杂豆膳食纤维生理功能及其作用机制研究进展

杂豆膳食纤维因具有良好的降血糖、降血脂以及调节肠道菌群结构等作用受到广泛关注。杂豆膳食纤维通过改善胰岛素抵抗、提高胰岛素敏感性,调控消化酶的活性、抑制葡萄糖吸收以及改善氧化应激与炎症反应等途径降低血糖水平;通过减少胆固醇的吸收、促进胆固醇的排泄,抑制内源性胆固醇的合成以及增殖肠道益生菌等途径降低血脂水平。对杂豆膳食纤维生理功能及作用机制进行系统分析和总结,为杂豆膳食纤维相关功能食品的研发和应用提供依据。     

常见加工方式对杂豆品质的影响与调控

杂豆富含蛋白质、膳食纤维和维生素等多种营养成分，但也含有植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植物凝集素等抗营养因子，这大大降低了其生物利用率。采用不同的加工方法可以降低或去除抗营养因子，从而改善杂豆的营养品质、风味品质和感官特性，提升杂豆适用性。常见加工方式主要包括浸泡、脱壳、煮制、微波处理、高压处理、挤压膨化、烘烤、发酵和发芽等。本文总结不同加工方式对杂豆品质的影响，以期为精准调控杂豆品质和发展新型杂豆加工技术提供理论参考和新的研究方向。     

杂豆在可持续膳食发展中的机遇与挑战

杂豆作为一类可持续膳食,存在自身的优势和发展机遇,但也存在一些问题。文章探讨了可持续膳食发展的必要性及发展方向,分析了杂豆作为可持续膳食存在的优势及问题,展望了杂豆食品的开发方向。     

杂豆质量安全问题及对策

杂豆是一种低脂肪、高蛋白质含量、富含复合碳水化合物、低致敏性的环境友好型作物,2016年被联合国命名为"国际杂豆年"。我国种植和食用杂豆的历史悠久,是世界杂豆生产大国。杂豆的推广与综合利用对我国食物的营养安全和可持续发展具有重要意义。然而我国杂豆产业的发展仍处于初级阶段,杂豆作为一种健康的食物资源,在膳食结构中的作用并没有得到足够的关注。从杂豆质量安全角度,探讨了其抗营养因子等质量安全问题并提出了解决对策建议,以期推动我国杂豆的消费及杂豆产业的健康可持续发展。     

几类不同食物对肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分,肠道菌群能在一定程度上影响宿主的营养代谢和健康。肠道菌群的组成与功能受宿主生理状态、遗传、饮食习惯、年龄和环境等多重因素的影响。其中,膳食是影响肠道菌群结构和功能最为重要且较为迅速的因素。作为日常生活中常见的食物资源,杂粮、杂豆和果蔬等食物含有的膳食纤维和多酚等物质已经被证明具有调节肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群能够发酵膳食纤维,代谢后释放维生素以及短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,并选择性地促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖,进而在一定程度上促进宿主健康。此外,大部分酚类物质也在肠道中被肠道菌群代谢分解后进一步提高酚类物质的生物利用率,从而改善宿主生理状态。本文围绕日常生活中常见的食物资源如杂粮杂豆以及水果蔬菜等对肠道菌群的调节作用进行综述,展望以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢性疾病预防与治疗或膳食干预的前景。     

杂豆膳食纤维对大鼠卵巢衰老的影响

探讨不同剂量杂豆膳食纤维对大鼠卵巢衰老的影响。结果表明杂豆膳食纤维对雌性大鼠卵巢衰老有良好的抑制效果,可提高血清中雌性激素含量,修复受损卵巢组织,且其改善衰老大鼠机体指标的能力及修复受损卵巢组织的效果与剂量呈正相关。实验方法:实验大鼠饲喂普通饲料,适应性喂养7 d后,分为6组,连续灌胃28 d。测定各组大鼠体重、卵巢脏体比、血清中促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E_2)及抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH)含量,并取卵巢组织制作HE染色病理学切片进行观察。对照组及中、高剂量杂豆膳食纤维给药组大鼠血清FSH及LH含量均较模型组大鼠下降,差异极显著(P0.01),低剂量杂豆膳食纤维给药组差异显著(P0.05);对照组大鼠血清E_2及AMH含量较模型组大鼠显著升高,除低剂量组外,不同剂量杂豆膳食纤维给药组大鼠血清E_2含量均较模型组大鼠升高,差异极显著(P0.01)。卵巢病理学切片结果表明,各灌胃给药组大鼠卵巢组织衰老损伤程度明显减轻,且杂豆膳食纤维对雌性大鼠衰老造成卵巢损伤的改善效果与剂量呈正相关。     

