Search for new industrial oils. XI. Oils of boraginaceae

Analysis of seed oils from 29 species of the family Boraginaceae revealed widespread occur-rence of 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic and C₁₈ noncon-jugated tetraenoic acids in addition to linolenic and other common C₁₆ and C₁₈ acids. The 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid ranged in amount from 0-27%, tetraene from 0-17%, and linolenic acid from 0.3-50%. Iodine values of the oils ranged from 88-225. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. A division of ARS, USDA.     

Search for new industrial oils. V. Oils of cruciferae

Seeds from 37 species of plants in the family Cruciferae were analyzed for oil and protein, and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Erucic acid, generally considered characteristic of crucifer oils, occurs in about three-fourths of these species in amounts ranging from 3 to 59%. Some oils free of erucic acid contain up to 63% linolenic acid or up to 58% eicosenoic. Presented at the spring meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, St. Louis, Missouri, May 1–3, 1961. A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Search for new industrial oils. III. Oils from compositae

Summary Screening analyses of oils from seeds of 16 species of theCompositae family reveal numerous indications of unusual component fatty acids or interferences with the application of standard methods. Epoxyoleic acid is indicated in amounts from 1% to 67%. Conjugated dienes equivalent to 5% to 48% of C₁₈ acid appear in four oils. Hydroxyl groups are found in two oils in amounts corresponding to 20% and 70% of a C₁₈ acid. Of special interest is the oil fromDimorphotheca aurantiaca, which appears to contain some 50% of an acid with both an hydroxyl group and conjugated diene. Oil fromRudbeckia bicolor var.superba contains 76% of apparent linoleic acid and may rank among the richest sources of this acid. This is a laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Search for new industrial oils. XIII. Oils from 102 species of cruciferae

Seed from additional species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for crude protein, oil and fatty acids in the oil. Oils were like those reported earlier from other crucifers, except forCardamine impatiens which is unique among known seed oils because it contains some 25% dihydroxy acids. Erucic acid is present (0.3–55%) in about three-fourths of the 102 samples. Eicosenoic acid is a major constituent (32–53%) in four species and monohydroxy acids (45–72%) in another four. Linolenic acid occurs (2–66%) in oil of all species. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Chicago, Ill., October 11–14, 1964. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. ARS, USDA.     

Search for new industrial oils: XVI. Umbelliflorae—seed oils rich in petroselinic acid

Seed oils of the order Umbelliflorae, including those from the families Umbelliferae, Garryaceae, Araliaceae, Cornaceae, Davidiaceae, Nyssaceae and Alangiaceae, were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl esters. The characteristic fatty acid of the order, petroselinic acid, occurred in the Umbelliferae in amounts up to 85%. In the Araliaceae, the content was as high as 83% and in the Garryaceae as high as 81%. The other major acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, with small amounts of hexadecenoic, stearic, linolenic, and, in some cases, C₂₀ acids. petroselinic acid was determined by microscale ozonolysis of the C₁₈ monoenoic esters and subsequent GLC of the ozonolysis products. The occurrence of high oil contents (up to 46%) combined with exceptionally high (up to 83%) single component purity is notable and emphasizes the potential of the Umbelliflorae as a raw material source for the chemical industry.     

Search for new industrial oils. VII

Seed oils from 37 plant species in 18 families have been analyzed for fatty acid composition by the isomerization method. The variability encountered is evidenced by the range in content of component acids: from 0–23% for apparent linolenic acid, from 8–74% for apparent linoleic acid, and from 2–88% for apparent oleic acid. Dimorphecolic acid has been found to the extent of approximately 60% in a second species ofDimorphotheca, D. pluvialis (L.) Moench, and in the closely related species,Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) T. Norl.O. spinescens Thunb. contained instead 30% of a conjugated triene, presumably the same as the 8,10,12-octadecatrienoic reported from the relatedCalendula officinalis L. Oils rich in monoenoic acids are mostly in the Umbelliferae and Araliaceae and presumably contain petroselinic acid as well as oleic. Presented at the AOCS meeting in St. Louis, Mo., May 1–3, 1961. A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A.     

