水下移动式双喷射流冲刷试验研究北大核心CSCD

通过实体模型试验研究双喷式射流结构对非黏性沙床上固定式管道移动射流开沟的变化规律。建立射流冲刷缩尺模型,设计模块化射流装置,揭示喷嘴射流速度和喷嘴平移速度对冲刷坑特征尺寸的影响规律。采用边界层剪应力分析冲刷坑的形态变化,引入冲刷参数进行无量纲化分析。研究结果表明:定点射流冲刷坑的断面轮廓具有中心对称性,移动射流冲刷坑的纵向剖面线具有几何相似性。冲刷坑的特征尺寸随射流速度呈线性变化,并随喷嘴平移速度的增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,同时移动射流在一定程度上可降低冲刷坑的回淤率。     

射流冲刷试验及其在黄河潼关河段的应用

为解决黄河潼关河段射流清淤工程有关技术问题，分析其冲沙效果，利用室内水槽进行了静水、动水条件下射流冲刷试验．试验采用容重为0.0215N／cm^3、孔隙率为0．61的粉煤灰．根据水槽试验研究，提出了能较好反映不同粘性床沙的射流冲刷坑尺寸的射流能力指标F0^0.6(d／D)^-0．19，并建立了冲刷坑尺寸与F0^0.6(d／D)^-0.19的关系；同时在潼关河段进行了现场试验，研究了喷嘴距床面的最优高度。提出喷嘴距床面的最优高度在0．7m左右．并初步分析了潼关河段的射流冲刷效果，射流冲刷后，含沙量明显增加；通过5年的清淤实践，平均每年射流清淤可使潼关高程在汛期降低0．15m左右.     

垂直射流冲刷砂床的喷嘴间距试验研究

疏浚工程中常利用射流进行河道清淤和冲砂施工。为探究喷嘴间距对射流冲刷的影响,开展了一系列不同靶距、速度和间距的双喷嘴冲刷粗砂、中砂砂床试验,分析了冲刷坑形、冲坑深度和冲坑截面积的变化特性,得到了各工况下的最优喷嘴间距L_B和不利喷嘴间距L_N。结果表明,对于同一粒径砂床,改变靶距和速度冲刷时的L_B和L_N值变化较小,而与粗砂砂床相比,冲刷中砂砂床时的L_B和L_N值均有所增加。研究成果可供疏浚工程中射流系统设计作为参考。     

硬质黏土淹没射流冲刷试验研究

近年来自吸式管道排沙系统以其省水、高效、廉价等优势,逐渐成为水库清淤的主要措施之一,然而在遇到土颗粒较细、淤积历时较长的硬质黏土时,它的清淤效果下降明显。为了探究硬质黏土的破土机制和起动影响因素,采用模型试验的方法,选取一种黏性泥沙,通过负压固结的方式制备硬质黏土样,然后进行了不同出口流速、喷嘴尺寸和射流靶距的直立淹没射流试验。试验结果表明,鉴于土样存在黏性,其受冲刷破土机制与无黏性土存在较大差异,冲坑发育过程存在一定的随机性和自相似性,并且射流冲刷效率与射流出口流速和喷嘴尺寸成正比、与射流靶距成反比,同时射流靶距对冲刷坑形态的影响最为明显。     

喷嘴间距对双股平面射流冲刷的影响

喷嘴间距是影响射流冲刷效果的关键参数。利用FLOW-3D软件对双股平面射流的沙床冲刷进行了数值模拟。固定沙床粒径和冲刷靶距,比较了不同喷嘴间距下冲刷沙坑的形状、深度和面积,分析了冲刷形成的流场和浓度分布。研究发现,两股射流之间会形成漩涡,这种漩涡会消耗射流的能量,但同时又促使中间区域沙床的泥沙残留减小。在某一喷嘴间距下冲坑的深度会出现极小值,设计喷射机具时应避免此种布置。同时存在最佳喷嘴间距,可确保冲刷区域无残留浅点条件下冲坑深度和面积达到最大,获得较佳的冲刷效果。     

基于Flow-3D的水平射流冲刷泥沙数值模拟

为了模拟分析闸口水平射流对下游泥沙冲刷的全过程,基于水工模型试验,采用Flow-3D软件中的泥沙冲刷模型结合RNG模型和FAVOR方法,进行了水平射流冲刷固定底板下游泥沙的模拟试验。根据原水工模型条件,结合模型试验结果,对冲刷过程中的水面线、流速分布、冲坑深度和堆丘高度进行了对比分析。结果显示,数值模拟与原试验结果中水面线和流速分布吻合度很高,冲刷过程中的冲坑深度与堆丘的高度也很接近。分析了冲刷过程中的泥沙运动,模拟了不同粒径泥沙的冲刷过程并将结果进行对比,发现达到冲刷平衡阶段时冲坑深度与堆丘高度随泥沙粒径的增大而减小,该结论符合理论分析,证明该软件中泥沙模型可用于物理试验中的有关变量分析。     