杂豆膳食纤维对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用

目的：探讨不同剂量杂豆（芸豆、黑豆、绿豆（1∶1∶1,m/m））膳食纤维对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖效果。 方法：糖尿病大鼠模型通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素溶液（150 mg/kg）构建,建模成功后,连续灌胃给予杂豆膳食 纤维42 d,测定各组大鼠体质量、空腹血糖值、胰腺/体质量和血清中肝糖原、胰岛素及糖化血清蛋白含量,并取 胰脏组织制作苏木精-伊红染色病理学切片进行观察。结果：与模型组大鼠相比,除低剂量杂豆膳食纤维组外, 其余各灌胃剂量组大鼠体质量均极显著升高（P＜0.01）;低剂量杂豆膳食纤维组较模型组空腹血糖值显著下 降（P＜0.05）,中、高剂量杂豆膳食纤维组及格列本脲组大鼠空腹血糖值均较模型组极显著下降（P＜0.01）;各 灌胃剂量组大鼠胰腺/体质量均较模型组大鼠不同程度升高,格列本脲组及中、高剂量杂豆膳食纤维组大鼠胰腺/体 质量较模型组大鼠显著升高（P＜0.05）;各灌胃剂量组大鼠肝糖原及胰岛素含量均较模型组大鼠不同程度上升, 糖化血清蛋白含量均不同程度下降,且通过胰腺组织病理学切片观察得知,各灌胃剂量组大鼠胰腺组织损伤程度明 显减轻,胰岛细胞数目增多,且细胞水肿变形程度减轻。结论：杂豆膳食纤维可降低糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖含量且 可改善糖尿病对大鼠胰腺的损伤情况。     

加拿大杂豆食品开发研究概况

加拿大是世界上第一大杂豆出口国,近年来在杂豆食品领域的研究逐渐增多。概述了加拿大杂豆协会等机构在杂豆及其食品方面研究开发的概况,包括杂豆的营养特性、添加了杂豆粉的小麦食品的开发、杂豆制粉方式对杂豆粉品质及添加杂豆粉后的食品品质的影响、杂豆品质检验技术等领域的研究和开发现状,旨在为我国杂豆食品的研发提供参考。     

不同品种杂豆子叶细胞体外大肠发酵特性差异及调控机制

该研究以九种不同品种杂豆作为原料,采用蒸煮处理分离完整子叶细胞,比较其品种间的体外大肠发酵特性差异及其调控机制。结果表明,在营养成分方面,九种杂豆子叶细胞内淀粉（51.57%~71.89%）、膳食纤维（11.56%~25.01%）和蛋白质（11.49% ~22.21%）含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）,在结构层面,不同杂豆子叶细胞粒径大小（85.1~175.0 μm）、细胞壁厚度（1.1~2.4 μm）及淀粉结晶度（3.4%~8.4%）也存在显著不同（P<0.05）。蒸煮处理后细胞内淀粉基本糊化,经体外大肠发酵后表现出不同的产气量及短链脂肪酸生成量。其中,蛋白质含量较高的蚕豆（22.21%）、红芸豆（21.62%）和绿豆（19.20%）子叶细胞,显示出较慢的发酵速率和更高的支链脂肪酸生成量。淀粉含量差异导致了发酵总产气量及丙酸产量的不同,淀粉结晶度是影响乙酸生成量的主要原因,丁酸生成量则与胞内膳食纤维含量和细胞壁厚度存在正相关。综上,九种杂豆子叶细胞内淀粉、膳食纤维、蛋白质等营养成分及粒径大小、细胞壁厚度、胞内淀粉结晶度等结构的差异导致了发酵速率、短链脂肪酸生成量等体外大肠发酵特性的不同,但均可通过调节短链脂肪酸的生成显示出潜在的改善肠道健康作用。这些发现阐明了食物品种差异如何调节大肠发酵特性,并为针对性开发杂豆资源及以杂豆为基础的功能性膳食配料提供理论指导。     

