Effect of Through‐Thickness Macro and Micro‐Texture Gradients on Ridging of 17%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheet

In order to study the formation of ridging in ferritic stainless steel (FSS) sheets, the evolution of the crystallographic texture was investigated by macro and micro‐texture measurements throughout the thickness of the sheets. The as‐received hot band material displayed a pronounced through‐thickness texture gradient with a strong rotated cube orientation in the sheet center layer. The initial texture of the hot band had a high impact on the formation of the cold rolling texture and on the final recrystallization texture. Modification of the cold rolling texture by means of cross‐rolling led to an improvement of the macro and micro‐textures after final recrystallization annealing, which gave rise to an enhanced sheet formability in FSS. Tensile tests of specimens with half thickness revealed that ridging formed in the sheet center was much stronger than that in the surface. This observation was attributed to the more frequent formation of orientation colonies in the sheet center when compared to the sheet surface.     

再结晶晶粒取向分布对铁索体不锈钢起皱的影响

针对铁素体不锈钢拉伸后的表面起皱现象,研究了再结晶晶粒取向分布对起皱程度的影响.将厚度3mm的430铁素体不锈钢热轧退火板,经2种工艺(一次冷轧、多次冷轧)轧制和再结晶退火后得到最终厚度均为0.1mm的冷轧板,分析了再结晶晶粒取向、轴向拉伸后表面起皱程度以及二者的相关性.结果表明,{211)〈011〉和{100}〈011〉取向晶粒的存在是引起表面起皱的内因;铁素体不锈钢中各个晶粒取向均匀分布,削弱了塑性各向异性,从而抑制起皱的产生.铁素体不锈钢在拉伸变形后,相近取向的相邻晶粒表面呈现单滑移痕迹,这是形成起皱的主要原因.多次冷轧-中间退火为减轻铁素体不锈钢表面起皱提供了一种新途径.     

00Cr17Ti热带退火对冷轧薄板表面皱折的影响

 通过对00Cr17Ti经热带退火、不经热带退火两种工艺的冷轧板进行对比试验,在分析显微组织、织构的基础上,研究了热带退火对00Cr17Ti薄板表面皱折的影响。研究结果表明：与不经热带退火相比,经热带退火能使成品薄板的表面皱折大大减轻,最大粗糙度仅为12.06 μm,平均粗糙度仅为1.27 μm。两种工艺的成品板表面皱折程度的不同是由两者在显微组织、微织构上的差异造成的。与不经热带退火相比,经热带退火的成品薄板在板厚方向具有较均匀的组织,板宽方向的织构梯度较小,晶粒簇较间断、细窄、分散,所有这些使得成品薄板的表面皱折大大减轻。为了满足用户对薄板表面质量的严格要求,对热轧带进行退火是很有必要的。     

铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带凝固组织对冷轧退火带晶粒簇的影响

 研究了Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带凝固组织对其冷轧退火带晶粒簇、成形性和皱折特性的影响。利用电子背散射衍射技术对Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带及相应的冷轧退火带进行了显微织构分析。结果表明：①Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带冷轧退火带的晶粒簇依赖于初始铸轧薄带的凝固组织类型;②柱状晶组织的铸轧薄带具有显著的{001}∥ND晶体取向特征,而等轴晶组织的铸轧薄带晶体取向随机、分散;③等轴晶组织铸轧薄带比柱状晶组织铸轧薄带的冷轧退火带具有更少的{001}<110>晶粒簇和更多的{111}<112>、{111}<110>晶粒簇;④铸轧薄带的等轴晶组织比柱状晶组织有利于提高冷轧退火带的成形和抗皱性能。     

影响退火钢板表层Mn析聚的因素及提高2030钢板抗锈蚀能力的对策

从2030与1420两冷轧单元工况上的差异出发,考察了2030CAPL和2030BAF中影响Mn等易氧化元素在钢板表面富集的因素.结果表明,退火温度、退火时间、退火前清洗介质中含Si与否、钢卷冷轧时的变形量等对Mn等的析聚有较大的影响;宝钢2030冷轧板表面Mn等元素的过度析聚也归因于退火温度(过高)、退火时间(过长)、CAPL退火前清洗介质中含有Si、钢卷冷轧时的变形量与退火温度时间的不完全匹配等的共同作用.考虑到2030冷轧单元对这些关键因素进行严格地控制和匹配较为困难,提出了"退火后轻微酸洗处理"的提高2030冷轧板抗锈蚀能力的措施.     