Search for new industrial oils. IV

Summary Chemical screening of seed oils continues to reveal nature's diversity. This work provides leads to numerous species which warrant further research to investigate their oil and meal in greater detail, to appraise their crop potential, and to assess their practical value for providing new oilseeds. This is a laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Search for new industrial oils. XIV. Seed oils of labiatae

Seed of 194 species in 56 genera of Labiatae, representing six of the eight subfamilies, were analyzed for oil and protein and for fatty acid composition of the oil. The oils are diverse and include some that contain up to 70% oleic acid, 79% linoleic acid, or 72% linolenic acid. An allenic function occurs in a third of the samples from the subfamily Stachyoideae and in the one sample analyzed from the Prasioideae. A method for determining the allene was devised. Oils fromTeucrium species containtrans unsaturation in unidentified components. Oils from twoLamium species have both allenic andtrans unsaturation. Two species ofThymus appear to produce hydroxy acids. Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, Houston, April 1965. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. Crops Research Div., ARS, USDA.     

Search for new industrial oils. VI. Seed oils of the genusLesquerella

Fatty acid composition of seed oil from 14 species of the genusLesquerella has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography. All but two species contain hydroxyeicosenoie acid in amounts ranging from 45 to 74%. The remaining two species contain about 50% C₁₈ hydroxy acids, but none of the C₂₀ hydroxy acid. Presented at the spring meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, St. Louis, Missouri, May 1–3, 1961. A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Search for new industrial oils. X. Seed oils of the calenduleae

Seed oils from 29 species in five genera of the tribe Calenduleae, family Compositae, have been examined to determine the distribution of dimorphecolic acid (9-hydroxyl-trans-10,trans-12-octadecadienoic acid) among the close relatives ofDimorphotheca. Dimorphecolic acid occurs in all five of theDimorphotheca species ofOsteospermum in amounts ranging from 34–75% of the oil. In all other species of the tribe analyzed to date, including 14 species ofOsteospermum, two ofCalendula, and two ofChrysanthemoides, the oil contained conjugated trienoic acids ranging from 14–60%. No. Util. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. ARS, USDA     

Search for new industrial oils. viii. the genuslimnanthes

Seed oils from most of the known species and varieties ofLimnanthes were analyzed for their fatty acid content. Each contained at least 95% acids with more than 18 carbon atoms. The major component acid,cis-5-eicosenoic, ranged 52–77% of the acids present. Seeds of all species examined contained thioglucosidic precursors of volatile isothiocyanates, liberated by the action of mustard seed enzymes on the meal. One species also yielded a small amount of an oxazolidinethione-like compound of the type associated with enzyme-treated rapeseed meal.     

Search for new industrial oils. I. Selected oils from 24 plant families

Summary The group of analyses used in this preliminary screening of oils has proved capable of indicating many seed species that contain oils of unusual or unknown composition. Some of the oils are characterized sufficiently to suggest probable commercial uses; others give no evidence of properties that would lead to their use while present commercial oils are in adequate supply. Still other oils are shown to have unknown composition, which must be determined before their potential value can be judged. The study as yet contains too few species to generalize about the relationship between botanical classification and oil composition. It does however provide numerous leads in the search for oils of industrial value. This is a laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Search for new industrial oils. XII. Fifty-eight euphorbiaceae oils,including one rich in vernolic acid

Seed oil ofEuphorbia lagascae Spreng. contains 57% ofcis-12,13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic (vernolic) acid. The amt of trivernolin in the glycerides of this species indicates random or restricted random distribution of the vernolic acid. Seed from 57 additional species in the Euphorbiaceae were analyzed for oil and protein contents and also for fatty acid composition of the oils. Iodine values (I.V.) of the oils ranged from 87–221. Among these oils, samples were encountered with as much as 76% linolenic, 77% linoleic or 84% oleic acid. Presented at the AOCS in New Orleans, 1964. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. ARS, USDA.     

