V-Mg-O催化剂上丁烷氧化脱氢动力学研究

制备了V－Mg-O催化剂,并测定了在该催化剂上进行丁烷氧化脱氢的反应动力学。应用BET和X射线衍射技术对催化剂进行了表征,在反应温度793－873K范围内,改变接触时间（W／F）和丁烷与氧气的分压进行了动力学实验。在所有的实验条件下,产物主要有脱氢产物（丁烯、丁二烯）、CO和CO2。提出了一个包括C4烯烃、COx生成反应的反应网络;从所测量的动力学数据中得到了合适的幂率型动力学方程。因为氧化脱氧反应的表观活化能比深度氧化反应的表观活化能大,在相同转化率时,C4烯烃选择性随着反应温度的提高而增加。     

CO在成型催化剂上脱除NOx的反应动力学模型

采用实验和模拟相结合的方法研究了NO_x在固定床反应器中的吸附还原过程。选取商业常用的堇青石和TiO₂为主要的成型催化剂基体材料，以铜铁铈复合型金属氧化物为活性成分，制备了蜂窝成型催化剂，对蜂窝催化剂的吸附性能和脱硝还原活性进行测定。建立了固定床反应器中CO脱除NO_x的反应动力学模型，由于CO法脱硝反应的解耦分解，脱硝反应模型也由吸附模型和还原模型组成。吸附模型由固相和气相的微分质量平衡方程建立，还原模型由一组微分方程组成。通过固定床NO_x吸附曲线和不同温度下NO_x的转化率对模型中的关键参数进行了拟合，得到了CO在成型催化剂上脱除NO_x的反应动力学模型，该模型与实验数据吻合较好。在此基础上，模拟了其他条件下吸附过程的穿透曲线和还原反应的转化率。此模型能较好地揭示CO在蜂窝催化剂上还原NO_x的反应动力学，为CO法成型催化剂脱除NO_x的实验或者工程提供理论指导。     

环氧乙烷与CO2合成碳酸乙烯酯动力学研究

环氧乙烷与CO2合成法是一种具有工业应用价值的碳酸乙烯酯生产方法,有必要对其反应机理和动力学加以研究。文中假设CO2与环氧乙烷合成碳酸乙烯酯的反应按照亲核加成反应机理分3步进行,其中催化剂溴化四乙铵作为亲核试剂。在一定温度和一定的压力下,碳酸乙烯酯的合成反应速率正比于催化剂和环氧乙烷浓度。提出了动力学方程,通过实验对假设机理进行了验证,并回归得到动力学方程参数。所得合成碳酸乙烯酯的反应动力学方程对大规模工业化生产具有一定参考价值。     

LB型节能催化剂上高温变换反应本征动力学及工业化测定

运用正交实验设计安排了LB型节能催化剂高温变换反应本征动力学实验,测得不同温度、不同流量、不同水碳比、不同反应气体摩尔分数下LB型节能催化剂上CO高温变换反应本征动力学数据。用甲酸盐机理模型和幂函数模型拟合实验数据,确定了本征动力学模型参数。进行了本征动力学模型统计检验,表明所建模型无论局部还是整体都是显著和可信的。在此基础上,进行了大型合成氨装置上LB型节能催化剂高变反应工业化测定,按多组分单一反应等温球形催化剂一维非均相反应-扩散模型,利用配置法结合解非线性方程组的Merson法求解模型,得到了工业反应器中催化剂床层温度、内扩散有效因子、CO转化率和摩尔分数随床层相对高度的分布,模拟结果与工业化测定结果吻合。     

微结构反应器中CuZnAlZr催化剂CO变换反应动力学研究

在基于泡沫金属材料的微结构反应器中进行CO变换反应，考察CuZnAlZr催化剂的CO变换反应动力学。对实验数据进行最小二乘非线性回归，所得反应速率方程与实验数据吻合。利用所得到的动力学方程，针对典型醇类重整气组成，分析了为燃料电池提供氢源的CO变换反应器的体积功率密度，结果表明，CuZnAlZr微结构反应器是为小型燃料电池提供氢源的有效方案。     

