ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中积炭失活原因探讨

讨论了分子筛积炭失活的机理,以及影响ZSM-5在MTP反应中积炭失活的主要因素,包括孔结构、酸度、晶粒尺寸、反应温度和空速等。ZSM-5在MTP反应中积炭是一个具有酸催化反应和分子择形反应的复杂的物理化学过程,对其积炭反应和失活机理的研究是十分重要的工作。     

不同结构分子筛的甲醇制丙烯催化性能

在常压、空速为1.5 h^-1、反应温度为450℃条件下,考察了4种具有不同拓扑结构的分子筛(SAPO-34、ZSM-48、ZSM-5和beta)在甲醇转化制丙烯(MTP)反应中的催化性能,并对催化剂的积炭失活行为进行了研究。结果表明,从8元环到12元环,分子筛孔口尺寸越小,低碳烯烃(乙烯+丙烯)选择性越高,积炭失活速率也越快。孔道尺寸越大,丙烯/乙烯(P/E)比越高,但产物分布向C₄以上组分偏移,丙烯选择性降低。10元环分子筛具有较高的丙烯选择性,但催化剂的积炭失活速率随孔道体系的不同有很大差异。一维直通孔道的ZSM-48容易积炭失活,而具有三维交叉孔结构的ZSM-5表现出了优异的抗积炭失活性能。不同结构分子筛在MTP反应中催化性能的差异主要归因于分子筛的过渡态择形和产物择形作用的不同。     

甲醇制芳烃催化剂失活特性研究进展

在系统分析甲醇制芳烃催化反应特性基础上,重点对影响催化剂长周期使用性能的失活原因及应对方案进行综述。催化剂失活是多因素共同影响的结果,主要包括可再生的积炭失活、可部分再生的分子筛骨架铝流失失活、及不可再生的活性金属迁移/聚并失活和杂质毒化失活。积炭导致的催化剂失活可通过调变ZSM-5的B酸强度、合成小晶粒ZSM-5分子筛及采用碱液预处理ZSM-5分子筛等方式减缓; ZSM-5分子筛骨架铝流失导致的催化剂失活可通过采用磷改性等方式降低;活性金属迁移导致的催化剂失活可通过引进稳定助剂、降低催化剂生产过程中铝的引入等方式解决;而杂质毒化导致的催化剂失活需要通过净化原料和反应体系的措施来避免。     

甲醇制丙烯反应中ZSM-5分子筛催化剂积炭失活介尺度机制研究

甲醇制丙烯（MTP）是当前煤化工领域亟需发展的关键催化技术,积炭被认为是导致催化剂失活的重要原因之一。以积炭分子筛为研究对象,通过IGA、FTIR及TG等多种表征手段,考察甲醇的吸附行为、分子筛表面酸性、积炭成分与MTP反应中甲醇反应活性之间的构效关系。研究结果表明,甲醇的吸附量随催化剂的失活而降低,其下降速率与甲醇转化率成正比。催化剂上滞留的碳物种的主要成分为轻烃、BTX芳烃、活性结焦和积炭,而其中积炭是引起分子筛失活的主要原因。完全失活的催化剂与新鲜催化剂相比仍保留一定的甲醇吸附能力,推测积炭主要存在于酸活性中心周围。积炭首先覆盖的是B酸中心的羟基和桥式羟基,随后是非骨架Al—OH;而催化剂的甲醇转化率与分子筛中可接触的B酸和L酸数量成正比。另外,基于催化剂的失活速率与转化率存在的正比关系,结合反应动力学,推导出了失活曲线的数学表达式,理论上解释了MTP反应过程中的积炭失活介尺度机制。     

ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中的催化性能

合成了3种不同晶粒尺寸的ZSM-5分子筛,并制得MTP催化剂,对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在MTP反应中的性能进行系统研究。采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附和TGA等对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行表征,发现小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛具有良好的抗积炭性能,在MTP反应中具有较高的稳定性。采用小晶粒分子筛制成的催化剂,考察反应工艺条件对催化剂催化性能的影响,结果表明,丙烯选择性随反应温度和空速提高而增加,降低反应压力和提高水醇质量比也有利于提高丙烯选择性,为调整MTP工艺的产物分布和优化反应工艺条件提供了技术依据。     

ZSM-5分子筛碳氢燃料裂解催化剂抗积炭的研究进展

传统的ZSM-5分子筛仅具有单一的微孔结构以及较长的扩散路径,使其在催化碳氢化合物过程中非常容易产生积炭,进而会堵塞分子筛孔道或覆盖孔道内的酸性位点,致使分子筛失活,降低催化反应效率。本文对积炭的形成机理、影响积炭形成的因素以及ZSM-5分子筛失活机理进行了简要分析。对多级孔道分子筛的合成、中空分子筛的合成、复合分子筛的合成、分子筛的酸处理、纳米级分子筛的合成、纳米片型MFI分子筛的合成以及分子筛改性等常用的抑制ZSM-5分子筛积炭的方法进行总结,并对各种方法的优势和缺陷进行了对比和分析。着重对纳米分子筛的合成以及纳米片型MFI分子筛的合成两种抑制积炭形成的方法进行讨论。最后针对降低积炭的研究方向进行了展望:如何高效、低廉地合成出具有优良抗积炭性能的纳米或纳米片型分子筛是研究的重点,并在此基础上对其改性,以进一步降低积炭的产生。     

