动力减振镗杆结构参数优化

深孔镗削过程中,镗杆不可避免产生振动,影响孔的加工质量,为了提高加工质量,本文针对动力减振镗杆建立力学模型,通过对模型的研究得出减振器的最优参数,应用ADAMS动力学仿真软件和试验验证了理论优化的正确性。通过和普通镗杆对比分析,结果表明动力减振镗杆有效地达到了减振效果。     

Parameter optimization of time-varying stiffness method for chatter suppression based on magnetorheological fluid-controlled boring bar

An innovative chatter suppression method based on a magnetorheological (MR) fluid-controlled boring bar for chatter suppression is developed. The MR fluid, which can change stiffness consecutively by varying the strength of the applied magnetic field, was applied to adjust the stiffness of the boring bar and suppress chatter. The cutting dynamic stability under different natural frequencies of the structure was analyzed by an energy method, which shows that cutting dynamic stability depends on both the natural frequency of the structure and the spindle speed. The chatter suppression mechanism with varying natural frequency is analyzed for further parameter optimization. Furthermore, both theoretical analyses and numerical simulations indicate that a square wave exciting current with a large amplitude and a moderate frequency has a better effect on regenerative chatter suppression. Experiments utilizing a MR fluid-controlled boring bar under an exciting current with different waveforms and frequencies were conducted. The experimental results show that the chatter can be significantly suppressed using MR fluid-controlled boring bar under a square wave exciting current with a frequency of 4–6 Hz and an amplitude of 0–2 A.     

Analysis of the vibration characteristics and adjustment method of boring bar with a variable stiffness vibration absorber

In deep hole boring process, long and flexible boring bars are often used. Due to the large length-to-diameter ratio, the stiffness of the boring bars is inevitably reduced, where the boring bars’ vibration effects will occur. The influences of vibration will significantly degrade the accuracy and the surface quality, or even lead failure of the production. Therefore, it is of significant importance to develop techniques to reduce vibration in deep hole boring. In this paper, a new boring bar with a variable stiffness dynamic vibration absorber (VSDVA) is presented, where the basic parameters of the proposed boring bar are measured. Based on the proposed dynamic model, the vibration characteristics of the proposed boring bar are analyzed, and the change laws of the vibration reduction performance are obtained under different excitation frequencies. A new vibration reduction method is proposed, where best vibration reduction performance can be achieved by adjusting the stiffness of the VSDVA. Finally, the vibration reduction performance of the proposed boring bar is validated and evaluated by boring experiments. These works could provide guidance for designing new types of boring bars, selecting cutting parameters, and adjusting the vibration reduction performance of the proposed boring bar, and as a result, it provides a new design idea for the design of boring bar.     

电流变材料在结构振动控制中的非线性特性及理论模型

半主动振动控制结合了主动和被动控制的优点,得到了广泛的应用。一种采用电流变材料在线实时改变支撑条件的镗杆被设计用来对切削颤振实现半主动控制。通过试验发现当电流变材料处于屈服前后临界状态时,其在系统中相当于一参数可控的干摩擦阻尼器,致使镗杆的动态特性表现出明显的非线性。根据试验结果对含有电流变材料的镗杆建立了数学模型,从理论上对电流变材料在结构振动中处于屈服前后临界状态的条件和动态特性进行了分析。     

Development of a novel boring tool with anisotropic dynamic stiffness to avoid chatter vibration in cutting: Part 1: Design of anisotropic structure to attain infinite dynamic stiffness

This paper presents a novel design method of the anisotropic structure to attain infinite dynamic stiffness to avoid chatter vibration in boring operations. Because a long and slender tool is used for boring operations, the stiffness of the tool holder is likely to decrease, resulting in low chatter stability. Although it is difficult to improve the stiffness of the boring holder itself, the nominal dynamic stiffness for the cutting process can be improved by designing an appropriate anisotropy in the dynamic stiffness of the boring tool. In this study, we formulate a theoretical relationship between the mechanical structural dynamics and chatter stability in boring operation and present the basic concept of tool design with anisotropic structure. In the actual tool design, ideal anisotropy may not be realized because of the influence of design error. Therefore, an analytical study was conducted to clarify the influence of the design error on the vibration suppression effect. Analytical investigations verified that the similarity of the frequency response functions in the modal coordinate system and the design of the compliance ratio according to the machining conditions are important. Furthermore, we designed a boring tool with an anisotropic structure which can achieve the proposed anisotropic dynamics. The frequency response function was evaluated utilizing FEM analysis. The estimated anisotropic dynamics of the proposed structure could significantly improve the nominal dynamics for boring operations.     