射流冲刷试验研究

为研究影响射流冲刷的因素，作者进行了７０组试验，分别研究了单管和多管，水平和有入射角，贴底和离开床面，静水和动水等情况。对试验结果的分析表明，在床沙一定、河流流速与射流流速相比不大的情况下，冲刷坑的几何尺寸与Ｖ＾２／３Ｄ＾５／６有较好的关系。     

射流掺气对冲刷的影响

通过对射流掺气与不掺气时基岩冲刷的对比试验，研究了掺气对射流冲刷的影响。试验结果表明：掺气总是使冲坑减小，冲坑深度随掺气浓度的增加而递减的规律可表示为幂函数关系。当入射流速和水舌厚度相同时，随着下游水垫深度的增加，掺气对射流冲刷能力的减弱程度也增加；当水舌厚度和水垫深度相同时，对不同的入射流速，在本次试验范围内，掺气对射流冲刷能力的减弱程度是相同的。掺气对冲坑形态并没有实质性的影响，冲坑的宽深比随冲坑深度的减小而增大，无论造成冲坑深度减小的原因是掺气、降低流速还是减少入射水舌厚度，其变化规律都可用相同的直线关系表示。     

射流坡度控制结构的下游冲刷

建立在二维射流扩散和泥沙颗粒稳定基础上的坡度控制结构下游局部冲刷的理论研究已由试验得到验证。紊动射流的扩散将会降低接近河床泥沙颗粒的水流流速。当冲坑中的无粘性泥沙颗粒不能被冲走时,便达到了冲刷平衡状态。平衡冲刷深度可认为是流速、水深及泥沙粒径的函数。从理论上推导出来的公式与文献中所报道的回归方程极其吻合。试验采用了大型物理模型,其单宽流量达2.5平方米每秒。冲刷深度超过1.4米。结合以前小型试验组的数据,得到了包括从附壁射流到垂直射流,从小淹没射流到大淹没射流,以及各种控制射流坡度情况下的总计231个试验冲深数据。考虑了所研究的种种射流型式,冲深的理论计算结果与试验测定结果的吻合程度是令人满意的。     

平面淹没射流垂直冲刷泥沙试验研究

射流在水利工程中作为冲沙手段已有较广泛的应用,冲刷过程的射流冲坑特性与泥沙悬浮特性均是衡量冲刷效果的重要指标。通过改变射流速度、喷射靶距、泥沙粒径,进行了平面射流冲刷沙床的系列试验。结果表明:冲坑与泥沙的悬浮尺寸随时间均呈现快速增长期、缓慢发展期和动态稳定期3个发展阶段,在此过程中,泥沙悬浮尺寸会出现峰值,最终在某一数值上下波动;总体上冲坑深度与泥沙悬浮尺寸随射流速度和喷射靶距的增大而基本呈线性增大,短时间(1 s)内靶距的增加对冲坑深度的影响较小;冲坑深度与泥沙悬浮尺寸随粒径的增大有所减小;冲刷参数可以用来综合衡量射流的冲刷能力,随着射流冲刷参数的增大,无量纲化的冲坑深度、悬沙高度和悬沙宽度均呈线性增长趋势。     

射流冲刷平衡深度研究

本文通过水槽实验和理论分析,研究了在水流速度低、泥沙易淤积的区域引入平面冲击射流对消除泥沙淤积的影响。实验观测了射流局部达到冲刷平衡时,最大冲刷深度随射流喷口高度、喷口宽度、喷口流速、横流流速及泥沙特性变化的规律。由泥沙起动理论和平面射流运动规律,建立了射流冲刷平衡深度计算式。用不同性质的泥沙和采用不同射流喷口宽度、不同喷口高度的射流冲刷实验资料对建立的计算公式进行了验证,计算结果与实验资料吻合良好。     

Simulation of the flow field and scour evolution by turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate

This numerical study of scour process tested the skills of computational fluid dynamics in modeling the unsteady flow field during the scour development stage by two-dimensional turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate. The modeling was found to well describe the experimentally observed flow patterns, that is, the main jet diverged to a returning jet and a tail jet. The model also correctly predicts the evolution of the scour depth and length. We examined the self-similarity of the profiles of scour bed and overlying velocities throughout the entire scour development and equilibrium stages. We found self-preserved profiles of velocities and scour beds using local jet parameters. Four growth curves were compared in describing the temporal evolution of scour depth. Finally, non-dimensional scaling of the equilibrium maximal scour depth was investigated. We used the theory of wall jet, and suggested that a modified jet Froude number can be used to predict the equilibrium scour depth, which accounts for the attenuation of the jet velocities along the apron.     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

Scour around submarine pipes due to high-amplitude transient waves

Estimation of scour dimensions below submarine pipelines is a vital step in designing offshore infrastructure. Extreme events like tsunami waves produce strong erosive forces below the underwater pipes, apt to create scour holes, jeopardizing the safety of the structure. Despite the importance of this issue, previous studies have mainly focused on steady flow cases, and the scour pattern below submarine pipes induced by high-amplitude transient waves has rarely been investigated. This paper reports the results of 40 experimental runs on transient wave-induced scour below a model pipe in a laboratory flume under a variety of initial conditions. The variables included the bed particle size and gradation,initial water depth, wave height, and slope of the bed layer. Waves were generated by a sudden release of water from a sluice gate, installed in the middle of the flume. A pressure transducer data acquisition system was used to record the wave heights at different time steps. The results indicate that, with a shallower initial depth of flow, the scour depth is relatively large. It was also found that there exists a direct correlation between the induced wave height and the size of the scour hole. It was observed that, in clear water conditions, the size of the scour hole in coarse sediments is smaller, while in live-bed conditions, larger scour holes are created in coarser sediments. It was also observed that at high wave amplitudes, the live-bed conditions are dominant, and consequently the bed elevation is altered.     

射流作用下不同沙床动态冲坑变化规律的试验研究

基于泥沙动力学和射流冲刷理论,对粗沙沙床和中沙沙床在某一流速下进行不同靶距的淹没射流实验,通过高速摄像机捕捉动态冲坑在短时间内的发展变化,分析了在前10s和前1s内的坑深发展规律。并将前1s等分成24个时间段分析其细微变化。结果表明:冲坑深度在前10s内基本呈对数规律发展;射流冲刷刚开始时中沙沙床冲坑深度的发展趋势有时滞后于粗沙沙床;冲坑深度随时间有先增加后减小的趋势,在此流速下存在一个最优靶距。此实验的研究成果在疏浚工程施工作业时具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of synthetic fibers on resisting scour caused by horizontal jet

Given that the development of scour downstream of hydraulic structures increases the risk of structural damage, it is important to find cost-effective and environmental approaches to reduce this risk. This study aimed to experimentally evaluate the effect of synthetic fibers on the scour profile downstream of a sluice gate with a rigid apron. Experiments were performed with the same Froude number and with different weight percentages of synthetic fibers on both non-cohesive and cohesive sediments. One uniform sand was used as the non-cohesive sediment, and three different cohesive sediments were prepared by mixing different percentages of kaolinite soil with the used sand. The scouring experiments showed that the presence of synthetic fibers did not considerably affect the scour hole dimension in non-cohesive sediments. Evaluation of the scour in the cohesive sediments in silty sand (SM) texture found that an increase in the percentage of silt reduced the scour hole dimensions. The effect of synthetic fibers on scour of SM-texture-based sediments was also investigated, and the results showed that increasing the percentage of synthetic fibers decreased the scour hole dimensions. In addition, the cohesive sediments in SM texture did not have a similar non-dimensional scour profile, and the presence of synthetic fibers did not significantly affect the scour hole.     

海啸波引起的近岸房屋局部冲刷试验

基于波浪水槽,分别考虑独栋和房屋群两种情况,开展海啸波引起的近岸房屋局部冲刷试验研究,分别建立了独栋房屋情况下相对最大冲刷深度与海啸波相对越顶高度关系式和房屋群情况下局部最大冲刷深度与海啸波波高、房屋宽度、房屋高度、房屋数量、房屋间的中心间距的关系式。试验结果表明在海啸波越顶水流产生的水跌以及海啸波通过房屋时产生的扰流共同作用下,房屋周围,特别是海侧会产生明显的局部冲刷坑;回落水流水跌是局部冲刷坑产生的主要因素,扰流是次要因素。所建立的关系式揭示了最大局部冲刷深度与海啸波、房屋尺寸、房屋布局的内在联系。