高浓度CO变换制氢催化剂本征动力学

采用石英玻璃管式反应器,考察B112型高温变换催化剂在高浓度CO(体积分率高于75%)氛围下的本征动力学特性,拟合实验数据并建立动力学模型,对幂函数动力学模型进行检验。结果表明:与传统铁系高温变换催化剂相比,该高温变换催化剂上变换反应活化能较低,其低温活性较好;该催化剂上CO对反应速率的影响偏小,是由反应组分中较高浓度的CO所导致;H_2O对反应速率的影响相对较大;CO_2对变换反应速率的抑制作用很大,因此为提高变换反应速率,应当减小CO_2的不利影响;H_2组分对反应速率的影响很小,实际应用中可以忽略。     

煤制合成天然气甲烷化反应研究

采用本征动力学装置进行了煤制合成天然气(SNG)甲烷化反应研究,实验采用0.154~0.198mm的自制甲烷化催化剂NJ34,反应温度300~500℃,反应压力2.0~5.0 MPa,体积空速5 000~9 000h-1。实验结果表明,在温度和空速一定的条件下,反应压力的变化对催化剂的CO转化率、CO2转化率以及总碳转化率的影响不明显;在反应温度和压力一定的条件下,气体空速的变化对催化剂的CO转化率的影响不明显,CO2转化率出现了一定的波动;在压力和空速一定的条件下,随着反应温度的提高,CO和CO2转化率都呈下降趋势,且CO2转化率的下降更加显著。     

XNC-98催化剂甲醇合成本征动力学

在等温积分反应器中研究了XNC-98催化剂上甲醇合成反应本征动力学.实验压力为4~8MPa,空速7000~13000h-1,反应温度200~260℃.实验采用粒度为0.154~0.198mm的细颗粒催化剂.选取以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的Langmuir-Hinshelwood本征动力学模型.采用正交实验设计,实验测定了25组数据,用全局通用算法结合马夸特算法确定动力学模型参数.残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适宜的.随温度升高,反应器出口甲醇浓度、CO和CO2转化率先增加后降低,在4~8MPa下,230~245℃为较佳反应温度范围:随着反应压力的提高,反应器出口甲醇浓度、CO和CO2转化率都有显著增加,提高反应压力能够有效提高反应器的生产能力.     

甲烷化梅花状催化剂CFD计算及改进

对合成气甲烷化反应体系进行CFD（计算流体动力学）计算,并对模型提出合理的改进。通过建立合理的甲烷化梅花状催化剂颗粒三维模型进行计算,并验证了模型的有效性。结果表明：甲烷化反应内扩散阻力很大,CO在催化剂表面与内部存在明显的浓度差。且H₂与CO扩散速率不同,导致催化剂内部的氢碳比很高,内部的反应条件与催化剂表面相比发生改变,使用单一的动力学方程无法准确描述实际的反应过程。因此,提出对催化剂的不同区域分别讨论,根据催化剂内CO含量的变化将两种不同的动力学方程分别应用在催化剂的不同区域。计算后发现采用两种动力学控制下催化剂内甲烷化反应的平均反应速率加快,反应进行的程度变大,更加接近实际过程,提高了计算的精确性。     

甲烷化梅花状催化剂CFD计算及改进

对合成气甲烷化反应体系进行CFD(计算流体动力学)计算,并对模型提出合理的改进。通过建立合理的甲烷化梅花状催化剂颗粒三维模型进行计算,并验证了模型的有效性。结果表明:甲烷化反应内扩散阻力很大,CO在催化剂表面与内部存在明显的浓度差。且H_2与CO扩散速率不同,导致催化剂内部的氢碳比很高,内部的反应条件与催化剂表面相比发生改变,使用单一的动力学方程无法准确描述实际的反应过程。因此,提出对催化剂的不同区域分别讨论,根据催化剂内CO含量的变化将两种不同的动力学方程分别应用在催化剂的不同区域。计算后发现采用两种动力学控制下催化剂内甲烷化反应的平均反应速率加快,反应进行的程度变大,更加接近实际过程,提高了计算的精确性。     

