组织化大豆蛋白挤压工艺参数优化研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验设计方法,分析了国产Ds32-Ⅱ型双螺杆挤压机生产组织化大豆蛋白过程中的模孔直径、挤压温度、螺杆转速和物料含水率4个挤压工艺参数,以密度为指标对其进行了优化.结果表明,4个挤压工艺参数对产品密度均有极显著影响.影响由大到小依次为:模孔直径>螺杆转速>挤压温度>物料含水率.模孔直径和挤压温度的交互作用对产品密度有极显著的负效应(α=0.01),螺杆转速和水分含量的交互作用对样品密度有显著的正效应(α=0.05).在模孔直径2.86～2.87 mm、挤压温度148.72～149.78 ℃、螺杆转速35.24～36.72 Hz和水分含量29.67%～30.00%的挤压条件下,产品密度有95%的可能在0.43～0.45 g/cm3之间.结合设备性能和生产实际,优化的工艺参数如下:模孔直径2.9 mm,挤压温度149 ℃,螺杆转速36 Hz,物料含水率30%.在优化工艺参数下,验证试验所得产品的密度为0.40 g/cm3,基本符合预期结果.     

谷朊粉高水分挤压组织化工艺参数优化

以谷朊粉为原料,通过正交设计,使用双螺杆挤压机,研究谷朊粉高水分挤压组织化工艺。采用主成分分析方法,综合评价谷朊粉挤压组织化产品性状,优化谷朊粉挤压组织化工艺。结果表明:采用主成分分析法可进行谷朊粉挤压组织化产品质量的综合评价。挤压工艺参数对组织化产品综合得分影响的程度从大到小依次为:螺杆转速机筒温度喂料速率物料含水率。优化的谷朊粉挤压组织化工艺参数为:螺杆转速160 r/m in,物料含水率45%,喂料速率15 g/m in,机筒温度170℃。     

操作参数对组织化大豆蛋白产品特性的影响

低温脱脂豆粕的组织化加工是提高豆粕利用率的有效途径.以低温脱脂豆粕为原料,应用DSE-25型双螺杆挤压实验室工作站,分析了物料含水率、机筒温度、喂料速度、螺杆转速等操作参数对组织化大豆蛋白质构特性和理化特性的影响.结果表明:随着物料含水率的增加,咀嚼性下降,组织化度(TI)提高,在较高的物料含水率(45%、50%)条件下,氮溶解指数(NSI)较低,水分保持能力(WHC)较高;随着机筒温度的升高,TI和NSI逐渐增加,WHC先下降后上升,咀嚼性在140℃有明显降低趋势;随着喂料速度的增加,咀嚼性、TI、WHC、NSI下降;随着螺杆转速的增加,WHC和TI逐渐下降,咀嚼性、NSI基本不变;从理化特性和质构特性两个角度考虑,适宜的操作参数应为物料含水率45%～50%,机筒温度为140～150℃,喂料速度在30 g/min以下,螺杆转速为90 r/min.     

大豆蛋白和鱼肉复合挤压工艺参数的优化研究

以大豆蛋白和鱼肉糜为原料,通过双螺杆挤压机制备复合蛋白产品。通过单因素实验,对复合蛋白物料含水率、螺杆挤压机的机筒五区温度、喂料速度以及螺杆转速进行考察,最后通过响应面设计优化得到最佳工艺参数。得到的最佳工艺参数为:物料含水率30%,喂料速度35 r/min,螺杆转速175 r/min,挤压机机筒五区温度为90℃→100℃→110℃→145℃→110℃。在最佳工艺参数条件下生产出的挤压产品指标为:组织化程度2.12,拉伸强度3 224.6 g,蛋白质含量67.9%,粗脂肪含量1.56%,蛋白质体外消化率87.4%。     

紫苏油粕高水分组织化蛋白产品的工艺研究

以紫苏油粕和大豆蛋白为原料,采用双螺杆挤压组织化技术,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定紫苏油粕高水分植物蛋白产品的最优工艺。结果表明,水分添加量对植物蛋白产品的品质影响最大,其次是螺杆速度,挤压温度对产品的影响最小。紫苏油粕仿动物蛋白纤维质地植物蛋白产品的最优工艺参数为:物料水分添加量50%、紫苏油粕添加量10%、挤压温度130℃、螺杆速度40 Hz。     

