An innovative approach for solving the restoration problem in distribution networks

An effective heuristic graph-based approach is proposed in this paper for solving the service restoration problem in distribution networks. Minimisation of the de-energised consumers’ load and reduction of the number of switching operations were considered in this service restoration application. A suitable assignment of the weighting coefficient to all branches in a de-energised area was used to decrease the number of switching operations. Prim's algorithm for finding of the minimum spanning tree logic was used to realise this approach. Other applications necessary for the optimal performance of the service restoration application were also developed and tested in this study (e.g., load flow, load reallocation of overloaded network elements, generation of the sequence of switch actions, etc.).     

基于图论的含分布式电源配电网故障恢复算法

含分布式电源配电网的故障恢复策略对于配电网的安全性至关重要。针对含分布式电源和联络开关的配电网络,提出了基于图论的故障恢复算法。在充分考虑负荷恢复总量、开关次数和网络损耗的基础上,建立了含分布式电源的配电网故障恢复模型,以及配网故障恢复下的目标函数;设计了基于图论理论的不可行解修正和调整机制,即通过网络状态生成、网络区域划分、网络结构修正、负荷校验4个步骤,实现对不可行解的修正;利用量子离散粒子群算法其优越的优化特性,实现目标函数的最优;通过算例分析,验证了图论算法在智能优化算法中对不可行解修正的优越性和基于图论算法应用于配电网故障恢复问题上的有效性。     

Service restoration for unbalanced distribution networks using a combination two heuristic methods

In this paper, two heuristic methods are proposed to find the effective and fast solution for solving service restoration problem in unbalanced three phase distribution networks. Switch selection indices based on analytically approach and practicable heuristic graph-based method are proposed for solving the service restoration problem in unbalanced distribution networks. The problem formulation proposed, consists of three different objective functions: First, minimizing the de-energized customers’ load, second, minimizing the number of switching operation, and finally, customer’s priority. A suitable assignment of switch indices to all tie switches (ts) in networks are used to find best solution and decrease number of switching operation. New graph-based approach for finding best sectionalizes switch (ss) and minimizing voltage drop’s amount is utilized. The validity of these approaches has been tested on the two unbalanced three phase distribution networks. Results have been presented for modified IEEE 13-node and IEEE 37-node test case. The fastness and effectiveness convergence of these approaches helps finding best solution for service restoration problem.     

含分布式电源的配电网供电恢复的多代理方法

针对含分布式电源的配电系统,特别在考虑了由分布式电源和负荷组成微网运行的情况下,建立了以恢复负荷最多、开关操作数最少为目标的供电恢复模型。在提出配网调度中心、微网、分布式电源三者的分层协调控制策略的基础上,应用多代理理论,建立了一个由全系统控制协调代理（CAG）、微网控制代理（MGAG）、分布式电源代理（DGAG）以及母线代理（BAG）组成的多代理系统,在保证配电网辐射状运行、满足配电网电压与电流及馈线容量等约束条件的情况下进行供电恢复。通过分析一个含2个变电站、14条母线和4个分布式电源的配电系统的单重及多重故障供电恢复问题验证了该方法的有效性。     

Multi-Resource Collaborative Service Restoration of a Distribution Network with Decentralized Hierarchical Droop Control

To improve the resilience of distribution networks (DNs) in the event of extreme natural disasters such as typhoons and rainstorms, it is imperative to efficiently implement distribution service restoration (DSR) to restore loads as soon as possible. In previous studies, DSR has mainly adopted the distributed resource model with droop or PQ control. This inhibits the exploitation of the potential of distributed generators (DGs) in load restoration when the DN loses support from the upstream transmission network. Thus, this paper proposes a multi-resource collaborative service restoration (MRCSR) approach for DNs incorporating local soft open points, DGs, and tie switches. The MRCSR model is developed by integrating a decentralized hierarchical droop control (DHDC) strategy and incorporating the frequency and voltage features of the load demand. A two-stage iterative feedback optimization (TSIFO) algorithm is then developed to analyze the MRCSR model in an accurate and efficient manner. Finally, the proposed model and algorithm are tested on the modified IEEE 33-bus system and a practical distribution system of the Taiwan Power Company to verify their effectiveness and advantages over existing approaches.     

基于改进离散多目标BCC算法的配电网灾后抢修策略

根据配电网的实际情况,建立了配电网突发多处故障情况下的故障抢修和故障恢复相结合的多目标优化模型,将模型中的开关操作变量作为虚拟故障点处理并与抢修控制变量有机结合,考虑了一种多队协同抢修的恢复策略.在多目标细菌群体趋药性(BCC)算法的基础上引入区间归位方案,改善了多目标BCC算法解决离散域问题的性能,同时引入局部更新机...     