我国3种杂豆的蛋白质营养综合评价

我国杂豆品种多、产量大,在人们的日常膳食结构中占有一定比例.现有对杂豆中蛋白质的营养评价大都是从生籽粒中提取蛋白质进行分析,膳食中的熟制处理对蛋白质的消化和氨基酸组成可能产生一定影响.文章将绿豆、红豆和豌豆整粒熟制后进行模拟口腔-胃-十二指肠消化,测定其蛋白质的胃肠消化率、可消化物中的蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成及评分.结果...     

Total antioxidant capacity of spices, dried fruits, nuts, pulses, cereals and sweets consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays

With the aim to expand the Italian total antioxidant capacity (TAC) database, the TAC values of 11 spices, 5 dried fruits, 7 sweets, 18 cereal products, 5 pulses, and 6 nuts were determined using three different assays and considering the contribution of bound antioxidant compounds in fiber-rich foods (i. e. cereals, legumes, and nuts). Among spices, saffron displayed the highest antioxidant capacity, whereas among dried fruits, prune exhibited the highest value. The TAC values of all the chocolates analyzed were far higher than the other sweet extracts measured. Among cereal products, whole meal buckwheat and wheat bran had the greatest TAC. Among pulses and nuts, broad bean, lentil and walnuts had the highest antioxidant capacity, whereas chickpeas, pine nuts and peanuts were less effective. The contribution of bound phytochemicals to the overall TAC was relevant in cereals as well as in nuts and pulses. The complete TAC database could be utilized to properly investigate the role of dietary antioxidants in disease prevention.     

Epidemiological evidence for the impact of whole grains on health

Current dietary advice suggests consumers increase consumption of whole‐grain products because of their potential role in prevention of chronic disease. Whole grains are important sources of nutrients that are in short supply in our diet, including dietary fiber, resistant starch, trace minerals, certain vitamins, and other compounds of interest in disease prevention, including phytoestrogens and antioxidants. Despite dietary recommendations to increase intake of whole grains, little epidemiological evidence is available to support the physiological importance of whole‐grain intake. Most epidemiological studies focus on nutrients, rather than whole foods, so little attempt has been made to evaluate the contribution of whole grains in disease. Further, studies on vegetarians that show decreased risk of degenerative diseases are unable to separate the contribution of fruit and vegetable intake when compared with whole‐grain intake and protection from disease. The few epidemiological studies that have evaluated a role for whole grains suggest that they may have an important role in disease prevention and deserve more study.     

Diet-disease relationships: public health perspectives

Recent nutrition recommendations are directed towards prevention of chronic degenerative diseases, particularly coronary heart disease and cancer. This focus is in response to morbidity and mortality trends during this century. The evidence supporting such dietary changes remains inconclusive because of difficulties inherent in the measurement of usual dietary intake. The association between dietary fat and breast cancer is reviewed as an example of the problems faced in assessing whether a dietary component does alter the risk of disease. Current recommendations suggest a population-based approach to dietary modifications; the public health implications of this approach are discussed.     

