高温作用对煤系砂岩力学性能和能量演化机制的影响

为了研究高温作用对煤系砂岩力学性能和能量演化机制的影响,采用自行研制的高温加热系统和RMT-150B岩石力学测试系统对煤系砂岩进行加热和单轴压缩试验,探讨砂岩强度、变形特征和能量特征随温度的变化情况。结果表明：高温作用后煤系砂岩单轴压缩应力-应变曲线随温度升高表现趋势大致相同,且煤系砂岩逐渐由脆性向塑性转变;不同温度作用后的煤系砂岩峰值强度和弹性模量随温度升高表现出不同程度降低,峰值应变随温度升高大幅增加;经历不同温度作用后的煤系砂岩总应变能和弹性能与温度呈正相关关系,耗散能与温度呈负相关关系;温度对煤系砂岩的破坏模式有显著影响,温度升高使煤系砂岩的破坏形态由单斜面剪切破坏向多剪切面破坏发展。     

冻融循环层理砂岩破坏模式试验研究

在西部高寒地区,冻融循环作用对岩石路基稳定性具有不可忽视的影响,易引发一系列的工程地质问题.为研究冻融循环环境下各向异性层理砂岩的损伤特性,选取路基中典型垂直、平行层理砂岩试样开展冻融循环试验研究,基于电液伺服压力试验机进行单轴压缩试验,以应力-应变曲线、力学参数和压缩破坏形态为依据,探究了冻融循环损伤后层理砂岩强度、变形特征的演化规律及破坏模式.研究结果表明:随着冻融次数的增加,垂直、平行层理试样呈现出向右拉伸,向下压缩的应力-应变曲线;垂直层理砂岩试样峰值点下降路径平缓,而平行层理砂岩试样则沿阶梯状路径下降;冻融损伤累积减弱了破坏模式的各向异性特征,随冻融次数的增加,垂直层理砂岩试样裂缝与加载方向趋于平行,平行层理砂岩试样则始终表现为沿层理的劈裂破坏.     

基于颗粒流的矽卡岩静态加载速率效应研究

采用颗粒流离散元软件PFC2D,通过Fish语言编写程序,模拟了矽卡岩岩样3级不同加载速率下的室内单轴压缩试验,并分析了其静态加载速率效应。模拟结果表明:模拟得到的岩样破裂形态、应力-应变曲线、峰值强度变化等与试验结果较为吻合;加载速率增大,峰值强度及其对应的应变增大,且在10-2数量级内增幅明显,峰后变形能力减弱,弹性模量、泊松比基本不变;加载速率增大,临界扩容应力和扩容点对应应变增大,扩容曲线软化段都很平缓,体积膨胀急剧;岩样主要破坏形态为剪切破坏,且随着加载速率增加,由单一剪切破裂过渡到共轭剪切破裂,更易形成锥形破坏。研究结果可为相关岩体的室内试验及岩土工程的稳定性评价提供参考。     

泥质细砂岩材料破坏与强度衰减研究

为了认识真实的岩石材料破坏和强度衰减规律,通过多组常规的单轴压缩试验和不同围压下的三轴压缩试验对泥质细砂岩的材料破坏过程和抗压强度进行了实测．把前面试验破裂形成的不规则岩块浇注在混凝土制成的“剪切壳”中,运用XJ-1型携带式剪切仪进行了自行设计的压剪试验,获得了岩块在压剪过程中的剪切力一压应力关系曲线,以此来测得破裂岩块的自身材料强度．通过对比先前压缩试验得到的极限莫尔包络线,研究了破坏前完整岩样与破坏后损伤岩块间的强度变化．讨论了不同试验方法,损伤程度,尺寸效应,材料异性对岩石强度衰减的影响．结果表明,岩石在破坏过程中环向应变与体积应变在峰后近乎以直线形式增长,岩块抗剪强度表现出尺寸效应,岩样伴随着破裂演变材料强度发生衰减．     