基于电流变材料的切削颤振在线监控技术研究

提出可以利用电流变材料的电控流变特性,通过在线调控切削系统动态特性以提高切削稳定性。并针对镗削系统,开发出一套可根据实时采集的切削振动信号自适应地快速调整系统动态特性以避免颤振发生的颤振智能监控系统。     

Chatter reliability prediction of side milling aero-engine blisk

Reliability analysis of a dynamic structural system is applied to predict chatter of side milling system for machining blisk. Chatter reliability is defined as the probability of stability for processing. A reliability model of chatter was developed to forecast chatter vibration of side milling, where structure parameters and spindle speed are regarded as random variables and chatter frequency is considered as intermediate variable. The first-order second-moment method was used to work out the side milling system reliability model. Reliability lobe diagram (RLD) was applied to distinguish reliable regions of chatter instead of stability lobe diagram (SLD). One example is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and compare with the Monte Carlo method. The results of the two approaches were consistent. Chatter reliability and RLD could be used to determine the probability of stability of side milling.

     

基于变结构刚度的精密孔镗削颤振抑制新方法

精密孔镗削过程中容易出现颤振现象,它会导致加工精度低和表面质量差等问题。为了解决此问题,首先针对镗削过程中最为常见的再生型颤振建立了动力学模型,并在此基础上,分别讨论了主轴变速方法和变结构刚度方法对切削颤振的抑制机理,对比两种方法发现：它们的抑振机理异曲同工,但是,变结构刚度方法能够避免主轴变速法对刚性较低的切削系统不适用的缺点。其次,为了能对精密孔镗削过程施加变结构刚度法来抑制颤振,本文设计制作了一种基于磁流变液的智能镗杆,通过调节外加磁场强度的大小实现刚度和阻尼特性参数的无级变化,改变机械系统的动态特性,从而达到抑制颤振的目的。最后在车床CA6140上搭建了磁流变智能镗杆的颤振抑制实验系统,通过一系列的实验发现：该方法能够快速高效的抑制镗削过程中产生的颤振,并且使加工表面的粗糙度从Ra 10μm降至Ra 1.5μm,大幅度提高了加工表面质量。     

Fast prediction of chatter stability lobe diagram for milling process using frequency response function or modal parameters

Prediction of chatter stability is important for planning and optimization of machining process in order to improve machining efficiency and reduce machining damage. Based on the classical analytical solution of chatter stability for milling process and in-depth analysis of the impact of modal parameters on the stability lobe diagram, a straight forward procedure for fast predicting stability lobe diagram directly using modal parameters of machining system was put forward. In consideration of the fact that the modal parameters of milling system can be estimated directly from the frequency response function using single DOF modal parameter estimation method, stability lobe diagram can be plotted directly using the tool tip’s frequency response function. The machining performances of a machining center with three different cutting tools were evaluated and the corresponding optimized cutting conditions were determined. The correctness of the proposed method was validated by good agreement of the predicted stability lobe diagram with that using the classical analytical method, and simulation results show that its calculation speed had been improved by 2–3 orders of magnitude. As a result, the proposed method of plotting stability lobe diagram using frequency response function can be utilized as an effective tool to select chatter-free cutting conditions in shop floor applications.     