MTP催化剂失活与再生研究探析

当MTP反应产物中的二甲醚/甲醇转化率降至期望值(90%)以下时,即可认定其ZSM-5催化剂已经结焦失活。为了装置能够平稳连续生产,催化剂必须进行再生。文章介绍了MTP催化剂的失活原因和再生方法,以及在再生过程中的注意事项,并对其再生过程进行了详细讨论,以期在以后的MTP再生过程中,防止再生超温、造成催化剂的损害,从而节约再生时间,提高生产效率。     

金属改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂应用于甲醇制烯烃

甲醇制烯烃是重要的生产低碳烯烃技术,ZSM-5是MTO/MTP中常用的分子筛催化剂之一,目前众多研究者通过金属改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以达到提高其催化性能的目的。本文综述了近年来甲醇制烯烃技术中ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的研究应用,对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂基础性研究进行分析,从ZSM-5分子筛催化剂酸性、晶粒粒径和硅铝比之间的相互影响及对催化剂活性的影响进行了分析,总结了甲醇制低碳烯烃反应机理和催化剂积炭与失活及再生的情况。在以上基础上重点探讨了ZSM-5分子筛的金属改性,包括碱土金属、过渡金属、稀土金属、贵金属以及多组分金属改性对催化剂活性、稳定性的影响。最后,对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于甲醇制烯烃的发展方向做出了展望,提出以催化剂及催化剂改性的作用机理为出发点,研制出高选择性、高活性及高稳定性的分子筛催化剂仍是甲醇制烯烃技术工业应用的突破点。     

甲苯和甲醇制二甲苯催化剂的失活与再生

针对甲苯甲醇甲基化反应催化剂失活快的问题,对ZSM-5分子筛催化的甲基化反应的反应行为进行了分析,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附–脱附、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)等方法对失活催化剂以及积炭物种进行了表征。结果表明,固定床甲基化反应中催化剂经历平稳期和快速失活期,二甲苯的选择性随着反应的进行持续上升,甲苯歧化反应持续受到抑制。积炭物种主要由羰基以及羟基化合物、烷基芳烃和复杂的稠环芳环等物质组成。积炭物种会堵塞分子筛孔道以及覆盖表面酸性位,孔道阻塞是造成催化剂快速失活的原因。在此基础上提出了一种操作简单的梯度氧化烧焦再生方式,能使催化剂的结构性质以及催化性能得到有效地恢复。     

分子筛催化剂的积炭失活原因探讨

讨论了影响分子筛催化剂积炭失活的主要因素：分子筛孔结构,温度,空速,分子筛酸度,分子筛颗粒尺寸,扩散等,以及分子筛积炭的失活机理。有机物种在分子筛催化剂上的积炭过程是一个十分复杂的催化反应过程。对于不同的反应,其积炭失活的机理是不同的。     

Catalytic cracking of 1-butene to propene and ethene on MCM-22 zeolite

Catalytic cracking of butene to propene and ethene was investigated over HMCM-22 zeolite. The performance of HMCM-22 zeolite was markedly influenced by time-on-stream (TOS) and reaction conditions. A rapid deactivation during the first 1 h reaction, followed by a quasi-plateau in activity, was observed in the process along with significant changes in product distributions, which can be attributed to the fast coking process occurring in the large supercages of MCM-22.

Properly selected reaction conditions can suppress the secondary reactions and enhance the production of propene and ethene. According to the product distribution under different butene conversion, we propose a simple reaction pathway for forming the propene, ethene and by-products from butene cracking.

HMCM-22 exhibited similar product distribution with the mostly used high silica ZSM-5 zeolite under the same conversion levels. High selectivities of propene and ethene were obtained, indicating that the 10-member ring of MCM-22 zeolite played the dominant role after 1 h of TOS. However, MCM-22 exhibited lower activity and stability than that on high silica ZSM-5 zeolite with longer time-on-stream.     