操作参数对挤压组织化花生蛋白质构特性的影响

采用TXLL110型双螺杆挤压膨化机,以高温脱脂花生粕为原料,利用质地剖面分析(TPA)法,研究了机筒温度、物料含水率、喂料速度、螺杆转速对挤压组织化花生蛋白质构特性的影响。结果表明:随着机筒温度的升高,挤压组织化花生蛋白硬度、弹性、剪切力均呈现先升后降的趋势;随着物料含水率的增大,挤压组织化花生蛋白硬度、剪切力均下降,弹性先升后降;随着喂料速度的增大,挤压组织化花生蛋白硬度、弹性、剪切力均先升后降,弹性与剪切力降幅较小;随着螺杆转速的增大,挤压组织化花生蛋白硬度略有下降,弹性略有升高,剪切力先升高后略有下降;试验最佳的操作参数为机筒温度150℃,物料含水率30%,喂料速度550 kg/h,螺杆转速350 r/min。     

响应面优化含紫苏油粕高水分挤压蛋白工艺研究

以紫苏油粕和大豆蛋白为原料,并加入谷朊粉,采用双螺杆挤压技术,通过单因素试验和中心旋转组合试验确定高水分挤压组织化的植物蛋白产品最优工艺。结果表明,紫苏油粕加入量对高水分挤压蛋白质构与感官品质影响较大,含紫苏油粕高水分挤压组织蛋白产品最佳工艺条件:紫苏油粕10%、物料水分含量50%、挤压温度130℃。     

燕麦粉挤压膨化工艺参数研究

为了研究挤压工艺参数对纯燕麦粉挤压膨化产品特性的影响并初步优化工艺参数,以纯燕麦粉为原料,采用DSE-25型双螺杆挤压设备,分析挤压温度、物料含水率、喂料速度和螺杆转速对燕麦挤压膨化产品口感、表观、气味、膨化率和综合评价的影响。结果表明:不同工艺参数对纯燕麦粉挤压膨化产品的口感得分、表观得分、膨化率和综合评分影响显著,对气味得分影响不显著。随着挤压温度、物料含水率、喂料速度和螺杆转速的增加,燕麦挤压膨化产品的质量先改善,后趋于下降。综合考虑燕麦挤压膨化产品特性,初步认为纯燕麦粉挤压膨化的较优工艺为:挤压温度160℃,物料含水率18%~20%,喂料速度40 g/min,螺杆转速160~180 r/min。     

低温脱脂大豆粕理化性质与挤压组织化特性关系研究

以2012年9家大豆蛋白生产企业的9份低温脱脂大豆粕为原料,以同向啮合双螺杆挤压机为挤压设备,采用相关性和主成分法分析大豆粕理化性质与挤压组织化系统参数、产品特性的关系。结果显示,挤压机扭矩与挤压组织化蛋白的硬度、咀嚼度、拉断强度呈极显著正相关(P0.01);模头处物料的表观黏度与挤压组织化蛋白硬度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与挤压组织化蛋白咀嚼度、拉伸强度呈显著正相关(P0.05);单位机械能耗与色差ΔE*、咀嚼度、拉断强度之间呈显著正相关(P0.05);大豆粕粗蛋白含量和挤压组织化产品硬度、咀嚼度、拉断强度之间正相关系数大于0.543;乳化性与挤压组织化蛋白组织化度的正相关系数为0.627。主成分载荷分布和得分分布图显示,参试大豆粕中P_1、P_2和P_7的粗蛋白含量及其产品硬度较高;P_3和P_9的乳化性及其产品组织化度较高;P_5和P_7的粗纤维含量较高。结论认为,粗蛋白含量较高的大豆粕可生产出拉断强度较大、硬度和咀嚼度较高的挤压组织化蛋白;粗蛋白含量、乳化性可作为挤压组织化蛋白生产原料大豆粕的分类性状。     

挤压工艺对青稞粉产品特性的影响

以纯青稞粉为原料,研究挤压工艺参数对青稞挤压熟化产品的膨化度、水溶性指数、吸水性指数和糊化度影响;并对比挤压前后青稞粉的微观结构、糊化特性和消化特性。结果表明:当挤压参数为机筒温度140℃、物料含水率为15%、螺杆转速为125 r/min时,获得质量相对比较好的挤压产品,在此条件下,青稞挤压粉的膨化度为3.258,水溶性指数和吸水性指数分别为15.30%和461.51%,糊化度为90.08%;挤压后青稞粉出现明显的孔隙结构,糊化性质得到改善,消化率提高11.15%。     

Effect of the extrusion process on allergen reduction and the texture change of soybean protein isolate-corn and soybean flour-corn mixtures