基于MAPSO优化的智能配电网大面积断电供电恢复

当含分布式电源的智能配电网发生大规模停电事故时,必须尽快制定供电恢复计划,减少停电面积。在保证配电网安全运行的前提下,考虑以甩负荷最少及开关操作次数最少两方面因素建立含分布式电源的智能配电网供电恢复模型,提出采用多智能体粒子群优化算法快速恢复孤岛外非故障断电区域负荷供电。该算法在二进制粒子群优化算法基础上引入Multi-Agent概念,每一个Agent相当于一个粒子,通过粒子Agent之间的竞争与合作操作使其快速有效地收敛到全局最优解。算例结果证明了所提算法的可行性和有效性。     

基于模糊逻辑和风险管理的配电网供电恢复研究

配电网供电恢复的目标是尽可能多地恢复对重要用户的供电;尽可能减少恢复计划中要求操作的开关数。因此,配电网的供电恢复规划问题是一个多目标的、带有约束的、不确定性的非线性问题。以最小化恢复成本的风险为目标,提出了不确定性情况下配电网供电恢复的最优风险管理过程。采用负荷和回报作用模糊模型、热约束模型和混合整数规划模糊模型,更好地模拟了网络负荷量和回报作用的不确定性,并且在供电恢复过程中运用风险管理,为供电恢复提供了更可靠的决策支持。提出的方法已经用实际的配电网数据进行了验证,结果表明,这种方法能够有效地降低供电恢复成本,是供电恢复的强有力的决策支持工具。     

Comparative study of modern heuristic algorithms to servicerestoration in distribution systems

This paper presents a comparative study for four modern heuristic algorithms (MHAs) to service restoration in distribution systems: reactive tabu search, tabu search, parallel simulated annealing, and genetic algorithm. Since service restoration is an emergency control in distribution control centers to restore out-of-service areas as soon as possible, it requires fast computation and high quality solutions for customers' satisfaction. The problem can be formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem to divide the out-of-service area to each power source. The effectiveness of the MHAs is compared against each other on typical service restoration problems     

Fast service restoration for large-scale distribution systems withpriority customers and constraints

A fast, effective service restoration method is designed for large-scale distribution systems with priority customers. The service restoration problem is formulated as a constrained multi-objective optimization problem. A ranking-based search method employing analytical information obtained from three-phase power flow simulations is designed to restore service to as many priority customers as possible while maximizing the amount of total load restored and minimizing the number of required switch operations. The proposed method is designed with consideration to networks which have predominantly manual switches. Comprehensive simulation results of the search method, including priority customers, single and multiple faults and multiple out-of-service areas are presented for a 416 bus distribution network     

含柔性软开关的有源配电网故障恢复策略

随着智能配电网的发展,新型的电力电子装置柔性软开关(SOP)替代配电网中传统的联络开关(TC),可增加配电网运行控制的灵活性。分析了含SOP的有源配电网正常运行和故障情况下的SOP控制模式。对于配电网中部分失电区域由于严重故障致使无法通过联络开关连接到端电源的情况,文中将该失电区域称为失联侧子网,将其余可以通过联络开关与上级网络相连的区域称为联网侧子网,并据此提出了由SOP和分布式电源协同供电的故障恢复策略。该策略考虑了联网侧子网的转供能力,可为失联侧子网恢复运行提供相应的约束。通过设定SOP为Vf控制模式,以总失电负荷加权值最小、脱离主网分布式电源最少,以及网络损耗最小为目标函数,建立了含SOP的配电网故障恢复模型,优化变量为联络开关状态及SOP的出口电压,采用混沌蚁群联合优化算法进行求解。采用含SOP的单回IEEE 33节点系统、手拉手双回IEEE 33节点系统作为测试算例,从恢复策略和负荷波动适应性两个层面验证了所提故障恢复策略的有效性,仿真结果表明该恢复策略不仅能实现配电网失联侧最大恢复供电,还能保证配电网联网侧的正常运行。     

基于启发式规则与熵权理论的配电网故障恢复

为快速准确实现配电网故障恢复,提出了启发式规则与熵权理论相结合的两阶段配电网故障恢复算法。第1阶段,利用启发式规则生成故障恢复的候选方案集;第2阶段,考虑故障恢复的目标,引入负荷恢复量、负荷转移量、负荷容量裕度、负荷均衡率和开关操作次数5个评价指标,分别计算候选方案的各评价指标,利用熵权理论对方案进行评价,同时引入主客观权重对方案进行综合评价,得出优选和备选恢复方案。算例结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Development of a high-speed switching system for distributionnetworks

This paper describes a high-speed switching system for distribution networks which has been developed with the aim of improving power supply reliability (reducing the number of supply interruptions) of distribution systems. When a fault occurs in conventional distribution systems, the fault section is isolated using a sequential time-out control scheme which requires the reclosing and re-reclosing of the entire system. A major drawback of such systems is that normal sections are also subjected to unnecessary power supply interruptions. In order to resolve this problem, the authors have developed a high-speed switching system which isolates only the fault section without interrupting the power supply to normal sections. This new system can fully restore power to the normal sections and completely isolate the fault section within 500 ms in the case of a ground fault     