基于摩擦耗能原理的抑振镗杆

讨论了摩擦耗能镗杆的原理,建立了有非线性库仑干摩擦环节的力学模型,并以摩擦参数为变化量,通过数值分析的方法考察了模型的吸振效果。研制了一种基于摩擦减振的新型镗杆,结合颤振发生的机理与切削稳定性理论,分析了不同摩擦条件下镗杆的抑振效果。将不同摩擦条件下的镗杆切削实验结果与理论模型仿真结果进行对比,发现在既定的摩擦阻尼器中,有滑动摩擦与粘接两个状态,而且存在一个最优正压力使得滑动摩擦消耗能量达到最大值又不处于粘接的状态,此时系统抑振效果达到最佳。切削实验发现基于摩擦减振原理的镗杆有良好的颤振抑制效果。      

基于阻尼减振器的铣削过程稳定性研究

针对薄壁件铣削加工中出现的颤振现象采用外置式阻尼减振器。该减振器与刀杆过盈配合联接为一体,铣削过程中可以吸收刀杆受到的振动,通过安装阻尼减振器和未安装阻尼减振器两个铣削对比试验,以阻尼材料、阻尼减振器安装位置为变量,探究该阻尼减振器对铣削抑振和加工稳定性的影响程度及变化规律。试验结果表明,安装该阻尼减振器后系统铣削稳定性得到提高,切削深度平均提高2.5倍。     

多刃均布式镗杆系统振动耦合问题研究

深孔镗削过程中,由于镗杆的悬伸量较大,刚度差,强度低,在镗削过程中易产生振动。自激振动是金属切削过程中产生的振动类型之一,同时其振动机理的揭示以及对它的控制相对于受迫振动的研究而言较为困难。本文针对多刃均布式镗杆系统,在建立其力学模型的基础上,计算镗刀所受的动态切削力,并对镗杆振动系统耦合微分方程进行推导计算,对该耦合系统的稳定性进行分析,最后得出引起该系统产生自激振动的条件。     

Stabilization of high frequency chatter vibration in fine boring by friction damper

Friction damper has been found successful to prevent high frequency chatter occurring at more than 10,000Hz, and causing problem of reduced tool life in fine boring operation. The new damper is characterized by simple structure that consists of an additional mass attached to the main vibrating structure with small piece of permanent magnet. The principle is straightforward in which Coulomb and viscous frictions dissipate vibration energy at the interface between the damper and main vibrating structure. The damper needs no tuning, and is effective at high frequency. The paper first introduces a typical design of the friction damper with experimental proof by cutting tests of its effectiveness in eliminating the high frequency chatter in fine boring, and assuring normal tool life of the cutting edge. Theoretical and experimental analyses are introduced for understanding the fundamental principle and characteristics of the new damper. The new damper is effective for boring tools, which vibrate at frequency more than 5,000Hz.     

基于四阶矩法车削颤振可靠性研究*

再生颤振是影响加工质量、加速刀具磨损、刀具破坏的主要原因。以车削加工为研究对象,针对具有不确定参数的车削加工颤振预测问题,研究车削加工系统结构动态特性参数具有随机特性的情况下颤振可靠性建模及求解问题。定义车削加工过程不出现颤振的概率为颤振可靠度,建立车削加工系统可靠性模型,研究四阶矩法求解可靠度的问题,提出利用颤振可靠性叶瓣图方法进行颤振预测。通过模态试验对一车床进行频响函数测试,采用四阶矩法计算获得了颤振可靠度,并与蒙特卡洛法获得的可靠度相比较。结果表明四阶矩法计算获得的可靠度与蒙特卡洛仿真结果一致性很好,但是四阶矩法计算精度高而且计算耗时远小于蒙特卡洛法。进行颤振可靠性切削试验,通过观察振纹和分析噪声功率谱识别颤振,对典型参数进行验证,试验结果与分析结果一致。     

Gyroscopic and mode interaction effects on micro-end mill dynamics and chatter stability

This paper investigates the gyroscopic and mode interaction effects on the micro-end mill dynamics and the stability behavior due to regenerative chatter. A high-speed spindle system for micro-milling is modeled using finite elements. The transfer functions and the mode shapes are studied to gain a deep insight into the dynamic characteristics. The experimentally identified chatter states and operational vibration modes are given to verify the analytical results. It is shown that, due to the small rotary inertia of the micro-end mill, the gyroscopic effect considered in the inertial frame is less significant despite high rotational speeds. The mode interaction strongly affects the dynamics and the chatter stability. Moreover, piezoelectric elements are applied to in-process excitation in order to identify the transfer behavior of the micro-end mill in the operating state.     

