淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝在护肤品中的应用

介绍了淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝的结构特点和乳化机理。列举了淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝在护肤乳液/霜/膏中的配方,并对各个配方与相应的空白配方进行感官评价测定。结果表明,淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝可以增加体系的浓稠度,减轻油腻感,起到改善产品肤感的作用。     

Stearyl monoglycendyl citrate as an emulsifier enhancer

Stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate, a fatty acid ester, is a semisolid compound with a slightly acidic flavor. In its liquid state it is completely miscible with vegetable and animal fats and oils. Although the compound exhibits surfactant activity and reduces interfacial tensions, its major function is emulsifier enhancement and emulsion stabilization when used in shortening systems along with accepted emulsifiers. Very acceptable liquid and plastic shortenings can be prepared through the addition of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate and primary emulsifiers. Effective levels of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate in shortenings enhance performance and permit use of lower levels of primary emulsifiers. Shelf-life stabilities, smoke points, plasticity, and compatibility with primary emulsifiers in finished shortenings are good. Additions to margarines and whip toppings and performance in baked goods, as well as food additives status, are discussed.     

Effect of amphiphilic phosphate/octenylsuccinate starch on enhancing adhesion to hydrophobic polyester fibers in sizing

Amphiphilic starch at different degree of substitution (DS) was prepared by phosphorylation and octenylsuccinylation of acid-thinned starch with sodium tripolyphosphate and 2-octenylsuccinic anhydride, respectively for improving the adhesion of starch to polyester fibers. Various assessment of starch such as ¹H NMR and FTIR analysis, apparent viscosity, starch clarity, adhesion to polyester fiber, desizing efficiency and biodegradability were conducted. The ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that octenylsuccinate and phosphate substituents have been attached to the molecular chain of starch. Also, the apparent viscosity, paste clarity, desizing efficiency and biodegradability of the amphiphilic starch increased as the DS of phosphate increased. It was observed that the amphiphilic starch was an effective method for stronger adhesion unto polyester fibers but reduced at the highest DS of phosphate due to excessive hydrophilicity. As compared to acid-thinned starch, the stronger adhesion of the amphiphilic starch was attributed to the steric hindrance caused by the two substituents on starch and the good dispersibility impacted by the phosphate substituents on starch. Conclusively, the strongest adhesion on polyester fibers, good paste clarity, good desizing efficiency and enhanced biodegradability of starch were attained at phosphate and octenylsuccinate DS ratio of 0.031/0.014.     

Improvement of lecithin as an emulsifier for water-in-oil emulsions by thermalization

The various forms (granular, liquid, gum) of lecithin can be heated under certain conditions of time and temperature to greatly improve their properties as emulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions. Viscosity, discontinuous phase-holding capacity, stability and water retention were greatly enhanced in emulsions containing thermalized lecithins as the emulsifier compared to those prepared with corresponding amounts of nonthermalized lecithins. The improved emulsification properties of the thermalized lecithins appeared to be due, at least in part, to an increase in diglycerides and free fatty acids resulting from the thermal degradation of phosphatides.     

淀粉磷酸酯蜜胺盐的合成

以淀粉、焦磷酸钠、蜜胺为原料,首先合成淀粉磷酸酯,进一步合成淀粉磷酸酯蜜胺盐,用红外光谱进行结构表征,并且测定其氧指数。结果表明,淀粉磷酸酯的最佳合成反应条件为:温度125℃,pH为5,反应时间为2.5 h;合成淀粉磷酸酯蜜胺盐的最佳反应条件为:温度120℃,pH为6,淀粉磷酸酯和蜜胺的比例为1∶1,反应时间为5 h。红外图谱表明,该阻燃剂具有环状结构;将该阻燃剂掺入聚乙烯中进行氧指数测试,表明该阻燃剂具有一定的阻燃效果。     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠作乳化剂的丙烯酸酯乳液聚合研究

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸为单体,脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠C16-MES为乳化剂,通过乳液聚合制备了丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液.根据Davies法计算了C16-MES的HLB值在12.8左右,并且考察了乳化剂用最、引发剂种类及用量、单体配比对聚合稳定性及乳液稳定性的影响规律.实验结果表明,以C16-MES为乳化剂制备的不同单体配比的丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液稳定,随着乳化剂用量的增加,聚合反应速率增大;引发剂用量相同时,氧化还原引发体系引发的丙烯酸酯乳液聚合速率大于热引发体系.乳胶粒的粒径都在103～200 nm.     

