Effect of grain size on corrosion behavior of electrodeposited bulk nanocrystalline Ni

Nanocrystalline (NC) and coarse-grained Ni with different grain sizes (from 16 nm to 2 μm) were fabricated by direct current electrodeposition. Effect of grain size on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of these Ni deposits in different corrosion media was characterized by using potentiodynamic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and immersion corrosion test. Results show that in the NaOH or NaCl solution, the NC Ni exhibits improved corrosion resistance with the decrease of grain size. But in H2SO4 solution, the higher grain boundary density accelerates corrosion due to no passive process and the corrosion resistance of NC Ni decreases with refining grain size. The distinct experimental results of NC Ni in corrosion behavior can be reasonably explained by the positive or negative effect of high-density grain boundaries in different corrosion media.     

硫脲对 304 不锈钢镀镍层抗腐蚀性能的影响

目的研究硫脲对电镀镍层形貌、晶型、晶粒尺寸以及抗腐蚀性能的影响。方法在添加和不添加硫脲两种条件下,对304不锈钢进行电镀镍。通过XRD和SEM对比镀层的晶相结构、晶粒尺寸和微观形貌,通过Tafel曲线和EIS电化学阻抗谱对比分析样品的抗腐蚀性能。结果添加硫脲前后,镍镀层的择优生长方向从200晶面转变为111晶面,晶粒平均尺寸从60.2 nm减小为20.7 nm。由于硫脲吸附在金属表面,阻滞了溶液中金属离子放电,从而提高了阴极极化作用;同时,硫脲分子吸附在晶体生长的活性点上,有效抑制了晶体生长;因此,镍晶粒得到细化。关于腐蚀性能,镀镍304不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能最好,其次是304不锈钢基体,最差的是含硫镀镍304不锈钢。结论硫脲能够改变镍镀层晶体的择优取向,并且细化晶粒。硫脲影响电镀镍层抗腐蚀性能的机理是:阴极吸附的硫脲通过电化学还原产生H2S,进一步与Ni2+反应生成Ni S,Ni S再与富集的Ni反应生成Ni3S2。随着电镀的进行,Ni3S2被更多地沉积在镍镀层的表面,降低了镍层表面钝化膜的致密性;而且,Ni3S2与镍层存在电势差,故易发生原电池腐蚀。此外,晶粒细化导致晶界和晶面的缺陷增加,也使得腐蚀加速。故镀液中加入硫脲,镀层的耐腐蚀性能大大降低。     

晶粒度对一些常用金属耐腐蚀性能的影响

关于晶粒度对材料的力学性能影响的研究很多,但是关于晶粒度对材料的耐腐蚀性能的研究并不常见。本文综述了几种常见钢材、有色金属及合金的晶粒大小与其耐腐蚀性能之间的关系:某些钢和铝一般随着基体材料晶粒度的减小,其耐腐蚀性能增强;铜、镁一般随着基体材料晶粒度的减小,其耐腐蚀性能减弱。分析并总结了相关的腐蚀机理。建议在获得大量腐蚀数据的前提下,开展相关人工神经网络预测模型的研究,这将有助于全面、准确的评价晶粒度对材料腐蚀性能的影响。     

晶粒尺寸对普碳钢耐工业环境下大气腐蚀性能的影响

用不同轧制及热处理工艺制备了化学成分相同而晶粒尺寸不同的3种普碳钢试样。采周浸、锈层横截面微观分析、交流阻抗测试等手段对晶粒尺寸与普碳钢耐工业环境下大气腐蚀性能之间的规律进行了研究,同时测定了不同晶粒尺寸的普碳钢在10％硫酸溶液中的极化曲线。结果表明,普碳钢晶粒尺寸从50um减小到4um,周浸加速腐蚀试验后锈层中裂纹和空洞的数量也相应减少,耐蚀性能提高;但极化曲线试验表明,晶粒细化可加速普碳钢在10％H2SO4溶液中的腐蚀速度。分析了晶粒尺寸对晶界局部阳极腐蚀电流密度的影响,对其影响耐蚀性的机理进行了讨论。     