云锡松矿矿岩特性的研究

通过大量试验,我们获得了松树脚矿岩石的强度、静弹性常数、动弹性常数、应力—应变曲线和扩容。所有试验均是通过单轴压缩下完成的。广泛采用了压缩、剪切和抗张试验。试件规格有5×5×5cm,5×5×10cm,Φ5×2.5cm。单轴压缩试验压缩方向平行于长轴。我们发现实际中因荷载形式不同,其岩体破坏优势没有单一的模式在试验中,我们研究了应力—应变曲线。研究岩石力学性质,最为普通的方法是通过对高为宽2倍的柱体进行轴向压缩得到的。大多数岩石应力—应变曲线都接近于线性形式。也就是说,应力—应变曲线满足关系σ=Εε。总应变等于三个轴向应变的总和εl+ε2+ε3。对于线弹性材料具有恒定的杨氏模量和泊松比,在压缩时总应变是直线变化且是正斜率,即由于ε1>|ε2+ε3|,总应变随压力增加而减小。当应力增加至强度的1/3～1/2值时,总应变开始偏离弹性材料的直线段。在临破坏前偏离直线的偏离量非常大,在这个压缩阶段岩石的总应变与线弹性材料的性质完全无关,即随应力增加,岩石体积有增大现象,也就是众所周知的扩容现象。在这种情况下,临破坏前,试件的侧向应变总和一定超过轴向应变值,即|ε2+ε3|>ε1,岩石试件在这种压缩试验下泊松比也不是常数。     

冲击荷载下混凝土破坏过程的数值模拟

目的 探究冲击荷载作用下混凝土内部真实的破坏机理以及在不同应变率下混凝土强度随应变率的变化规律.方法 基于离散单元法,采用细观二维梁-颗粒模型BPM(Beam-Particle Mode in Two Dimensions)模拟了三种不同应变率下混凝土材料的动态响应.结果 从混凝土破坏图形可以看出.冲击荷载下混凝土的破坏过程实际上是混凝土内部的原生裂纹的激发、扩展、贯通直至整体结构的破坏.从混凝土应力-应变曲线可以看出.混凝土是率敏感性材料,其峰值应力和应变均随应变率的提高而增大.结论 模拟结果和试验结果在达到峰值应力前的曲线基本吻合,说明梁-颗粒模型可以用来模拟混凝土在冲击荷载下的动态破坏,其结果是可靠和准确的.     

低温饱水粗粒砂岩强度特性和破坏模式研究

为了研究低温条件下饱水粗粒砂岩的力学特性,以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯某冻结副立井为工程背景,以-500～-700 m基岩段粗粒砂岩为研究对象,进行常温(20℃)和不同低温(-10,-15,-20,-30℃)条件下饱水粗粒砂岩的单轴压缩试验,分别探讨低温对饱水粗粒砂岩单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比的影响以及低温饱水粗粒砂岩的破坏模式。结果表明:随着温度的不断降低,低温饱水粗粒砂岩的弹性模量和单轴抗压强度均不断增大,泊松比不断降低;低温饱水粗粒砂岩单轴压缩破坏形式主要有两种,即柱状劈裂破坏和单一斜截面剪切破坏附带劈裂裂隙。研究结果可为低温条件下岩石力学特性和煤矿冻结凿井施工设计提供参考依据。     

融冰期北极海冰单轴压缩强度的试验研究

为了评估融冰期北极海冰的单轴压缩强度,其中在中国第七次北极科学考察期间,现场钻取冰芯,测量冰层温度、盐度、密度和晶体结构;在低温实验室内将冰芯加工成标准试样并测量单轴压缩强度,其中试验应变速率为10~(-7)～10~(-2)s~(-1),温度分别为-3℃、-6℃和-9℃,加载方向为垂直冰面加载。试验结果表明:融冰期北极海冰表现出高温、低盐、低密度的物理性质;随应变速率增加,单轴压缩强度先增加再降低最后稳定,试样破坏形态由主裂缝贯穿转变为产生较多微裂缝;随孔隙率增加,单轴压缩强度降低。试验建立了以应变速率和孔隙率评估海冰单轴压缩强度的计算模型,通过冰层物理参数计算孔隙率,给出了融冰期北极冰层垂直方向的极限单轴压缩强度参考值。     

大掺量粉煤灰超高性能钢纤维混凝土的静动态力学行为

研究了4种不同钢纤维掺量(体积掺量分别为0%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%)的大掺量粉煤灰超高性能混凝土的单轴压缩强度、弹性模量、单轴抗拉强度、弯曲韧性、断裂韧性、断裂能等静态力学行为,以及高速冲击、压缩作用下的应力波传播规律、应力–应变曲线和破坏特征等动态力学行为.结果表明:掺加钢纤维的大掺量粉煤灰超高性能混凝土的轴心抗压强度、弹性模量和抗拉强度略有增大,韧性指数、残余强度、断裂韧度和断裂能成倍提高;未能增加冲击、压缩作用下的应变率效应程度,但却增大动态应力–应变曲线下的面积,提高试件破坏的应变率阈值,使混凝土存在裂而不散的破坏现象.     