考虑负荷控制的有源配电网故障恢复策略

主动配电网的建设使得负荷控制成为电力系统日常调度手段之一。根据有源配电网的负荷灵活控制特性,提出了考虑负荷控制参与的有源配电网故障恢复策略。基于目前配电网仍存在大量手动开关的现状,故障发生时,由于开关操作时间较长,不利于迅速形成孤岛恢复失电负荷。首先利用自适应选择数学模型的负荷控制策略,快速切负荷形成孤岛,充分发挥DG的出力,保障重要负荷的不间断供电;然后对整个有源配电网重构优化,以网络损耗小、开关操作次数少为目标建立优化模型,采用环路编码策略,利用NSGA2算法进行求解。算例表明,所提出的策略能有效解决有源配电网故障恢复问题。     

基于NT的配电管理系统

开发了一个基于ＮＴ的配电管理系统（ＴＨ－ＤＭＳ）。该ＤＭＳ采用商用数据库（如ＳＱＬＳｅｒｖｅｒ）与自主开发的实时数据库相结合的模式,运用ＶＣ＋＋编程,所包括的功能有：配电网拓扑分析与网络着色、配电变压器负荷预测、配电网状态估计、配电网潮流计算、电压／无功控制、短路电流计算、等。     

An application of reactive tabu search for service restoration in distribution systems and its comparison with the genetic algorithm and parallel simulated annealing

Service restoration in distribution systems can be formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem. It is the problem to determine power sources for each load considering various operational constraints in distribution systems. Up to now, the problem has been dealt with using conventional methods such as the branch and bound method, expert systems, neural networks, and fuzzy reasoning. Recently, modern heuristic methods such as genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA), and tabu search (TS) have been attracting notice as efficient methods for solving large combinatorial optimization problems. Moreover, reactive tabu search (RTS) can solve the parameter tuning problem, which is recognized as the essential problem of the TS. Therefore, RTS, GA, and SA can be efficient search methods for service restoration in distribution systems. This paper develops an RTS for service restoration and compares RTS, GA, and PSA (parallel SA) for the problem. The feasibility of the proposed methods is shown and compared on a typical distribution system model with promising results. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 71–82, 2000     

考虑静态电压稳定的舰船电网多目标故障恢复决策

为了解决没有考虑重构过程诱发的电压稳定问题,针对舰船电网快速故障恢复,引入电网线路静态电压稳定指标SVSI。将故障恢复后电网所有线路SVSI指标的最大值作为目标函数,以表征此时系统静态电压稳定的整体水平,建立一种考虑静态电压稳定的舰船电网多目标故障恢复重构模型。采用基于局部搜索技术的多目标网格进化算法MGEA对该模型进行求解,算法保留了故障恢复问题的多目标本质,以网格为载体,在邻域范围内做选择、交叉和变异,减缓了基因传播速度。对一舰船电网实际算例进行故障恢复重构测试,结果表明,该决策方法在实现舰船电网故障恢复的同时,可有效提高整个系统的静态电压稳定性。     

Optimized Restoration of Unbalanced Distribution Systems

A novel formulation for service restoration algorithm for unbalanced three phase distribution systems is described. This problem is a constrained multiobjective optimization formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem. A comparison of the solutions with and without switch pairs has been made. The formulation was first validated using already developed three-phase unbalanced power flow software. The three-phase unbalanced power flow equations were embedded in the formulation, and hence separate calculations were not needed. Simulation results are presented for modified IEEE 13-node and IEEE 37-node test cases     

基于分层供电树的配电网供电恢复算法

充分利用配电网辐射运行的特点,将问题转化为供电树分层问题。通过对供电树进行分层,减少了搜索空间,从而大大降低了问题复杂度。为提高供电恢复速度,将问题分为离线计算和在线计算两部分,通过离线计算所得到的数据可以减少在线计算时的搜索空间,提高了在线计算的搜索速度,有效满足了供电恢复的实时性。算例计算说明该算法是高效可行的。     

Optimised placement of control and protective devices in electric distribution systems through reactive tabu search algorithm

Optimised placement of control and protective devices in distribution networks allows for a better operation and improvement of the reliability indices of the system. Control devices (used to reconfigure the feeders) are placed in distribution networks to obtain an optimal operation strategy to facilitate power supply restoration in the case of a contingency. Protective devices (used to isolate faults) are placed in distribution systems to improve the reliability and continuity of the power supply, significantly reducing the impacts that a fault can have in terms of customer outages, and the time needed for fault location and system restoration. This paper presents a novel technique to optimally place both control and protective devices in the same optimisation process on radial distribution feeders. The problem is modelled through mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) with real and binary variables. The reactive tabu search algorithm (RTS) is proposed to solve this problem. Results and optimised strategies for placing control and protective devices considering a practical feeder are presented.