Cu-30Ni合金机械冲击表面纳米化组织和性能(英文)

采用大应力塑性变形(机械冲击)技术对Cu-30Ni合金表面进行纳米化处理。利用原子力显微镜技术、纳米压痕试样、显微硬度测量、电化学分析和电子功函数等手段分别测试原始样品、大应力塑性变形纳米化处理样品的晶粒尺寸、力学性能、腐蚀性能。结果表明,与原始样品相比,大应力塑性变形纳米化处理样品的表面晶粒尺寸达到40nm;力学性能显著改善。电化学测试表明,表面纳米化提高了合金的耐腐蚀性能,耐腐蚀性能变化与电子功函数变化一致。机械冲击工艺技术能够使Cu-30Ni合金表面纳米化,从而提高了表面力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。     

晶粒尺寸对超低碳IF钢耐大气腐蚀性能的影响

采用不同轧制及热处理工艺制备了化学成分相同而晶粒尺寸不同的3种超低碳IF钢试样.采用浸泡腐蚀、周浸腐蚀、原子力显微镜(AFM)及扫描电镜(SEM)微观分析、电化学阻抗测试等手段对晶粒尺寸与IF钢耐大气腐蚀性能之间的规律进行了研究.AFM及SEM微观分析结果表明,随着晶粒尺寸从15μm增加到220μm,超低碳IF钢浸泡腐蚀后晶界处的局部腐蚀更加严重,腐蚀裂纹处的深度加深,裂纹宽度变宽.超低碳IF钢晶粒尺寸从15μm增加到46μm,周浸腐蚀实验后锈层中空洞和裂纹增多,锈层电阻下降,耐候性下降;晶粒尺寸进一步增大到220μm后,锈层整体致密性得到增加,锈层电阻上升,耐候性得到增加.对晶粒尺寸影响耐大气腐蚀性能的机理进行了讨论.晶粒尺寸增大后晶界能的减少使得腐蚀表面的宏观总体缺陷数量有所减少,耐候性有所提高;但是晶粒尺寸增大后晶界处因局部腐蚀电流密度增大将会在局部造成更深的腐蚀坑槽并降低耐候性;晶粒尺寸的变化对钢铁材料耐大气腐蚀性能的影响不仅要考虑其对晶界局部腐蚀电流密度的影响,而且还必须考虑对基体整体晶界能所造成的影响.     

Microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of friction stir processed fine-grained AZ80 Mg alloy

Friction stir processing (FSP) and subsequent aging heat treatment were used to modify the microstructure of AZ80 magnesium alloy. The influence of FSP and aging heat treatment on the corrosion behavior was systematically studied by using potentiodynamic polarization, immersion, and slow strain rate tensile tests. The results revealed that FSP led to grain refinement, rapid dissolution of β-phase, and the deflection of c-axis from transverse direction (TD) and processing direction (PD) by approximately 55° and 25°, respectively, improving the static corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance. The aging heat treatment rendered a little influence on the grain size and slightly affected the grain orientation. The content of β-phase in FSP-5 and FSP-24 samples was 8.1 and 21.8 wt.%, respectively. Static corrosion and SCC resistance of FSP-5 and FSP-24 samples were lower than those of the FSP samples. Compared with FSP-5 sample, the amount of β-phase and the proportion of Al₂O₃ increased in FSP-24 sample, leading to enhanced static corrosion and SCC resistance. SCC behavior was controlled by anodic dissolution, whereas the presence of hydrogen accelerated the SCC.     