Some characteristics of polyoxyethylene sorbitol tetra-oleate: Oligomer type emulsifier

Polyoxyethylene (P) sorbitol tetra-oleates with molecular weights of 2000 to 4000 were synthesized. They may be regarded as tetramers of those ordinary surfactants that consist of one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic group. Some emulsifying properties of the tetrameric surfactants were investigated including the phase inversion temperature (PIT, HLB-temperature). These surfactants are effective at relatively low concentration, they are stable for coalescence, and they are less irritating than conventional surfactants. Specifically, they proved to be good emulsifiers for unsaturated triglycerides such as olive oil. The mean droplet diameter of the emulsion was small, 1.5 microns. The emulsifying activity of these oligomer type surfactants for olive oil was improved markedly by the addition of 0.2–0.9 wt % of sodium oleate. Such effective performances of these surfactants have not been recognized in ordinary surfactants. It is expected that these oligomer type surfactants may find applications in various industrial fields.     

煤油乳化捕收剂在细粒煤浮选中的研究

针对细粒煤泥的浮选特性,将选煤用煤油捕收剂乳化处理后使用,结果表明：乳化煤油具有捕收能力强、选择性高的特点,可以显著提高细粒煤的浮选效果,降低捕收剂消耗,具有显著的经济效益及社会效益,并从理论上对乳化剂的作用机理进行了阐述。     

离子液体-金属盐催化玉米粉制乙酰丙酸甲酯的研究

在甲醇介质中,以生物质原料玉米粉为底物,进行了离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([DMIM] HSO4)和金属盐共同催化玉米粉制备乙酰丙酸甲酯的研究.研究发现一系列铝盐对转化玉米粉生成乙酰丙酸甲酯有较好的催化性能,尤其是在铝盐中加入离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([DMIM] HSO4)时,可明显提高乙酰丙酸甲酯的收率.优选其中的一种铝盐,研究了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量对乙酰丙酸甲酯收率的影响.在反应温度140℃、反应时间3h和0.700 g离子液体协同0.300 g硫酸铝的共同催化下,乙酰丙酸甲酯的摩尔收率高达51％.     

Didecyl ester of 4‐sulfophthalic acid as a plast dopant and emulsifier in the chemical polymerization of aniline into polyaniline salt

Polyaniline salt was synthesized through the chemical oxidation of aniline with sodium persulfate as the oxidant and didecyl ester of 4‐sulfophthalic acid via three different polymerization pathways (aqueous, emulsion, and interfacial). In these polymerization processes, the ester acted as a novel plast dopant and as an emulsifier. The yield, conductivity, and number of ester units present in the polyaniline salts were determined. A polyaniline salt prepared by emulsion polymerization was soluble in chloroform and showed excellent solution‐processing properties. Polyaniline samples prepared by aqueous or interfacial polymerization were not soluble in chloroform. A soluble polyaniline salt was successfully synthesized through the washing of an organic layer containing the polyaniline salt with water in emulsion polymerization. X‐ray diffraction spectra of polyaniline salts prepared by the three different methods showed an ordered, layer‐type supramolecular structure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

A novel ferrocenium salt as visible light photoinitiator for cationic and radical photopolymerization

A novel hybrid photoinitiator for visible light photopolymerization, (η⁶-3-benzoyl-4-chlorodiphenylamine) (η⁵-cyclopentadienyl) iron hexafluorophosphate (Fc-NBP), was synthesized and studied. Its absorption in the UV and visible light regions showed much stronger activity than those of either the commercialized cationic photoinitiator I-261 or the conventional free radical photoinitiator benzophenone, especially above wavelengths of 350 nm. When exposed to visible light, the photoinitiator under study initiates both cationic polymerization and radical polymerization. The photoinitiator's abilities in the photopolymerization of acrylates and epoxides were evaluated by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The results from NIR clearly indicate that Fc-NBP exhibited high efficiency in photopolymerizing acrylate monomers. In the same lamp, however, benzophenone showed no photoinitiating ability. The photopolymerization rate of the diglycidyl ether of the bisphenol-A epoxy (DGEBA) oligomer was found to be slower than that of acrylates when using Fc-NBP as the photoinitiator. This study shows that the polymerization of epoxide DGEBA can be speeded up by adding a photosensitizer benzoyl peroxide (BPO), but BPO and tertiary amines do not affect the free radical photopolymerization of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA). We conclude by providing a possible photoinitiation mechanism.     