B112催化剂上一氧化碳变换反应工业过程动力学研究

采用“沿程积分拟合法”,在某小合成氨厂变换工段引出的支线上,利用绝热固定床反应器,对B112催化剂上一氧化碳变换反应进行了常压及加压工业过程的动力学研究。通过对不同操作条件下的床层轴向温度分布进行积分拟合,得到了适用于工业条件的过程动力学方程。一氧化碳变换反应 CO+H_2~O(?)CO_2+H_2 是石油化工和煤化工重要的化学反应。国内外学者对许多种铁系催化剂上的该反应进行了动力学研究,推荐了各自的本征或宏观动力学方程。本文采用“沿程积分拟合法”对国产B112催化剂上的一氧化碳变换反应进行工业过程动力学研究。按照该法的要求,实验中需采用与工业实际反应器(绝热固定床反应器)型式相同的小型反应器,在工业条件下,测定不同进口条件的反应器轴向温度分布及出口浓度,通过积分拟合获得工业过程动力学方程。     

PILOT PLANT STUDIES AND MODELLING OF A SEMI-BATCH POLYESTERIFICATION PROCESS

A novel unsaturated polyester formulation was developed recently in our laboratories. The polyester resin, which was designed as a green-house glazing material, exhibited excellent optical properties and superior resistance to weathering conditions. This study describes the scale-up procedure followed in preparing the resin in a 200 L pilot plant reactor starting from its preparation in a 1 L reactor. The paper analyzes the major variables affecting the polyesterification process and presents a semi-empirical model capable of predicting the pilot plant kinetic data from laboratory reactor data. The model is based on a recently developed third order kinetic equation for the reaction of non-stoichiometric amounts of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. The model quantifies the effects of reaction temperature and inert gas flow rate on reaction rate and provides a basis for the polyesterification process scale-up. The reaction temperature dependence is assumed Arrhenius, whereas the gas flow rate dependence is empirically determined as a function of the molar ratio of reactants to inert gas. Application of the model to commercial sized reactors will be highlighted.     

Dynamic modelling of heterogeneous catalytic reactions—I. Theoretical considerations

The problem of modelling heterogeneous catalytic reactions by dynamic methods is considered, using a one-dimensional heterogeneous plug-flow model. Assuming constant reactor inlet temperature, uniform initial temperature profile, reactor inlet concentration step changes and absence of part of the reactants, it is shown that the reactor outlet concentration transients may be used to determine individual steps of the reaction scheme and to estimate kinetic parameters. Reaction steps can be determined by comparison of measured transients with classified transients for typical model reactions. Estimation of kinetic parameters is carried out by using the concentration transients and their time derivatives.     

CFD modeling of gas flow in porous medium and catalytic coupling reaction from carbon monoxide to diethyl oxalate in fixed-bed reactors

A comprehensive two-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was developed to simulate the flow behavior and catalytic coupling reaction of carbon monoxide (CO)–diethyl oxalate (DEO) in a fixed-bed reactor. The two-temperature porous medium model, which was revised from a one-temperature porous medium model, as well as one equation turbulent model, and exponent-function kinetic model was constructed for the turbulent velocity scale comparing with laminar flow and simulation of the catalytic coupling reaction. The simulation results were in good agreement with the actual data collected from certain pilot-plant fixed bed reactors in China. Based on the validated approach and models, the distributions of reaction parameters such as temperature and component concentrations in the reactor were analyzed. The simulations were then carried out to understand the effects of operating conditions on the reactor performance which showed that the conduction oil temperature in the reactor jacket and the CO concentration are the key impact factors for the reactor performance.     

CFD analysis of low temperature water gas shift reactor

In the design of water gas shift reactors, the performance of catalysts is not known a priori and hence having a general kinetic expression will be of much help. Computational Fluid Dynamic study was carried out to investigate the performance of a packed bed reactor for different feed compositions using five commonly used types of macro kinetic models. User Defined Functions were developed for the reaction rate to predict the CO conversion in the reactor. The effects of temperature and time factor on CO conversion were studied. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model gave the best prediction for H₂ rich mixtures. The Temkin model was better for higher CO concentrations, whereas the other models gave large deviations for the fixed bed reactor.     