晶粒尺寸影响金属钝化行为的研究进展

晶粒尺寸能够显著影响金属材料的力学性能、腐蚀特性及失效行为,其对腐蚀特性及失效行为的影响通常来自于对金属钝化行为的影响。本研究综述了晶粒尺寸对钝化膜化学性质、结构、半导体性质以及钝化膜生长/破坏行为的影响作用,在致钝环境中,晶粒尺寸的减小增加了晶界密度,加快了钝化膜的生成及修复速率,同时降低了钝化膜中的缺陷密度。晶粒细化增强了钝化膜稳定性,有利于金属耐蚀性的提高。     

Electrochemical Behavior of Passive Films Formed on the Surface of Coarse-,Fine-and Ultra-fine-Grained AA1050 Based on a Modified PDM

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and Mott-Schottky analysis were carried out to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the passive films formed on the surface of coarse-grained(CG),fine-grained(FG) and ultrafine-grained(UFG) 1050 Al alloy(AA1050) samples in alkaline media(pH value of 8.0) based on a modification of point defect model(PDM).The EIS results revealed that the polarization resistance increased from about 22.71-120.33 kΩ cm~2for UFG sample when compared to CG sample(annealed sample).The semiconductor properties of the passive films formed on CG,FG and UFG AA1050 samples in the test solution were investigated by employing Mott-Schottky analysis in conjunction with PDM.The results indicated that donor densities were in the range of 2.19 × 10~(21)-0.61 × 10~(21) cm~(-3)and decreased with grain refinement.Finally,all electrochemical tests showed that the electrochemical behavior of AA1050 alloy was improved by decreasing the grain size,mainly due to the formation of thicker and less defective oxide films.     

淬火速度对7085铝合金显微组织和应力腐蚀的影响(英文)

采用力学性能测试、慢应变速率拉伸实验,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜及电化学测试等方法,研究淬火速度对7085铝合金组织和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,随着淬火速度的降低,合金晶界析出相的尺寸和间距增大,晶界析出相的Cu含量降低;合金的抗应力腐蚀性能随着淬火速度的减少先增强后减弱。晶界析出相的尺寸和分布以及Cu含量是影响合金抗应力腐蚀性能的主要因素。     

离心对ZCuSn3Zn8Pb6Ni1FeCo合金析出相行为的影响

采用真空熔炼-离心铸造工艺制备出ZCuSn3Zn8Pb6Ni1FeCo合金试样。利用专用图像分析软件确定试样的晶粒度,并通过光学显微镜、TEM等分析手段,研究了离心对析出相行为的影响。结果表明:与常规铸造工艺相比,离心铸造使得平均晶粒直径由88～125μm降低到44～62μm,晶粒细化明显;析出相分布呈双峰分布,与非离心相比,离心条件下粗大析出相明显细化,细小析出相变化不大,且与基体间保持共格或半共格关系;离心压力对金属组织性能的影响主要原因是离心压力降低了临界晶核形核功,提高了扩散激活能,使晶粒细化。     

Effect of nanocrystalline grain size on the electrochemical and corrosion behavior of nickel

Nanocrystalline nickel of different grain sizes (8–28 nm) was produced by electrodeposition using Watt's bath. Saccharine addition to the bath and pulsed current deposition were effective in lowering the grain size of the deposits. The grain size and microstrain of deposits was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The microhardness of nanocrystalline Ni ranged between 572 and 724 kg/mm². The electrochemical behavior of nanocrystalline Ni was evaluated in 1 mol/l H₂SO₄ and compared with that of coarse-grained nickel. All the nickel samples exhibited active–passive potentiodynamic polarization behavior. The zero current potential, passive current density and breakdown potential generally increased with decrease in grain size. The increased passive current density for nanocrystalline nickel confirmed the defective nature of passive film that forms on nanocrystalline nickel. The tendency for localized corrosion was lower in case of nanocrystalline nickel as indicated by increased breakdown potential. Tafel and linear polarization tests revealed that the corrosion rate of freshly exposed surfaces of Ni decreased with grain size, thereby indicating greater hindrance to anodic dissolution in nanocrystalline Ni. The magnitude of compressive microstrain in the Ni deposits increased with decrease in grain size.     