油田用乳化剂乳化力的测定方法改进

为了使油田用助剂的乳化力的评定与实际工作环境更为吻合,实验改进了原有的国家标准,采用光度法进行了实验研究。确立了分析方法的最佳波长为230 nm附近,标准曲线绘制时的油含量选在300 mg/L以下时线性关系良好,乳化剂的用量在0.05%（质量分数）以上时具有较好的乳化现象,便于操作。给出了操作步骤和溶液配制规程,验证了该方法的误差、重现性和实用性,表明该法可以有效地评定油田用表面活性剂的乳化力。     

Effect of emulsifier type on the copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid

In this work we report the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid using a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or CTAB) or an anionic (sodium dodecylsulfate or SDS) emulsifier. Latexes were stable and monodisperse with spherical particles of ～100 nm for the CTAB latex and of ～70 nm for the SDS latex. However, a random copolymer was produced with CTAB whereas a “blocky” copolymer was obtained with SDS. Here we propose a mechanism to explain these structural differences in terms of the relative reactivities of styrene and acrylic acid and of their initial location and distribution in the SDS and CTAB emulsions.     

双子表面活性剂在苯胺乳液聚合中的应用

以壬基酚、1,4-二溴丁烷和氯磺酸为主要原料,通过三步反应合成了新型的磺酸型双子表面活性剂9BA-4-9BA,并将这种表面活性剂作为乳化剂和掺杂剂应用于苯胺的乳液聚合制备导电聚苯胺。合成的聚苯胺用红外、紫外表征,表明双子表面活性剂9BA-4-9BA对所合成的聚苯胺有良好的掺杂性能。扫描电镜观察发现,当双子表面活性剂与苯胺摩尔比为1.5∶1时,得到的聚苯胺为纤维状,纤维长度大约为50μm。     

Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene latex with an amphoteric emulsifier

An emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of an amphoteric emulsifier of amino-acid type, N-lauroyl-N,N-dimethyllysine (DMLL), has been studied at pH 7.0. The polymerization rate increased exponentially with the concentration of DMLL. The concentration of latex particles was proportional to the DMLL concentration to the 0.6 power. The latex particle size decreased with increasing concentration of DMLL. The molecular weight of polystyrene latexes increased with an increase in DMLL concentration. Furthermore, the zeta potentials of latex particles were significantly dependent on the pH, and showed the existence of an isoelectric point at about pH 4.0.     

用非动物脂肪酸合成丁苯橡胶SBR1502

研究了在DIP引发体系合成丁苯橡胶时。植物脂肪酸和合成脂肪酸代替传统乳化剂动物脂肪酸对聚合反应的影响及应用于丁苯橡胶合成的可能性。试验结果表明：植物脂肪酸和合成脂肪酸对制备的SBRl502橡胶的物理机械性能影响不大，均能达到优级品指标。非动物脂肪酸可应用于低温乳液橡胶的生产中。     

Characterization of aqueous rubidium chloride as an equitransferent ultraconcentrated salt bridge

From e.m.f. measurements on the concentration cells Ag|AgCl|RbCl (m)RbCl (m _f)|AgCl|Ag and Rb-amalgam|RbCl (m _f)RbCl (m)Rb-amalgam, the ion and solvent transference numbers have been determined for aqueous RbCl solutions at molalities up to 7 mol kg^–1 over the temperature range from 25 to 55°C. From the ionic transference numbers found, aqueous RbCl emerges as the most closely equitransferent salt bridge ever characterized. Considering also its high solubility (7.8 mol kg^–1 at 25°C), RbCl is recommended as a built-in salt bridge for reference electrodes, in view of replacing the insufficiently equitransferent KCl bridges so far adopted by manufacturers.