Kinetics of transesterification of methyl acetate and n-octanol catalyzed by cation exchange resins

The transesterification kinetics of methyl acetate with n-octanol to octyl acetate and methanol were studied using Amberlyst 15 as catalyst in a batch stirred reactor. The influence of the agitation speed, particle size, temperature, catalyst loading, and initial reactants molar ratio was investigated in detail. A pseudo-homogeneous (PH) kinetic model was applied to correlate the experimental data in the temperature range of 313.15 K to 328.15 K. The estimated kinetic parameters made the calculated results in good agreement with the experimental data. A kinetic model describing the transesterification reaction catalyzed by cation exchange resins was developed.     

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on a Rh/TiO2 catalyst in a fast flow porous membrane reactor

The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas has been studied over a 3% Rh/TiO₂ catalyst in a fixed bed and a novel membrane reactor under autothermal conditions using O₂ as oxidant. The membrane reactor allows the partial oxidation reaction to be performed without premixing the reactants reducing the risk of explosion even at low methane/oxygen ratios. The membrane reactor can operate autothermally and at millisecond residence time. Methane conversions of up to 65% with CO and H₂ selectivities of 90 and 82% respectively have been achieved. The low methane oxygen ratio and the high flow rates are the key factors to attain autothermal behavior. The most sensitive factor to attain high conversion and selectivities appears to be short contact time but high temperature. A kinetic model was used to interpret the experimental results. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

列管固定床反应器内CO氧化偶联制草酸二甲酯反应模拟及优化

针对列管式固定床反应器中的单根反应管,采用在接近工业条件下获得的CO氧化偶联制草酸二甲酯动力学方程,建立了一维、二维拟均相模型,并与单管实验结果进行了对比,结果表明一维拟均相反应器模型更能准确描述单管反应器内的CO偶联反应。进一步利用一维拟均相模型模拟计算了操作参数对床层热点温度、反应转化率、产物选择性及床层压降的影响,分析了反应器热点温度对操作参数的敏感性。计算结果表明：冷却介质温度对反应管热点温度、亚硝酸甲酯转化率有较大影响,是需要严格控制的工艺指标;较低的空速容易引起反应器飞温;反应器进口压力、原料气进料温度和反应物组成在计算范围内对反应器热点温度影响相对较小。为了提高偶联反应器的负荷和强化床层内的传热效果,可以将进料空速提高至4000 h^-1,同时,可以通过将反应器进口压力增大至500 kPa来降低压缩机能耗。研究结果可为现有列管式CO氧化偶联反应器的改进和工艺优化提供参考。     

Steady state operation of a dual-reactor system with liquid catalyst

A simulation of the performance of several reactor types with different contact patterns between reactants and catalyst is presented for the vanadium catalysed SO₂-Oxidation process. The numerical calculations are based on a kinetic model, previously derived in an extensive investigation in our laboratory. A dual-reactor system in which the liquid catalyst is circulated between two reactors, each held at a different temperature and with different feed composition, is shown to be better than any single reactor configuration in an important range of SO₂ conversion. Advantages of this mode of operation are pointed out both as regards to kinetic studies and for industrial processing. Also beyond the specific reaction treated in this study a systematic comparison of different contacting patterns between reactants and catalyst may prove to be valuable. It may ultimately contribute to the selection of the best reactor type when the catalytic cyclus and the tranport parameters are given for the system.     

Kinetics and slurry-type reactor modelling during catalytic hydrogenation of o-cresol on Ni/SiO2

The effect of kinetic parameters (reactant concentrations, temperature) was investigated on the initial reaction rate for the catalytic hydrogenation of o-cresol on Ni/SiO₂, carried out in a batch or semi-batch agitated slurry-type reactor.

The data were interpreted by a kinetic model based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism with non-dissociative and non-competitive adsorption of o-cresol and hydrogen on different sites, where the limiting step is due to the reaction of adsorbed reactants. The activation energy (E_a = 82 kJ/mol) is in good agreement with previous literature values reported for the catalytic hydrogenation of phenol.

Taking into account thermodynamic (solubilities) and mass transfer kinetics (k_La) data measured in situ, the integral reactor conversion rate of this three-phase catalytic reaction was simulated accurately in the physical regime by taking into account external and internal mass transfer resistances.