RCS-978变压器成套保护装置

介绍了RCS-978数字式变压器成套保护装置的硬件组成、保护原理及功能。它集成了一台主变的全套电量保护，对每台主变采用双套主保护、双套后备保护的配置原则，可提高安全性和可靠性。装置中差动保护采用了独特的差动二次电流相位调整方法、可靠的励磁涌流及TA饱和判据，反时限过激磁保护的动作特性针对不同的变压器过励磁倍数曲线进行配合。主保护包括高灵敏度的工频变化量比率差动、稳态比率差动、差动速断、零序比率差动和过激磁保护，后备保护配置灵活、完善，其跳闸出口采用整定方式。另外，装置还具有完善的录波打印和事件报文功能，并配有后台管理分析软件。     

复用通道误码和延时对线路纵差保护的影响

指出了通道误码是一个同通道长度相关的指标，分析了误码对线路纵差保护的影响，介绍了实际运行中必须解决的引起非随机误码的一些原因，并分析了通道双向延时不对称度对线路纵差保护正常运行的影响，指出用于线路纵差保护的复用通道双向路由必须一致。     

单相CT极性反接对主变差动电流的影响

巴基斯坦某水电站5号机组开机并网后,在增负荷过程中220 kV主变C相差动保护动作,根据主变保护装置故障录波及报文数据,发现事故原因为主变低压侧B相CT绕组极性反接,调整其极性后再次开机,机组、主变正常投运,故障解除。在此故障现象的基础上,分析了YNd11联接组别的变压器,在不同的差动保护相位调整方式下,主变高、低压侧单相CT二次绕组极性反接时,对保护装置三相差动电流计算的影响。     

基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理

提出了一种基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理。该原理分别提取线路两端保护安装处的故障分量进行阻抗计算，然后利用这2个阻抗之差构成阻抗差动判据。该原理无需进行采样数据同步处理，耐受电容电流和过渡电阻的影响。电流幅值差动保护判据以线路两侧的电流幅值差为动作量，幅值和为制动量，在发生电压互感器断线时，可作为阻抗差动保护判据的补充判据。仿真结果验证了该原理的正确性和有效性。     

一种光纤差动保护通道中断的处理方法

文章介绍的处理方法主要针对未能开通SDH自愈保护的光纤差动保护通道,根据保护通道技术指标的要求,编制《保护装置一通道一预案》,并按照预案要求开通测试保护冷备用通道,同时对比日常运维和检修期间的路由配置情况,不断优化冷备用通道参数,当运行保护通道故障,现场运维人员在退出原有通道后,只需调整两个端站设备的交叉数据,就能快速恢复中断的光纤差动保护复用光纤通道,使之满足运行需求。     

基于电阻性差流的差动保护新原理

差动保护原理已经广泛应用于高压线路保护，但受电容电流的影响，全电流差动保护的抗过渡电阻能力低。文中提出基于电阻性差流分量的差动保护新原理，利用差电流的电阻性分量来构成差动保护判据，可以避免电容电流的影响。该原理与线路电容参数及电抗器补偿情况无关，对于高阻接地故障的灵敏度高，可以作为现有差动保护原理的补充。EMTP仿真验证了基于该差动保护新原理所构成的保护判据的可靠性和灵敏性。     

基于发电机功率变化量的失磁保护辅助加速判据

介绍了发电机失磁保护的4种主判据，针对阻抗Ⅱ段和低电压判据延时较长的不足，提出利用发电机功率变化量作为失磁保护辅助加速判据，并介绍了实际微机保护装置的动模试验情况。     

电子式互感器接入的光纤差动保护数据同步方法

指出了电子式互感器（ET）接入的线路光纤差动保护在数据同步方面遇到的主要困难,分析了全球定位系统（GPS）同步方法与传统数据同步方法的局限,提出了利用改进插值法进行数据同步的新方法。该方法不依赖于任何外部设备,可靠性高;不调整采样时刻,适应于IEC 60044-8标准规定的合并单元功能结构条件,并能灵活适用于线路一侧为ET一侧为传统互感器的情况。数据同步的目标始终是要保证参加差动运算的电压电流量追溯到一次侧是同一时刻的,为此,各侧ET二次变送延时的影响必须被计及到保护装置的数据同步过程之中。对保护装置而言,补偿两侧ET二次变送延时的时间差是数据同步的核心内容。对需要配置光纤差动保护的线路,ET的合并单元最好能够提供符合IEC 60044-8标准的数据输出接口。     

高压直流输电控制与保护对线路故障的动态响应特性分析

直流输电线路保护中,以电压变化率为动作判据的线路行波保护和低电压保护难以检测出线路高阻接地故障,线路差动保护需要通过闭锁躲避区外故障而使动作延时较长,从而难以起到后备作用。同时,直流控制系统环节对线路保护的动作特性也有很大的影响,小负荷水平下将导致线路电流波动而导致差动保护拒动。结合某一直流线路实际参数,基于真实的直流控制保护模型与参数的EMTDC仿真平台,采用实际故障录波分析和仿真分析相结合的手段,系统分析了线路保护不正确动作的机理以及直流系统控制环节对线路保护的影响,并提出了解决方案。     

基于光纤通信的多端线路电流差动保护装置

针对常规保护配置不能满足中低压系统中多端线路快速全线切除故障的难题，提出了一种基于光纤通信的多端线路电流差动保护新方案。具体介绍了保护装置的工作原理、同步方式、通信方式、硬件构成及测试结果等。动模试验结果表明，所提出的多端线路光纤电流差动保护装置性能优越，完全能够满足T接线路全线速动切除故障的要求，在中低压系统中具有良好的推广使用价值。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.