侧限压缩条件下充填体与岩柱相互作用机理

利用伺服实验机对不同配比充填体-岩柱进行侧限压缩实验,研究不同工况下岩柱的峰值强度、残余强度、峰值应变、破坏形式,以及充填体-岩柱的受压特性.结果表明:充填体-岩柱的承压过程主要分为岩柱试件承载阶段、岩柱试件的破坏阶段、充填体和岩柱共同承载直到破坏阶段、充填体和岩柱散体承压阶段.随着充填体强度的增大,岩柱的峰值强度、残余强度以及破坏时的轴向应变逐渐增大,同时岩柱的破坏形式逐渐由单轴压缩时的拉伸破坏向剪切破坏转化,而无充填体包裹的岩柱则主要发生单斜面剪切破坏.相比充填体-岩柱应力-应变曲线峰后的下降斜率,单岩柱破坏时表现出了更强的突变性.     

Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage简

Based on uniaxial compression experimental results on fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage, we studied the strength and deformation properties, the failure model, crack formation and evolution laws of fractured sandstone under different conditions of anchorage. The experimental results show that the strength and elastic modulus of fractured sandstone with different fracture angles are significantly lower than those of intact sandstone. Compared with the fractured samples without anchorage, the peak strength, residual strength, peak and ultimate axial strain of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increase by 64.5–320.0%, 62.8–493.0%, and 31.6–181.4%, respectively. The number of bolts and degree of pre-stress has certain effects on the peak strength and failure model of fractured sandstone. The peak strength of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increases to some extent, and the failure model of fractured sandstone also transforms from tensile failure to tensile–shear mixed failure with the number of bolts. The pre-stress can restrain the formation and evolution process of tensile cracks, delay the failure process of fractured sandstone under anchorage and impel the transformation of failure model from brittle failure to plastic failure.     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

煤矿砂岩SHPB动态压缩力学性能试验与分析

为研究煤矿砂岩冲击载荷作用下的动态力学特性,利用分离式Hopkinson压杆对皖北矿区祁东煤矿的砂岩试件进行冲击压缩试验,得到了试件应变率变化时程曲线和动态应力一应变曲线。试验结果表明：采用3种冲击气压加栽,入射波形均近似为梯形波;试件应变率随冲击气压提高而增大,应变率曲线中有一段近似恒应变率平台,可实现恒应变率加栽;试件动态破坏形态在低应变率下为径向外围剥落式拉伸破坏模式,在高应变率下则为颗粒状粉碎破坏模式。随应变率增加,碎块尺寸减小且碎块数量增加,具有明显的应变率效应;试件动态抗压强度与平均应变率近似乘幂关系,显示出较强的相关性。     

压力水-岩耦合作用下砂岩断口微观破坏机理

为了研究流固耦合作用下岩石的损伤劣化机理,以砂岩岩样为研究对象,采用流固耦合力学实验系统开展轴压水压耦合作用下单轴压缩、三轴压缩及三轴蠕变实验,借助扫描电子显微镜对岩样破裂断口的微观结构特征进行分析。结果表明:单轴饱水岩样破裂断口表面比干燥岩样出现更多的裂纹核,且断口形貌以沿晶断裂为主,穿晶断裂为辅;随着水压增大,三轴压缩岩样破裂断口表面裂纹核逐渐变少,剪切平行裂纹逐渐增多,岩样的宏观破坏形式从以张拉破坏为主逐渐向以剪切破坏为主转变;与三轴压缩岩样断口相比,三轴蠕变岩样破裂断口表面平整度和光滑度较差,晶体间联结更加紧密,剪切裂纹密度和深度增加。     