菊粉的特性及在特殊医学用途配方食品中的应用前景

菊粉及其次级酶解产物低聚果糖作为一种天然的膳食纤维,不仅可提供膳食纤维的功效,更可促进有益菌的生长,在预防便秘和腹泻,以及抑制有害发酵产物,预防结肠癌方面起到积极的作用。同时,菊粉还具有提高矿质元素的生物利用率、降血糖、降血脂及控制体质量等特性,在预防和控制肠道疾病、肥胖病、糖尿病和心血管病等慢性疾病方面有很好的作用。该文综述了菊粉理化性质、生理功能、安全性评价及在特殊医学用途配方食品中的应用前景。     

膳食纤维提取的研究进展

膳食纤维对人类健康有积极的作用,在预防人体胃肠道疾病和维护胃肠道健康方面功能突出。本文综述了国内外膳食纤维提取的常用方法以及从不同原料中提取膳食纤维的工艺和原料的利用情况,并从所得膳食纤维的品质、特性及发展前景等方面进行了较全面的比较。     

Bioavailability issues in studying the health effects of plant polyphenolic compounds

Polyphenolic compounds are common in the diet and have been suggested to have a number of beneficial health effects including prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. For some dietary polyphenols, certain benficial effects are suggested by epidemiological studies, some are supported by studies in animal models, and still others are extrapolated from studies in vitro. Because of the relatively poor bioavailability of many of these compounds, the molecular basis of these beneficial effects is not clear. In the present review, we discuss the potential health benefits of dietary polyphenols from the point of view of bioavailability. Tea catechins, curcumin, and proanthocyanidins are used as examples to illustrate some of the problems that need to be resolved. Further research on both the biological activity and bioavailability of dietary polyphenols is needed to properly assess their usefulness for the prevention and treatment of disease.     

防治阿尔兹海默症的特膳食品相关专利分析

通过对近年来申请的具有防治阿尔兹海默症的食品相关专利进行检索分析,以期给食品研究人员一些技术启示,为研究开发更多防治阿尔兹海默症的可食用活性成分提供参考,使防治阿尔兹海默症的特殊膳食食品得到进一步发展.     

Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease

The role of dietary fiber in the prevention of cardiovascular disease has received increasing attention as data have accumulated. Recent cohort studies have found a consistent protective effect of dietary fiber on cardiovascular disease outcomes, prompting many leading organizations to recommend increased fiber in the daily diet. However, the biologic mechanisms explaining how a fiber influences the cardiovascular system have yet to be fully elucidated. Recent research in large national sample in the USA has demonstrated an association between dietary fiber and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a clinical indicator of inflammation. Epidemiologic evidence demonstrating that high-fiber diets are beneficial, coupled with this newer evidence of a possible metabolic effect on inflammatory markers, suggest that inflammation may be an important mediator in the association between dietary fiber and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paper reviews the evidence for the connections among inflammation, CRP, dietary fiber, and CVD, and recommends further clinical studies using fiber supplementation to isolate and prospectively confirm these important relationships.     

Authors' perspective: what is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans?

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C has traditionally been based on the prevention of the vitamin C deficiency disease, scurvy. While higher intakes of vitamin C may exert additional health benefits, the limited Phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin C supplementation have not found consistent benefit with respect to chronic disease prevention. To date, this has precluded upward adjustments of the current RDA. Here we argue that Phase III RCTs-designed principally to test the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs-are ill suited to assess the health benefits of essential nutrients; and the currently available scientific evidence is sufficient to determine the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans. This evidence establishes biological plausibility and mechanisms of action for vitamin C in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer; and is buttressed by consistent data from prospective cohort studies based on blood analysis or dietary intake and well-designed Phase II RCTs. These RCTs show that vitamin C supplementation lowers hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and Helicobacter pylori infection, which are independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Furthermore, vitamin C acts as a biological antioxidant that can lower elevated levels of oxidative stress, which also may contribute to chronic disease prevention. Based on the combined evidence from human metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies and Phase II RCTs, we conclude that 200 mg per day is the optimum dietary intake of vitamin C for the majority of the adult population to maximize the vitamin's potential health benefits with the least risk of inadequacy or adverse health effects.     

营养素与饮食模式对阿尔兹海默症患者影响的研究进展

阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD)是危害老年人健康的重大疾病之一。大量研究证明,膳食营养干预在预防治疗AD具有重要的意义。本文从植物多酚、维生素、脂肪酸和地中海饮食结构等方面综述了膳食对AD患者影响的研究进展,以期为AD症的预防、提高患者的生存质量、痴呆老人的护理提供依据。