Soy protein and corn meal are widely used as main ingredients in the cereal and snack industries. We studied the effect of extrusion processing on the immunoreactivity of proteins in soy protein isolate-corn meal (SPI-corn) blends and soy flour-corn meal (SF-corn) blends using a full-factorial design with two levels of temperature, moisture, and screw speed (SS). The changes in protein solubility, protein secondary structure and physical properties, such as the expansion ratio, specific volume, water hydration capacity (WHC), texture, and color, were also studied. The western blotting results illustrated that extrusion processing decreased the immunoreactivity of proteins in SPI-corn and SF-corn blends and eliminated certain allergenic proteins in SF-corn extrudates. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated that different extrusion conditions decreased the immunoreactivities of SPI-corn and SF-corn blends in the ranges of 53%–68% and 80%–86%, respectively, compared with the raw material. The protein solubility decreased after extrusion by >58.7% for SPI-corn extrudates and by 66.3% for SF-corn extrudates compared with the initial materials and decreased significantly for both SPI-corn and SF-corn extrudates with the increase in extrusion temperature (P < 0.05). The α-helix structure decreased and β-strand structure increased after extrusion for both SPI-corn and SF-corn blends. Higher moisture significantly decreased the expansion ratio, specific volume and WHC of SPI-corn and SF-corn extrudates, as well as increased the energy required to cut the samples. Thus, the effect of extrusion on allergenic proteins using the human plasma of subjects allergic to soybean and corn showed that moisture had a clear effect on their reduction. Product treated with low moisture (20%), regardless of the starting material used, was the most effective based on the reduction of allergenic proteins.     

高水分组织蛋白挤压工艺参数对系统参数及其物理特性的影响

以不同物料配比、水分含量和挤压温度条件下生产的高水分植物组织化蛋白产品为对象,研究挤压工艺参数对挤压输出的系统参数、产品质构特性和颜色特性的影响。结果表明,物料配比和物料含水量对模头压力、扭矩和单位机械能耗影响显著,分离蛋白含量与这3个参数呈正相关,而与物料水分含量呈负相关;在产品质构方面,物料的配比、含水量对质构参数有显著影响;在产品颜色方面,物料配比和含水量对产品亮度有显著影响,物料配比中的分离蛋白含量越高,亮度越低,而含水量越高,亮度越高。说明通过改变物料的配比及其含水量可以得到不同物理特性的蛋白产品,丰富产品种类,为高水分组织化蛋白产品的生产应用提供一定的理论依据。     

大豆蛋白质双螺杆挤压加工工艺参数对系统参数的影响

利用双螺杆食品挤压机挤压加工大豆膨化组织蛋白,考察了工艺参数对系统参数的影响.结果表明:挤出物产量随着螺杆转速的增大而增大,随着含水量的增大而增大;主机功耗随着螺杆转速的增大而增大,随着含水量的增大而减小;膨化比随着螺杆转速的增大而增大,随着含水量的增大而减小;物料停留时间随着螺杆转速的增大而减小,随着含水量的增大而增大;机头压力随着螺杆转速的增大而增大,随着含水量的增大而减小.研究结果有利于指导实际生产和优化挤压加工工艺.     

Antioxidant activity of barley as affected by extrusion cooking

Grit from different hulled barley cultivars was subjected to extrusion cooking and the effect of extrusion moisture and temperature on the antioxidant properties was studied. A significant decrease in the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was observed upon extrusion and a further decrease of 8-29% in TPC and 13-27% in TFC was observed when both the feed moisture and extrusion temperature were increased. The antioxidant activity (AOA) increased significantly upon extrusion and this increase was the highest (36-69%) at 150 °C and 20% feed moisture. The increase in feed moisture and temperature significantly increased the metal chelating activity. The reducing power decreased significantly upon extrusion as compared to their corresponding control samples. Extrusion lead to a greater increase in non-enzymatic browning (NEB) index however, increasing the moisture content of feed decreased the NEB index by 3-29% (at 180 °C) and 1-17% (150 °C), while increasing the temperature increased the NEB significantly.     