Deactivation of metal exchanged zeolite catalysts during exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons under oxidizing conditions

Deactivation of modified cation exchanged zeolite catalysts was studied during complete oxidation of methylene chloride, trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride over a temperature range of 175 to 400°C. Coking was found to be the cause of deactivation. However, the catalysts could be completely regenerated by oxidation in air at 450°C. Two different formulations of modified cobalt exchanged Y zeolite catalysts were tested to determine the coking and deactivation rates. Increased cation content increased deactivation and coking over a period of about 1000 hours. Changing the type of zeolite from larger pore Y to medium pore mordenite increased deactivation. The type of chlorinated feed also affected coking and deactivation with the rate of deactivation increasing in the order of trichloroethylene> methylene chloride> carbon tetrachloride. Both coking and deactivation increased with decreasing temperature. Higher space velocity produced more deactivation for trichloroethylene oxidation at 275°C. Based on these results a mechanism for coking is proposed with CO as the possible reaction intermediate that leads to the formation of coke.     

On the exceptional time-on-stream stability of HZSM-12 zeolite: relation between zeolite pore structure and activity

ZSM-12 and several other 12-membered ring large-pore zeolites have been tested for the reforming of naphthenic hydrocarbon mixtures. It was found that ZSM-12 possesses a surprisingly higher coking resistance than other large pore zeolites tested such as USY, L-zeolite, mordenite, and β=zeolite for reforming of hydrocarbon mixtures. This superior performance is due to the unique non-interconnecting tubular-like linear channels of ZSM-12, which do not allow trapping/accumulation of coking precursors. ZSM-12 zeolite also demonstrated excellent structural stability even under severe acid dealumination. From this work, we found that the decrease of the aluminum content of a zeolite is not sufficient to ensure low rates of coke deposition. We also concluded that zeolites with channel intersections (cavities) of comparable size with the zeolite apertures do not favor coke formation. For these types of zeolites the strong acid sites carry out other acid-catalyzed reactions, rather than forming coke. In contrast, zeolites with relatively large supercages are inherently favorable to coking reactions, which in turn lead to the fast deactivation. The appropriate combination of the zeolite pore structure and acidity (controlled via dealumination) showed superior TOS behavior (time-stable activity and product selectivities). For zeolites which are susceptible to coking due to pore structure, the increase of the Brønsted acid strength results in fast deactivation. Contrary to what one would commonly expect and previous reports, we found that one-dimensional zeolites, such as, ZSM-12, can exhibit significantly higher tolerance to coking than multidirectional zeolites.     

Deactivation of ZSM-5 additives in laboratory for realistic testing

ZSM-5 deactivates differently from Y zeolite. Dealumination of Y zeolite during deactivation causes UCS shrinkage and thereby decline in activity and changes in selectivity. For ZSM-5 instead deactivation removes alumina from the zeolite structure, but in spite of that the zeolite structure does not collapse. Therefore, deactivation causes activity decline due to loss of active alumina sites, but no significant changes in the strength and separation between acid sites. Unlike with FCC catalyst, physical properties of ZSM-5 additive do not change significantly with deactivation and surface area and pore volume measurements cannot be used as indications of additive performance. Yet, since both Y and ZSM-5 are used simultaneously in practice, the information on the relative rates of deactivation between the two zeolites is very important. Therefore, the question remains, what is the best way to deactivate and test ZSM-5 additives in the laboratory to obtain realistic performance, e.g. propylene yield and to obtain proper ranking of various additives. This paper discusses the effect of deactivation conditions as well as performance testing aspects of ZSM-5 additives. It is shown that choice of deactivation conditions has an effect on additive ranking and performance. By choosing the deactivation conditions properly ranking can be made clearer and more realistic additive performance is obtained.     

Effect of crystal size and surface modification of ZSM-5 zeolites on conversion of ethanol to propylene

The conversion of ethanol to propylene was carried out over ZSM-5 zeolites (Si/Al ratio ≈ 20) with a small crystal size of ca. 30 nm. Catalyst deactivation was significantly suppressed over the nanometer-sized ZSM-5 zeolite, indicating that the small crystal was more tolerant to coking. On the other hand, the selectivity of this zeolite to propylene was lower than that of conventional ZSM-5 zeolites (ca. 2 μm). It was suggested that the large external surface area of the nanometer-sized ZSM-5 zeolite catalyzed undesired reactions. To elucidate the reason for the decreased selectivity, the external surfaces of the nanometer-sized crystals were covered with a very thin pure-silica ZSM-5 layer by a hydrothermal synthesis. The obtained crystal maintained the same crystal size and had a silica-rich surface (Si/Al ratio ≈ 50). After the surface modification, the selectivity to propylene was improved without any decrease in the catalyst life.     

分子筛催化剂积炭失活行为探讨

反应过程中生成的重质副产物积炭堵塞孔道是造成酸性分子筛催化剂失活的主要因素.影响积炭的因素有催化剂的孔道结构、酸性以及操作条件.对分子筛催化剂积炭失活机理、积炭表征技术、影响因素和抑制措施进行了综述,并介绍了一种积炭分离方法,对分子筛催化剂积炭研究的发展趋势进行了分析.