Effect of Lubrication during Hot Rolling on the Evolution of Through‐Thickness Textures in 18%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheet

Samples of a ferritic stainless steel sheet were hot‐rolled with and without application of lubrication. The effect of the different hot rolling processes on the evolution of texture and microstructure after hot rolling, cold rolling and subsequent recrystallization annealing was studied by means of macro and micro‐texture analysis and microstructure observations. After hot rolling, the sample rolled with lubrication displayed uniform rolling textures through the sheet thickness, while the sample rolled without lubrication showed shear textures in the outer layers of the sheet. The finite element method was employed to reveal the strain states during hot rolling with and without lubrication. The texture of the hot rolled sheet strongly influenced the formation of texture after cold rolling and final recrystallization and, therewith, planar anisotropy as well as the severity of ridging of the final gauge sheet. Hot rolling with lubrication was beneficial to the formation of strong recrystallization textures through the whole thickness layers leading to an enhanced planar anisotropy of the sheet. The recrystallized sheet hot‐rolled without lubrication displayed less severe ridging, however, which was attributed to a less frequent formation of orientation colonies in the outer thickness layers of the sheet.     

横向预拉伸对17%Cr超纯铁素体不锈钢表面抗皱性的影响

以17%Cr超纯铁素体不锈钢的冷轧退火板为原料,研究了3%、6%、9%和12%横向预拉伸(即拉伸方向垂直于板材轧向)变形对其冲压成形表面抗皱性的影响.采用电子背散射衍射技术及X射线衍射技术探究了横向预拉伸前后板材内部织构取向和晶粒团簇的演变规律.结果表明,横向预拉伸9%后实验钢板表面抗皱性获得较大提高.由于在退火、横向预拉及纵向拉伸后{001}<uvw>取向晶粒含量均非常少,因此基于厚向塑性应变比差异的Chao起皱机理不适用实验钢,而基于平面剪切应变的Takechi模型能较好地解释实验结果.在横向预拉伸后,由于γ纤维织构晶粒簇的宽度降低、方向整体偏转,使得板材抗皱性得到提高.     

Structure and Texture Formation During Single and Double Cold Rolling and Annealing Processes for Nb+Ti Added Interstitial-Free Steels

 The structure and texture formation for single cold rolling (SCR) with annealing and double cold rolling (DCR) with annealing were investigated based on optical microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Nb+Ti bearing interstitial free (IF) steel. The results indicated that DCR recrystallization grain was smaller than that of SCR sample and double cold rolling process resulted in better mechanical properties than those resulted from single cold rolling process with the same total reduction conducted. The plastic strain ratio increases from 2. 23 for single cold rolling process to 3. 2 for double rolling process. The fish-bone structure was observed in all SCR and DCR samples. DCR annealed sample is made up of equiaxed grains of almost uniform size, whereas SCR annealed sample shows a duplex grain structure, consisting of both large and small-sized grains. (Ti+Nb)C and Fe(Ti+Nb)P type precipitates were very rarely observed in SCR annealed and DCR annealed steels. The intensity of {111}∥ND for the DCR annealing was higher than that for SCR annealing.     

Crystal-plasticity analysis of ridging in ferritic stainless steel sheets

The occurrence of ridging in ferritic stainless steel (FSS) sheets is caused by the collective deformation of bandlike clusters of grains with a similar crystallographic orientation. In this article, largescale (1.8×3.6 mm) orientation maps obtained by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) are input into a viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity model to analyze the strain anisotropy caused by the topographic arrangement of the recrystallization-texture orientations. Two versions of the ridging model were devised: (1) the local dispersion in strain-rate components is analyzed for the full EBSD map, and (2) narrow bands in the EBSD maps aligned parallel to the ridges on the sheet surface are considered, and the variation in macroscopic strain response from band to band is derived. The effects caused by spatial variations in through-thickness strains and in out-of-plane shears are compared and related to ridging. The model is applied to two sheets distinguished by different levels of ridging.     