热处理对SLM18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织及腐蚀性能的影响

目的探究热处理对激光选区熔化(SelectiveLaserMelting,SLM)成形18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响。方法利用激光选区熔化技术成形18Ni300马氏体时效钢试样,分别对成形试样进行时效处理和固溶+时效处理。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计和电化学工作站,分别测试分析了不同热处理SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢的微观组织、显微硬度和耐蚀性。结果热处理后,试样微观组织发生显著变化,时效试样组织细化,得到板条马氏体组织;固溶+时效试样激光熔池消失,组织为均匀致密的板条马氏体,且均有细小析出物弥散分布于晶界和板条间。时效处理和固溶+时效处理显著提高了SLM18Ni300马氏体时效钢硬度,SLM试样硬度为376.6HV1,时效试样和固溶+时效试样硬度分别为651.5HV1和641.8HV1。0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,SLM试样的Jcorr最小,为1.375×10?3 A/cm2,耐腐蚀性最好,各试样耐蚀性优劣有SLM试样固溶+时效试样时效试样。3.5%NaCl溶液中,SLM试样的极化曲线有明显的钝化平台,且Jcorr最小,为3.630×10?6A/cm2,耐腐蚀性最好,各试样耐蚀性优劣有SLM试样时效试样固溶+时效试样。结论时效处理和固溶+时效处理后,SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢得到板条马氏体组织,硬度显著提高,但在H2SO4溶液和Na Cl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能有所下降。     

Effects of tensile test parameters on the mechanical properties of a bimodal Al–Mg alloy

The properties of aluminum alloy (AA) 5083 are shown to be significantly improved by grain size reduction through cryomilling and the incorporation of unmilled Al particles into the material, creating a bimodal grain size distribution consisting of coarse grains in a nanocrystalline matrix. To provide insight into the mechanical behavior and ultimately facilitate engineering applications, the present study reports on the effects of coarse grain ratio, anisotropy, strain rate and specimen size on the elastic–plastic behavior of bimodal AA 5083 evaluated in uniaxial tension tests using a full-factorial experiment design. To determine the governing failure mechanisms under different testing conditions, the specimens’ failure surfaces were analyzed using optical and electron microscopy. The results of the tests were found to conform to Joshi’s plasticity model. Significant anisotropy effects were observed, in a drastic reduction in strength and ductility, when tension was applied perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of extrusion. These specimens also exhibited a smooth, flat fracture surface morphology with a significantly different surface texture than specimens tested in the axial direction. It was found that decreasing specimen thickness and strain rate served to increase both the strength and ductility of the material. The failure surface morphology was found to differ between specimens of different thicknesses.     

不同晶粒尺寸的Cu-40Ni合金在酸性介质中的耐蚀性能

采用电弧熔炼(CA)和机械合金化(MA)通过热压烧结工艺制备了晶粒尺寸差别较大的Cu-40Ni合金,借助于PARM273A和M5210电化学综合测量仪,利用动电位扫描法和交流阻抗技术对比研究了上述合金在酸性介质中的腐蚀电化学性能以及腐蚀机理。结果表明:随着H 浓度的增加,CA Cu-40Ni合金的自腐蚀电位负移,而MA Cu-40Ni合金则正移,两种合金的动电位扫描极化曲线均未出现钝化现象;随着H 浓度的增加,CA Cu-40Ni合金的极化电阻增大,腐蚀电流减小,合金的耐蚀性能增加,而MA Cu-40Ni合金的极化电阻减小,腐蚀电流增加,合金的耐蚀性能降低。两种合金的交流阻抗谱均由双容抗弧组成,腐蚀过程受电化学反应控制。晶粒细化后,合金中存在大量晶界,参与腐蚀反应的活性原子数增加,促使MA Cu-40Ni合金的腐蚀速度高于CA Cu-40Ni合金。     

Electrodeposition and properties of Zn–Ni–CNT composite coatings

Zn–Ni–CNT composite coatings were prepared by electrodeposition from a sulphate bath. The effect of CNTs on the corrosion behavior, wear resistance and hardness of the composite coatings was investigated. Their corrosion properties were evaluated by polarization, impedance, weight loss and salt spray tests. The CNT particles inclusion improved the corrosion resistance, hardness and wear resistance of the coating. The grain size of the composite coating was smaller than that of a pure Zn–Ni coating with the same Zn/Ni ratio. Scanning electron microscope images and X-ray diffraction patterns of coating revealed its fine-grain nature.     