植物蛋白高水分挤压组织化过程中水分和冷却温度对流变特性的影响

植物蛋白挤压过程的顺利进行和最终产品的特性受挤压过程中水分、温度和剪切机械力等因素的重要影响。本研究以大豆分离蛋白、豌豆蛋白和谷朊粉为混合植物蛋白原料,采用双螺杆挤压机进行挤压,考察水分和冷却温度对植物蛋白肉产品流变特性的影响。结果表明：植物蛋白肉产品的流变特性受挤压过程中水分和冷却温度的影响,在一定范围内,水分和冷却温度的升高有利于改善挤压组织化产品的流变特性。     

SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUSION OF PORK AND SOY FLOUR BLEND

This study examined the rheological properties of defatted soy flour and lean pork blend of various moisture contents extruded in a single-screw extruder and the sensory texture property of extruded meat analogs as the first step to develop commercial low-cost meat analogs that not only resemble real meats but have excellent sensory textures. Additional work was also conducted to examine the effect of moisture content of soy flour under the extrusion condition (high temperature and pressure) on the fiber structure and overall texturization of the extrudate as a result of changes in chemical bonds between soy proteins. The mixture of soy meal with ground lean pork showed significant decrease in viscosity as compared with either soy meal or ground meat alone. The best sensory texture was obtained for the pork-soy flour blend with 41. 3% moisture content at screw speed of 180 rpm under the feeding-metering-die temperature setting of 140–170–80C.     

Influence of time-temperature history and strain history on the melt rheology of soy protein isolate at an elevated temperature

Reciprocating extrusion and single extrusion experiments were performed using a completely air-tight capillary extrusion viscometer in order to elucidate the effects of time-temperature history and strain history on the melt rheology of soy protein isolate (SPI) at an elevated temperature (140°C). Both histories produced a decrease in the measured pressure drop during extrusion and these effects were strongly dependent on the sample moisture content. For moisture contents above 41% (dry basis), the time-temperature history effect was predominant more in decreasing the measured pressure drop, whereas the strain history effect was more influential at moisture contents below 30% (d.b.)     

THE EFFECT OF HEAT AND SHEAR ON THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOY FLOUR DOUGH

This paper is concerned with the effect of heat and shear on the rheological properties of defatted soy dispersions and doughs of 30 to 60% flour by weight. Capillary and rotary rheometers (Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer) were used to heat doughs up to 75° C and shear them simultaneously. In one series of experiments using a modified Instron capillary rheometer the doughs were heated to several different temperatures and then sheared. The linear viscoelastic properties of the dough which were determined by means of a plate-plate rheometer were then compared to the fresh dough and those of a heated but nonsheared dough. In another experiment a cone-and-plate rheometer was used to heat and shear the dough. The linear viscoelastic response of the dough was used to monitor any changes as it was heated and sheared. It was observed that only in the higher moisture dispersions (i.e., moisture contents greater than 50%) were there any signs of an increase in rheological properties which might be associated with “cooking”. It was concluded that cooking of soy flour doughs most likely does not involve the formation of a permanent network formed by covalent chemical bonds. Hence, in extrusion cooking processes involving soy flour doughs, it may not be necessary to treat the rheological properties of the dough as a thermosetting system.     

挤压参数对酱油渣粗纤维含量影响研究

采用挤压膨化技术对酱油渣进行预处理,研究挤压工艺参数对酱油渣中粗纤维含量的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以挤出物粗纤维含量为考察指标,以含水量、挤压温度、螺杆转速为挤压参数,运用中心组合试验设计（CCD）对挤压酱油渣中挤压参数进行优化。结果表明,最佳挤压膨化参数为含水量32%,挤压温度为100 ℃,螺杆转速为95 r/min。在此优化条件下,挤出物粗纤维含量为19.5%,与挤压膨化前原料相比,粗纤维含量降低了31.3%。该挤压膨化技术可以提高酱油渣的利用率。     

挤压加工对苦荞粉理化性质的影响

为了阐明挤压加工技术对苦荞粉理化性质的影响,分别研究了不同挤压温度、物料水分和螺杆转速对挤压苦荞粉的吸水性指数、水溶性指数、膨胀势、糊化及凝胶特性的影响规律。结果表明:与未挤压苦荞粉相比,经挤压改性后的苦荞粉在30℃水浴时有更好的吸水性和水溶性;在100℃水浴时的水溶性增大,吸水性减小;膨胀势、糊化特征值及凝胶特征值均明显升高。随挤压温度升高,挤压苦荞粉的峰值粘度、衰减值增大,谷值粘度、回生值降低,制成的凝胶品质更好;随物料水分升高,吸水性指数、膨胀势、各糊化特征值显著增大,水溶性指数明显降低,低物料水分形成的凝胶品质较好;随螺杆转速升高,水溶性指数增大,吸水性指数和峰值粘度、谷值粘度、衰减值稍降低,膨胀势先增大后减小,转速越高的苦荞粉的凝胶品质越好。综合而言,物料水分变化对挤压苦荞粉的各理化性质影响最大。吸水性指数和水溶性指数与糊化特性、凝胶特性都有显著相关性(P0.05);膨胀势与糊化特性极显著正相关(P0.01),与凝胶特性没有显著相关性。