Growth Process of Goss Grains during Secondary Recrystallization of Grain‐oriented Electrical Steels

The coarsening behaviour of Goss grains in grain oriented electrical steel during annealing after cold rolling was investigated. The results show that the coarsening resistance of fine second phase particles was reduced inside the surface grains. This induced particle coarsening and the reduction of particle density. The reduction of particle density was grain orientation dependent because of the elastic anisotropy of ferrite. Experimental results also revealed that some small surface Goss grains exhibited higher particle density than their neighbouring grains. This may account for the higher coarsening resistance of fine particles and be responsible for the stronger pinning effect on the migration of grain boundaries. Therefore, these Goss grains may have grown at the expense of smaller neighbouring grains and most were very unlikely to be consumed by large neighbouring grains during secondary recrystallization annealing. When their sizes became even larger, they consumed the large grains in turn and consequently formed a strong Goss texture.     

双辊铸轧Cr12钢的热处理工艺对深冲性和抗皱性的影响

将双辊铸轧Cr12钢薄板于1 000℃固溶,再采用炉冷和水淬两种方式冷却至室温,分别获得了多边形铁素体和板条马氏体两种组织,再经过相同冷轧和退火工艺,得到了两种成品板.经拉伸试验测定,水淬板的深冲性和抗皱性均强于炉冷板.组织分析发现:热处理后,水淬板内马氏体板块明显细小于炉冷板内铁素体晶粒;冷轧后,水淬板内板块间界演变...     

Effect of Processing Conditions on Mechanical Properties of a Ti Interstitial Free Steel

The effect of thermal cycle, cold reduction and temper rolling on texture, microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ti‐added IF steel is presented. Sheets with different cold reductions were annealed using cycles with temperatures, heating rates and soaking times including extreme annealing conditions like continuous and batch regimes. Microstructure is characterized by equiaxed grains of about 17 to 20μm, being independent of the annealing cycle applied. As a function of the processing variables, texture depended mainly on heating rate and cold reduction degree, showing little dependence on soaking time or temperature. Despite the great differences between batch and continuous annealing cycles, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and hardening coefficient n show little variation between these extreme regimes. This characteristic makes this steel almost insensitive to annealing conditions, strongly differing from other deep drawing materials like Al‐killed steels. The influence of texture on r‐value was studied using a Taylor‐based model which showed good agreement with experimental relationships. Finally, temper rolling of annealed materials was simulated with elongations varying from 0.5 to 7%. This resulted in an important increase of YS and a decrease of n, but had a deleterious effect on stretchability.     

稀土元素对430铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对常规430铁素体不锈钢进行了稀土微合金化改进,最终开发出高品质430RE铁素体不锈钢冷轧退火带钢,并研究了稀土微合金化对430不锈钢的力学性能、深冲性能、抗皱性能、显微组织和织构的影响。通过稀土微合金化,430不锈钢中尺寸较粗大的CaO·SiO₂和Al₂O₃·CaO夹杂物,大多转变为430RE不锈钢中尺寸较细小、分布密度较高的富含稀土元素的夹杂物。与采用基本相同热轧、冷轧和退火工艺的430不锈钢相比,430RE热轧板和冷轧退火板的强度水平均有所降低、塑性水平均明显升高;430RE生产过程中的宏观织构演变表现出更强的高塑性应变比(r值)γ-织构组分形成趋势,这使得430RE冷轧退火板的深冲性更优;430RE冷轧退火组织中沿轧向偏聚、低r值取向晶粒簇减少,这使得430RE冷轧退火板的抗皱性更优。     

冷轧薄板再结晶温度研究

冷轧薄板的生产过程中,金属晶粒经过冷变形,晶粒将随着变形方向拉长。这种变化将导致力学性能等的变化。再结晶退火是冷轧薄板生产过程中的一个重要过程。因此,研究冷轧薄板再结晶温度以及压下率对再结晶温度的影响,对冷轧薄板生产具有重要的实际意义,能够为冷轧薄板生产时退火工艺制度的制定提供理论依据。     

Hot direct rolling in ferrite region in extra low-carbon steel

For the first time, hot direct rolling was applied in ferrite region in the mill and the resulting quality of the cold rolled and annealed sheet steel was as good as that hot direct rolled in austenite region with respect to microstructure and mechanical properties. In case of ferrite phase rolling, microstructure of the hot strip reveals abnormal grains and deformation bands in the grains, and elongation and r value are not so good as those rolled in the austenite phase. However, these abnormal grains left no traces and appeared to be equiaxed grains like the austenite phase rolled microstructure after 75 % cold rolling and continuous annealing at 830°C. This is attributed to the deformation bands which provide nucleation sites for recrystallization during annealing so that recrystallization occurs uniformly in the matrix. (111) texture was well developed and r value thus appeared high.     

