant capacity encourage further clinical research on chokeberry juice, in the context of cardiovascular diseases prophylaxis.     

柠檬红茶酸奶的加工工艺研究

以柠檬、红茶和鲜奶为主要原料,以嗜热性链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为发酵剂,经发酵制成一种新型固体酸奶。通过正交试验方法和感官评定,确定该产品的最佳配方和生产工艺为：柠檬红茶汁5%,蔗糖和蜂蜜4%,保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热性链球菌3％,发酵温度42℃、发酵时间5h。     

The effects of strawberry,black currant,and chokeberry extracts in a grain dietary fiber matrix on intestinal fermentation in rats

The objective of this work was to study the composition, hydration properties and oil holding capacity, antioxidant properties and the physiological effects on the digestive system of dietary preparations containing wheat or oat fiber enriched with polyphenol extracts from strawberry, chokeberry, and black currant pomace. By the addition of black currant, strawberry and chokeberry polyphenol extracts to grain fibers preparations with corresponding polyphenol content of 0.7%–0.8%, 1.1%–1.2%, and 2.5%–2.9% were obtained. The preparations were used as part (8%) of a modified AIN-93 diet given to growing Wistar rats (8 animals per group) over a period of 4 weeks. The highest antioxidant potential had grain–chokeberry preparations with the greatest polyphenol content, while grain–black currant preparations exhibited the lowest antioxidant potential with the smallest polyphenol content. The addition of strawberry and chokeberry extracts caused a decrease in the activity of bacterial β-glucosidase and α-galactosidase, while black currant extract led to increased activity of β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase. The production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the caecum of rats fed the grain–strawberry preparation, rich in ellagitannins, was considerably higher than the grain–black currant preparation, rich in proanthocyanidins and anthocyans, or the grain–chokeberry preparation with the highest polyphenol content (78.3 vs. 64.7 vs. 56.3 μmol/100 g body weight, p = 0.012). In comparison to preparations without polyphenols only chokeberry extract significantly decreased SCFA concentration. The grain–strawberry preparations were characterized by a higher antioxidant potential per unit of polyphenol content and exhibited a more beneficial influence on the fermentation processes in the caecum of rats than the grain–black currant and grain–chokeberry preparations.     

黑果腺肋花楸中花青苷类化合物的超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-串联质谱分析鉴定

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-串联质谱(UPLC-TOF-MS/MS)技术建立了黑果腺肋花楸花青苷类化合物分析方法。黑果腺肋花楸果实采用酸化甲醇(0.1%盐酸,v/v)提取,经UPLC BEH C18反相色谱柱分离,乙腈-水(均含0.1%甲酸,v/v)流动相系统梯度洗脱;在正离子模式下,采用飞行时间质谱全扫描-信息关联采集-子离子扫描(TOF-MS scan-IDA-Product ion scan)复合模式进行分析测定,一次进样分析可同时获得花青苷高分辨、高准确质量数的一级和二级质谱信息,提高花青苷结构鉴定的准确性。最终在黑果腺肋花楸中共鉴定12个花青苷类化合物,其中6种为黑果腺肋花楸果实中尚未报道的花青苷类化合物。研究为黑果腺肋花楸花青苷的生物活性研究及相关产品开发提供基础数据,所建立的方法适用于植物样品花青苷类化合物的分析。     

Studies on radical scavenging activity of tea leaves and effect of additives on activities of black tea liquor

Green tea is proved to be a source of various biochemicals, which projects tea to be a health drink. The study investigated free radical scavenging activity of leaf extracts of south Indian tea clones, individual catechin molecules and documented the influence of various additives on the scavenging activity of black tea infusion. Among the tea clones, UPASI-17 contained higher quantum of catechins. Lower content of catechins correlated with low 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl scavenging activities. Low scavenging activity was noticed in gallocatechin. A wide variation was found in free radical scavenging activity of individual molecules, leaf extracts, tea liquor and its combination with the additives. Tea liquor along with lemon juice showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. When sugar and lemon juice were amended with tea liquor, free radical scavenging activity declined marginally. Addition of milk and sugar with tea liquor declined the free radical scavenging activity significantly.     

柠檬果汁主要水溶性成分分析及对高脂诱导L-02肝细胞氧化损伤影响的研究

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS)分析柠檬果汁中的主要成分,并在细胞水平研究其抗氧化活性。结果表明,柠檬果汁中主要含有奎宁酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸等有机酸,天冬氨酸、丝氨酸等氨基酸以及牡荆苷、柚皮苷、虎杖苷等黄酮类化合物。细胞抗氧化活性试验发现,柠檬果汁可通过促进细胞中线粒体的合成和SOD2的蛋白表达,提高超氧化物歧化酶的活性,从而降低细胞中自由基水平,有效改善高脂诱导的L-02肝细胞氧化损伤。此研究结果将为提升柠檬果汁的功能价值提供理论依据。     

益生菌发酵胡萝卜汁活性成分与抗氧化活性研究

研究了鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnus）发酵胡萝卜汁前后游离酚、结合酚、有机酸、游离氨基酸及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵后胡萝卜汁中的游离态酚类物质含量明显增加（P＜0.05）,而结合态酚类物质的含量明显下降（P＜0.05）,其中槲皮素相较于发酵前提高了243.91%;发酵后乳酸含量最高,比发酵前提高了5.376 mg/mL;发酵后苏氨酸（0.13 mg/g）、丝氨酸（0.25 mg/g）、甘氨酸（0.34 mg/g）、蛋氨酸（0.05 mg/g）和赖氨酸（0.12 mg/g）含量均明显升高（P＜0.05）。抗氧化活性实验结果表示,发酵后的胡萝卜汁对DPPH和羟基自由基的清除率及总还原力分别为70.6%和26.45%及0.58±0.01,比发酵前分别提高了30.42%和21.45%及28.89%。     

Valuable Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Wine Vinasses

The phenolic compounds from white wine vinasses were concentrated following a patent pending process. From 1?L of wine vinasses up to 42?g of a dry product, containing 45% d.w. phenolics, could be obtained. The antioxidant activity of wine vinasse product was characterized for the reducing ability and for the scavenging capacity on non-biological radicals (DPPH^· and ABTS^·+), on the reactive oxygen species superoxide radical, peroxyl radical, H₂O₂, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid and on the reactive nitrogen species, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite. The ability of the product to protect biological systems was preliminary evaluated through the protection against the ??-carotene oxidation in emulsion and the lysis and lipid peroxidation induced by APPH in erythrocytes. The product showed activity comparable to that of standard compounds (ascorbic acid, butylhydroxyanisol, butylhydroxytoluene, lipoic acid, rutin, quercetin, Tiron, Trolox) and could be proposed as a food antioxidant. The absence of skin-irritant effects on reconstructed human tissues (Episkin?) showed that this product at 1% appear to be safe for topical use in cosmetic applications.