应变速率对注浆体力学特性影响规律

为研究微震荷载作用下注浆加固体力学特性,以裂隙倾角30°、宽度4 mm的红砂岩裂隙注浆体为研究对象,借助岩石三轴伺服压力机进行变应变速率(10^-5 ~5×10^-3 s^-1)单轴压缩试验;然后从能量耗散、裂纹扩展及破坏形态等3个方面,分析变应变速率对注浆体力学特性的影响规律及机理. 研究表明:随着应变速率的增加,注浆体的峰值强度、弹性模量均随之而增大;且峰值强度与应变速率呈指数函数关系变化;注浆体受应变速率影响的响应分为敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变速率阶段,主要差异在于峰值强度变化率和弹性模量变化率;随着应变速率的增大,注浆体的总能量在增大;压密阶段是影响不同应变速率下注浆体力学特性的主要阶段;敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变率阶段中的压密阶段主要区别在于积散比大小,积散比进一步决定产生裂纹的多少和分布区域与规律;耗散能密度对注浆体破坏脱落面积以及粒径分布影响较大,耗散能密度越大,碎块越以大块为主(粒径大的比率逐渐增加),滞缓应变率阶段耗散能密度较敏感应变率阶段大,其破碎块体较敏感应变率阶段大. 研究在裂隙注浆加固体的变应变速率影响下力学特性,从能理原理、分形理论角度得到了其影响机理.     

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression,we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics,deformation and strength properties,and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states.The experimental results reveal that peak strength,residual strength,elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure,and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure.Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples,while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure,the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confining pressure.There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures,and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage,and established damage constitutive model,realizing the real-time quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process.     

不同围压下灰岩力学特性及破坏力学模型研究

为了研究围压对灰岩力学特性及破坏力学模型的影响,采用MTS815对完整灰岩岩样进行三轴压缩试验。基于岩样宏观破坏形式,建立张拉剪切破坏模型,构建峰值强度与围压关系表达式;讨论张拉剪切模型与纯剪切模型对岩石剪切强度参数值（粘聚力与内摩擦角）的影响。研究结果表明：岩样弹性模量、抗压强度及残余强度均随围压升高而增大,且残余强度与围压呈非线性相关;当岩样最终破坏时,环向应变与轴向应变比值随围压升高呈负指数降低;一定围压范围内,岩石抗压强度受剪切强度参数和抗拉强度影响;张拉剪切模型确定岩石剪切强度参数值随破裂角增大而增大,与纯剪切模型相比,数值均较小。因此,低围压时,考虑岩石破坏模型具有一定的实际意义。     

Spatial–temporal evolution of gas migration pathways in coal during shear loading

Custom designed and built meso shear test equipment was used to examine the shear crack propagation in gassy coal under different gas pressures. The spatial–temporal evolution of gas migration pathways in the coal during shear loading was also researched. The results show that gas pressure can hasten crack growth at the shear fracture surface, can reduce the shear strength of gassy coal, and can accelerate the shear failure process. Shear failure in gassy coal exhibits five stages: the pre-crack stage; the stable crack growth stage; the unsteady crack growth stage; the fracture stage; and, finally, the friction crack stage. The shear breaking creates two kinds of crack, shear cracks and tensile cracks. Cracks first appear in the shear plane at both ends and then extend toward the center until a shear fracture surface forms. The direction of shear crack propagation diverges from the predetermined shear plane by an angle of about 5°–10°.     

Calibration and uniqueness analysis of microparameters for DEM cohesive granular material

The differential evolution (DE) algorithm was deployed to calibrate microparameters of the DEM cohesive granular material. 4 macroparameters, namely, uniaxial compressive strength, direct tensile strength, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, can be calibrated to high accuracy. The best calibration accuracy could reach the sum of relative errors RE_sum < 0.1%. Most calibrations can be achieved with RE_sum < 5% within hours or RE_sum < 1% within 2 days. Based on the calibrated results, microparameters uniqueness analysis was carried out to reveal the correlation between microparameters and the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of material: (1) microparameters effective modulus, tensile strength and normal-to-shear stiffness ratio control the elastic behaviour and stable crack growth, (2) microparameters cohesion and friction angles present a negative linear correlation that controls the axial strain and lateral strain prior to the peak stress, and (3) microparameters friction coefficient controls shear crack friction and slip mainly refers to the unstable crack behaviour. Consideration of more macroparameters to regulate the material mechanical behaviour that is dominated by shear crack and slip motion is highlighted for future study. The DE calibration method is expected to serve as an alternative method to calibrate the DEM cohesive granular material to its peak strength.