热处理工艺对7%Cr钢显微组织及耐蚀性能的影响

利用质量损失法和电化学方法测试了3种不同组织类型的7%Cr钢在CO₂环境中的腐蚀行为,并通过EBSD和SKPM手段从晶界和表面电势角度分析了组织类型引起的耐蚀性能差异原因。结果显示:7%Cr钢轧态组织为贝氏体+铁素体,淬火态组织为淬火马氏体,正火态组织为铁素体+少量珠光体。试验钢的耐蚀性能排序为淬火态＞正火态＞轧态,试验钢产物膜中Cr元素的富集程度及其极化曲线自腐蚀电位均与此规律相符,试样表面最大电势差与此规律相反。轧制试样两相间存在电势差,易于形成原电池;淬火试样中Cr元素可通过晶界快速扩散至腐蚀位置形成产物膜;正火试样游离态Cr元素较少且高比例的大角度晶界不利于其扩散至腐蚀界面。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢微晶的耐局部腐蚀性能研究

利用磁控离子溅射技术得到bcc结构的1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢微晶溅射层,在不同溅射条件下可以得到(110)和(211)两种择优取向的微晶。用电化学方法研究表明,这两种微晶的耐局部腐蚀性能都较正常晶粒有明显提高,且(110)择优取向微晶的耐局部腐蚀性能较(211)择优取向微晶的耐局部腐蚀性能更好。     

Effect of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution on the Strain Hardening Behavior of a Medium-Entropy Alloy

The evolution of strain hardening behavior of the Fe_(50)(CoCrMnNi)_(50) medium-entropy alloy as a function of the fraction of recrystallized microstructure and the grain size was studied using the Hollomon and Ludwigson equations.The specimens under study were partially recrystallized,fully recrystallized with ultrafine-grained microstructure,and fully recrystallized with coarse grains.The yield strength decreases steadily as the fraction of recry stallized micro structure and grain size increases due to the recovery process and the Hall-Petch effect.Interestingly,the bimodal grain distribution was found to have a significant impact on strain hardening during plastic deformation.For instance,the highest ultimate tensile strength was exhibited by a 0.97 μm specimen,which was observed to contain a bimodal grain distribution.Furthermore,using the Ludwigson equation,the effect of the bimodal grain distribution was established from the behavior of K_2 and n1 curves.These curves tend to show very high values in the specimens with a bimodal grain distribution compared to those that show a homogenous grain distribution.Additionally,the bimodal grain distribution contributes to the extensive L(u|")ders strain observed in the 0.97 μm specimen,which induces a significant deviation of the Hollomon equation at lower strains.     

Influence of grain size on magnetic and transport properties of polycrystalline La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 manganites

In this study, we have investigated the effects of grain size on the magnetic and transport properties of polycrystalline La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ samples. The samples were prepared by solid-state reaction method. In order to obtain a series of samples with different grain sizes, the bulk sample was subjected to high energy ball milling. The magnetization decreases by decreasing grain size. A decrease in magnetization by decreasing grain size is due to the increasing of magnetically disordered states at the surface of grains. By decreasing the grain size the resistivity increases and a second peak was observed at temperatures well bellow T_c. The intrinsic CMR decreases by decreasing grain size while the extrinsic intergranular MR is promoted to larger values. A model, proposed by Zhang et al. [N. Zhang, W. Ding, W. Zhong, D. Xing, Y. Du, Phys. Rev. B 56 (1997) p. 8138.], involving domain walls contribution and a spin polarized tunneling between neighboring grains of manganites below transition temperature may be responsible for this behavior.