Effect of Hot Rolling Temperature on the Structure and Magnetic Properties of High Permeability Non‐Oriented Silicon Steel

1.3%Si steel hot bands were produced by hot rolling in a Steckel mill with two entrance temperatures: 1000°C (γ rolling) and 910°C (α+γ rolling). Hot band samples were processed with and without hot band annealing (900°C for 30s), cold rolled to final thickness of 0.5mm and annealed in H₂‐25%N₂ at 900°C for 40s. The combination of high hot rolling temperature and hot band annealing resulted in lower core loss and higher permeability. Although no significant differences were observed on the hot band microstructures, after hot band annealing the γ rolled sample showed a larger grain size. The final results were attributed to the effect of the initial grain size prior to cold rolling on microstructure and texture after annealing.     

Texture and anisotropy of low-interstitial 18 Pct Cr-2 Pct Mo ferritic stainless steel

The effects of various processing schedules on the formability of low-interstitial 18 pct Cr-2 pct Mo ferritic stainless steel sheet were evaluated by utilizing 1) plastic strain ratios and work-hardening exponents derived from tensile tests; 2) Swift and Olsen cup tests; and 3) X-ray pole figure analysis. Deep drawability was shown to increase with increasing total cold reduction for processing schedules with either one or two cycles of cold rolling and annealing. A condition of very low planar anisotropy was shown to be associated with 85 pct cold reduction, either in a single cycle or in the second cycle of a two-cycle schedule. The measured plastic strain ratios were correlated with the observed crystallographic textures.     

Optimizing Cold Rolling and Mode of Annealing of Interstitial‐Free High‐Strength Steel Sheets

Percentage of cold rolling and mode of annealing significantly influence the formation of structures and textures of steel sheets. The objective is to co‐relate the micro‐structures and textures at each step of processing and their effect on mechanical properties. In addition, an attempt has been made to distinguish the batch and continuous mode of annealing. In the present investigation, interstitial free high strength (IF‐HS) steel was first hot rolled to 85‐90%, followed by cold rolling (CR) and then annealed. Annealing was carried out in the batch as well as the continuous mode. It was found that a fine pancake type and strong hot band texture was developed after hot rolling. Its very strong orientations were and . An almost uniform α‐fibre and γ‐fibre were developed at 80% cold reduction. After annealing, the new γ‐fibre was found to be developed replacing the old one for both modes of annealing i.e. batch and continuous. Further, it was observed that the intensity of the γ‐fibre was higher at 80% CR after continuous annealing than after batch annealing. The strain energy introduced during cold rolling could not be removed completely in batch annealing. Therefore, the drawability obtained through continuous annealing was higher than that after batch annealing. The process route of 80% CR and annealing, either in batch or in continuous mode, has developed optimum strength and drawability in steel sheets. Either batch or continuous mode can be used for annealing to cold rolled IF‐HS steel sheets, but the latter one is found to be superior to the former one.     

变薄拉深对430不锈钢表面起皱的影响

 为了研究变薄拉深对430不锈钢表面起皱的影响，采用DEFORM-2D分析0.56、0.79和1.00 mm 430不锈钢冷轧退火板的拉深-变薄过程，最大变薄率分别为32.14%、26.58%和26.00%，并对0.79 mm厚的板材进行试验验证，测得最大变薄率约为30.38%，与模拟结果接近；通过表面粗糙度数据，可知变薄率越大，改善起皱效果越明显，最优变薄率约为20%，但变薄率太大时，拉深件表面出现明显摩擦划痕；通过EBSD测量，变薄拉深并未改变与起皱相关的{111}〈112〉与{111}〈110〉织构的晶粒体积分数，初步判定通过物理挤压作用可以改善起皱。     

Effect of Hot Band Annealing on Magnetic Properties in 3% Si Grain‐oriented Electrical Steels

Hot band annealing is known to be a prerequisite for good magnetic properties irrespective of manufacturing methods in grain‐oriented Fe‐3 wt.% Si electrical steels. In this study, the effects of hot band annealing on magnetic properties were investigated in 3% grain‐oriented electrical steels of low soluble AI contents and one‐stage cold rolling. Microstructure and precipitate distribution were compared with hot band annealing conditions. Secondary recrystallization behaviour with hot band annealing condition was also discussed.