Inhalable Antibiotics Manufactured Through Use of Near-Critical or Supercritical Fluids

The development of unit-dose, inhalable, antibiotic microparticles for use in primary and combined therapy approaches to treating tuberculosis (TB), multi-drug-resistant (MDR-TB), and extensively drug-resistant TB is explored using the gentle drying process of Carbon-dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer (CAN-BD). The microparticles produced using this method contain capreomycin, kanamycin, and isoniazid, respectively, imbedded in L-leucine. Antibiotics were developed into inhalable antibiotic formulations for their utility in both first line and second line antibiotic treatment regimens. Capreomycin and kanamycin are typically administered by injection making them desirable candidates for the development of a needle-free delivery system that addresses the Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative #3. In response to this challenge, unit-dose packaging that preserves powder properties by protecting them from moisture, oxidants, and UV exposure, and a low cost “active” dry powder inhaler, the PuffHaler, were developed and used as a prototype device, in addition to the Aerolizer, to disperse the microparticle antibiotic formulations. Antibiotic formulations show yields above 50% in small-scale powder production by CAN-BD. Capreomycin and kanamycin show improved powder yields in scale up experiments. The particle properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Karl Fischer moisture analysis, Anderson Cascade Impaction studies, and X-ray diffraction. The inhalable antibiotic formulations are within a respirable size range (1–5 μm), and have less than 3% residual moisture. Unit-dose dry powder antibiotics have the potential to provide easy-to-use, stable products with improved safety profiles.     

超临界流体技术在分离工程领域中的应用

文章阐述了超临界流体分离技术的原理、流程与特点.综述了该技术在分离工程领域的应用方向、存在的问题及未来的发展前景.指出了该技术兼具精馏和萃取两种分离作用效果,在天然资源成份的分离提取、脱除有害成份或杂质、清洗、色谱分析等诸多领域部有着其独特的开发应用优势.     

超临界流体萃取的溶媒和挟带剂

本文介绍了超临界萃取的原理，溶媒及挟带剂。     

超声强化超临界流体萃取机理的研究

从实验和理论上对超声强化超临界流体萃取的机理进行了研究。采用自行设计的内插式超声强化超临界流体萃取装置,运用数码显微成像系统和透射电镜观察了有、无超声作用下超临界流体萃取中空化测试材料和海藻细胞微观结构的前后变化,分析了超声对超临界流体萃取海藻中二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的传质和萃取率的影响,并根据声化学原理对超临界流体中附加超声场时能否产生空化现象进行了探讨。实验结果发现超声对超临界二氧化碳流体中的空化材料和海藻细胞壁不产生破坏作用,不会产生声空化效应,但提高了海藻中EPA和DHA的萃取传质效果。其实验结果与理论推导相一致。结果表明：超声强化超临界流体萃取的机理不是源于超声空化,而是超声在微环境内产生的机械波动效应和热效应。     

环境友好的超临界流体技术在化工环保领域中的应用

介绍了近几年来超临界流体技术在超微粒子的制备、复相催化反应以及环境保护中的应用。     

超临界流体的溶媒特性及其应用

介绍了超临界流体的性质及其溶媒特性，举例说明超临界流体在分离和反应等操作中的应用。     

Supercritical Fluids; Opportunities in Heterogeneous Catalysis

The use of supercritical fluids (SCFs) in technology and research has been triggered by several unique features of these media. SCFs allow improvement of technical processes such as extraction, separation, particle formation and chemical reactions. However, it has been just in the last decades that SCFs have gained their importance in science and industrial applications, due to the relatively high pressures usually required when working with these media and the rigorous demands on the equipment used. Opportunities provided by the use of supercritical media in chemical reaction design have been the focus of several reviews(1-17). Here, we concentrate on a discussion of opportunities that SCFs provide in heterogeneous catalysis. First, we will consider the intrinsic properties of SCFs, then discuss the effect of these properties on chemical reactions, especially focusing on heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. Finally, we illustrate some of the opportunities of SCF applications in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, using pertinent case studies.     

超临界流体在化学反应中的应用

综述了临界流体的性质及超临界流体在化学反应中一的些应用。主要介绍了超临界流体在Ｆ－Ｔ合成反应、１－己烯异构化反应、氧化反应和烷基化反应中的应用。     

Supercritical Fluids; Opportunities in Heterogeneous Catalysis

The use of supercritical fluids (SCFs) in technology and research has been triggered by several unique features of these media. SCFs allow improvement of technical processes such as extraction, separation, particle formation and chemical reactions. However, it has been just in the last decades that SCFs have gained their importance in science and industrial applications, due to the relatively high pressures usually required when working with these media and the rigorous demands on the equipment used. Opportunities provided by the use of supercritical media in chemical reaction design have been the focus of several reviews(1-17). Here, we concentrate on a discussion of opportunities that SCFs provide in heterogeneous catalysis. First, we will consider the intrinsic properties of SCFs, then discuss the effect of these properties on chemical reactions, especially focusing on heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. Finally, we illustrate some of the opportunities of SCF applications in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, using pertinent case studies.     

超临界流体改性高分子聚合物研究进展

超临界流体因兼具液体和气体特性而倍受关注。主要介绍二氧化碳、甲醇、水等超临界流体在高分子聚合物改性、废旧塑料/橡胶回收、纤维素水解及其他方面的应用,并展望了超临界流体在高分子材料领域的应用前景。     

Formation of Energetic Materials Using Supercritical Fluids

A new field of applications of compressed gases is the formation of solid particles with well‐defined properties, e.g. the particle size, the particle size distribution, the particle shape, the specific surface area and free of solvent inclusions. It is possible to process moderately solids like energetic materials which are difficult to comminute due to their sensitivity to mechanical or thermal stress. The characteristics of compressed gases allow to vary the morphology of solid particles in a wide range. A pilot plant is presented, which has been built to prepare fine particles by the Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS process) and Precipitation by a Compressed Fluid Antisolvent (PCA process). In this contribution the micronization of different energetic materials by the RESS and PCA processes will be under investigation.     

超临界水及其氧化反应的研究及应用

超临界水(SCW)具有与常态下的水截然不同的性质,由此导致了超临界水的多种用处。超临界水氧化(SCWO)作为一种以超临界水为介质的新的废物处理技术以其完全快速等优点而日渐成为研究的热点。本文介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化的基本原理,反应器的装置,综述了超临界水氧化的动力学、应用、工艺改进、工程问题等方面的研究进展情况。