应用电流变材料改变镗杆动态特性的研究

为保证镗削加工切削稳定性,基于电流变材料设计一种智能型镗杆。该镗杆可通过调节施加于电流变材料上的电场强度来改变整个镗杆的动态特性,并借以抑制切削颤振。采用 端部激振方法研究镗杆在不同激振频率和不同电场强度下的动态特性。实验结果表明,在不同的电场强度和振动频率下,电流变材料表现出来的振动特性差异明显,使镗杆的支撑刚度和结构阻尼特性发生显著的变化。     

大型电机主轴内孔加工的镗杆谐响应分析

主轴内孔的加工是大型电机研制的重要环节,而镗杆的减振设计是保证内孔加工质量的关键因素之一。为了设计出具有最佳减振效果的镗杆,提高镗孔质量,文章根据项目的具体设计参数,首先提出了4种镗杆的设计方案并进行了说明。然后应用有限元软件对4种方案进行了谐响应分析。结果表明:长径比大的镗杆,在镗杆中部加硬质合金棒和阻尼橡胶,并在橡胶中插圆钢,可在提高刚度的同时增强吸振能力,大大提高镗杆的抗振性。     

有色噪声激励下非线性吸振器的能量传递

将双稳态振子作为非线性吸振器,建立了含非线性吸振器的主系统力学模型,给出了有色噪声激励下系统的控制方程并进行了量纲一化。借助数值仿真,研究了系统初值、调谐频率比、质量比、阻尼系数对主系统和非线性吸振器振动能量的影响规律。通过系统结构参数的逐步优化选择,获得了将主系统振动能量最小化并使非线性吸振器振动能量最大化的最优结构参数配置区间。     

Analysis of tool wear effect on chatter stability in turning

This study establishes an analytical basis for the prediction of chatter stability in the turning process in the presence of wear flat on the tool flank. The components contributing to the forcing function in the machine vibration dynamics are analyzed in the context of cutting force, contact force and Coriolis force. In this way, the effects of the displaced workpiece volume at the wear flat as well as the workpiece rotation in conjunction with its radial compliance can be incorporated in describing the motion of the vibration system. Laplace domain analysis provides the analytical solution for the limits of stability in terms of the machine characteristics, structural stiffness, cutting stiffness, specific contact force, cutting conditions and cutter geometry. Stability plots are presented to relate stiffness ratio to cutting velocity in the determination of chatter stability. Machining experiments at various cutting conditions were conducted to identify the characteristic parameters involved in the vibration system and to verify the analytical stability limits. The extent of tool wear effect and Coriolis effect on the stability of machining is discussed.     

Optimization of the Tuned Mass Damper for Chatter Suppression in Turning

The tuned mass damper(TMD) has been successfully applied to the vibration control in machining,while the most widely adopted tuning is equal peaks,which splits the magnitude of the frequency response function(FRF) into equal peaks.However,chatter is a special self-excited problem and a chatter-free machining is determined by FRF at the cutting zone.A TMD tuning aiming at achieving the maximum chatter stability is studied,and it is formulated as an optimization problem of maximizing the minimum negative real part of FRF.By employing the steepest descend method,the optimum frequency and damping ratio of TMD are obtained,and they are compared against the equal peaks tuning.The advantage of the proposed tuning is demonstrated numerically by comparing the minimum point of the negative real part,and is further verified by damping a flexible mode from the fixture of a turning machine.A TMD is designed and placed on the fixture along the vibration of the target mode after performing modal analysis and mode shape visualization.Both of the above two tunings are applied to modify the tool point FRF by tuning TMD respectively.Chatter stability chart of the turning shows that the proposed tuning can increase the critical depth of cut 37% more than the equal peaks.Cutting tests with an increasing depth of cut are conducted on the turning machine in order to distinguish the stability limit.The tool vibrations during the machining are compared to validate the simulation results.The proposed damping design and optimization routine are able to further increase the chatter suppression effect.