Search for new industrial oils,IX.Cuphea,a versatile source of fatty acids

Seed oils from five species ofCuphea show three distinct patterns of fatty acid composition.C. hookeriana andC. painteri oils contain ca. 70% caprylic acid,C. ignea and C.llavea oils have over 80% capric acid, andC. carthagenensis oil contains 57% lauric and 18% capric acids. No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA ARS, USDA     

Fatty acid composition ofThalictrum L. seed oils

The fatty acid composition of five representatives of theThalictrum L. genus of the plant familyRanunculaceae has been investigated. The fatty acids include mainly acids with double bonds in thetrans-5 position (about 60%). Although the main component of the fatty acids is a triene acid (trans-5,cis-9,cis-12-octadecatrienoic acid), the oils investigated are semidrying.     

Elastohydrodynamic properties of seed oils

The film-forming properties of canola (CAN), soybean (SBO), and jojoba (JO) seed oils under elastohydrodynamic (EHD) conditions were investigated to determine whether differences in their chemical and physical properties affect their EHD properties. Polyalphaolefin (PAO), whose EHD properties have been reported before, was used as the reference synthetic oil. The effect of measurement variables (speed, load, and temperature) on the film thickness of seed oils was consistent with that predicted by EHD theory. Pressure-viscosity coefficients (pvc) calculated from film thickness data at 40°C showed a steady-state value until about 50 nm film thickness, from which the following mean and SD values for CAN, SBO, and JO were obtained (GPa⁻¹): 10.0±0.9,7.6±0.7, and 7.3±0.5, respectively. However, further reduction of film thickness below about 50 nm resulted in an increase of pvc for CAN, but a decrease of pvc for SBO and JO.     

Supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of new crop seed oils and their reactions

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with an open tubular column of nonpolar stationary phase separated triglycerides from crambe, meadowfoam,Euphorbia lagascae, and vernonia oils based on their molecular weight. The triglyceride compositions were consistent with the literature. SFC proved also to be a valuable tool in analyzing lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions where lesquerella oil and estolides were among the substrates employed. Analyte molecular weights could be estimated from a retention time- (or elution density-) molecular eeight calibration curve. An increase in isothermal column temperature during SFC pressure or density programming improved the resolution of high-molecular-weight (>600 Da) analytes but yielded poorer resolution for analytes of molecular weight <200. A simultaneous pressure and temperature ramping program proved superior in enhancing resolution in several instances. Presented at the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, May 1995, San Antonio, Texas. Retired     

Survey of seed oils for use as diesel fuels

Fifty-one out of 364 plant seeds being surveyed had fatty acid contents greater than 15% (dry weight), and their methyl esters had cetane indices higher than 50. Rambutan seed was an exception, with a lipid content of only 14.7%, but a high cetane index (67.1); thus, it was included in this report. Twenty seed oil methyl esters had cetane indices greater than 60. Three seed oils from the Sapindaceae family not only had high cetane indices but also contained long-chain fatty acids of 20 carbon atoms. Gross heats of combustion of the fatty acid methyl esters were slightly higher than those of neat oil, ranging from 38.2 to 40.8 j/g, whereas the heating values of the oils ranged from 37.4 to 40.5 j/g. Thus, these plant seed oils have great potential for development as diesel fuel or diesel fuel extender.     

Wax composition of sunflower seed oils

Waxes are natural components of sunflower oils, consisting mainly of esters of FA with fatty alcohols, that are partially removed in the winterization process during oil refining. The wax composition of sunflower seed as well as the influence of processing on the oil wax concentration was studied using capillary GLC. Sunflower oils obtained by solvent extraction from whole seed, dehulled seed, and seed hulls were analyzed and compared with commercial crude and refined oils. The main components of crude sunflower oil waxes were esters having carbon atom numbers between 36 and 48, with a high concentration in the C₄₀−C₄₂ fraction. Extracted oils showed higher concentrations of waxes than those obtained by pressing, especially in the higher M.W. fraction, but the wax content was not affected significantly by water degumming. The hull contribution to the sunflower oil wax content was higher than 40 wt%, resulting in 75 wt % in the crystallized fraction. The oil wax content could be reduced appreciably by hexane washing or partial dehulling of the seed. Waxes in dewaxed and refined sunflower oils were mainly constituted by esters containing fewer than 42 carbon atoms, indicating that these were mostly soluble and remained in the oil after processing.