VOC emission reduction and energy efficiency in the flexible packaging printing processes: analysis and implementation

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions into the atmosphere are among the primary environmental problems caused by flexible packaging printing plants. Since 1999, VOC emissions from the use of solvents in various technological processes have been limited by the volatile organic compounds solvents emissions directive, and by directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions since 2010. Thus, flexible packaging plants require processing technologies or other solutions to ensure compliance with these requirements. In this paper, combined VOC pollution prevention and treatment alternatives were suggested and were evaluated for their technical, environmental, and economic feasibility. A flexible plastic packaging company that produces over 1920 t/year of plastic packaging for the food industry was selected for detailed analysis. The material and energy flow analysis shows that VOC emissions from the main technological processes reached 112.2 kg/t of production, and a considerable amount of energy (up to 771.6 kWh/t of production) was used. Three integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) alternatives of the five analysed in this study were selected and implemented within the company to reduce its VOC emissions and energy consumption. The results indicate that after the implementation of the three suggested economically reasonable IPPC alternatives (replacement of solvent-based with water-based inks; modernisation of the ventilation and lighting system), the VOC emissions decreased to 8.4 kg/t (92.5%) and the total energy consumption for the production of 1 t of flexible packaging decreased to 605.6 kWh/t (21.5%). This study shows that IPPC methods not only significantly reduces VOC emissions from flexible packaging printing processes, but also saves energy and raw materials, and reduces costs.     

Determining the Importance Weights for the Customer Requirements in QFD Using a Fuzzy AHP with an Extent Analysis Approach

In the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) process, determining the importance weights for the customer requirements is an essential and crucial process. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used to determine the importance weights for product planning, but this has occurred mainly in crisp (non-fuzzy) decision applications. However, human judgment on the importance of customer requirements is always imprecise and vague. To make up for this deficiency in the AHP, a fuzzy AHP with an extent analysis approach is proposed to determine the importance weights for the customer requirements. In the method, triangular fuzzy numbers are used for the pairwise comparison of a fuzzy AHP. By using the extent analysis method and the principles for the comparison of fuzzy numbers, one can derive the weight vectors. The new approach can improve the imprecise ranking of customer requirements inherited from studies based on the conventional AHP. Furthermore, the fuzzy AHP with extent analysis is simple and easy to implement to prioritize customer requirements in the QFD process compared with the conventional AHP. This paper uses an example of a hair dryer design to illustrate the proposed approach.     

Identification of the optimal product configuration and parameters based on individual customer requirements on performance and costs in one-of-a-kind production

One-of-a-kind production (OKP) aims at manufacturing products based on the requirements from individual customers while maintaining the high quality and efficiency of mass production. This research addresses the issues in identifying the optimal product configuration and its parameters based on individual customer requirements on performance and costs of products. In this work, variations of product configurations and parameters in an OKP product family are modeled by an AND-OR tree and parameters of the nodes in this tree. Different product configurations with different parameters are evaluated by performance and cost measures. These evaluation measures are converted into comparable customer satisfaction indices using the non-linear relations between the evaluation measures and the customer satisfaction indices. The optimal product configuration and its parameters with the maximum overall customer satisfaction index are identified by genetic programming and constrained optimization. A case study to identify the optimal configuration and its parameters of window products in an industrial company is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the introduced approach.     

基于顾客需求的业务过程分析

 应用QFD的思想,建立了顾客需求一绩效指标关系矩阵、绩效指标一过程关系矩阵,以此为基础获得了顾客需求过程关系矩阵从而建立了顾客需求与实现需求的过程的直接联系.提出了计算待改进过程优先度的方法,为识别出那些主要影响顾客需求的过程、确定过程管理的方向提供了可靠的依据.最后开展了案例研究.     

基于环境保护背景下黄桃快递包装设计

针对生鲜水果快递包装保护性高、环保性差的现状,以黄桃快递包 装为例,设计基于环境保护背景下的快递包装。首先对黄桃快递流通环境及 快递包装现状进行分析,在此基础上确定黄桃快递包装的要求及设计方案。 以固定数量和数量可选两种销售形式为设计对象,设计两种黄桃快递包装, 可满足消费者不同需求。两种方案缓冲均采用悬空式结构,具有良好的保护 性;采用全瓦楞设计,尽量减少胶带的使用,具有较好的环境友好性。对两 种快递包装缓冲结构及外箱尺寸进行计算,通过相关试验验证可知,两种方 案均可满足黄桃快递物流包装保护要求。所设计的两种黄桃快递包装方案具 备良好的缓冲、防振和堆码性能,且采用全瓦楞包装材料,绿色环保,易于 加工。     

Criteria for a lean organisation: development of a lean assessment tool

Lean principles have long been recognised as a competitive advantage. Although there are several measures for various aspects of lean production in the literature, there is no comprehensive measure for overall lean implementation in business firms. An appropriate measurement tool is needed to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the lean implementation throughout the entire organisation. Based on lean research, a comprehensive tool called the leanness assessment tool (LAT) is developed, using both quantitative (directly measurable and objective) and qualitative (perceptions of individuals) approaches to assess lean implementation. The LAT measures leanness using eight quantitative performance dimensions: time effectiveness, quality, process, cost, human resources, delivery, customer and inventory. The LAT also uses five qualitative performance dimensions: quality, process, customer, human resources and delivery, with 51 evaluation items. The fuzzy method allows managers to identify improvement needs in lean implementation, and the use of radar charts allows an immediate, comprehensive view of strong areas and those needing improvement. Practical uses of the LAT are discussed in the conclusion, along with possible limitations.     

从芬兰包装业可回收系统谈绿色包装结构设计原则

绿色包装的重要内涵是包装减量化、包装易于重复利用、易于再循环和可降解.从介绍芬兰包装业的可回收系统入手,简介了绿色包装选择的优先顺序,探讨了绿色包装结构的主要设计原则,并将其归纳为:避免过分包装、"化零为整"包装、设计可循环重用和重新填装的包装、采用可降解的包装、包装结构设计和通过改善产品结构来简化包装.     

Dichtheitsprüfung

Leakage Tests — Flexible packaging in food processing and pharmaceutical industry Extended storage life for food products or better protection against environmental influences increases the demand for more accurate leak detection methods. Flexible, and therefore more fragile packaging is even more complicated when it comes to the commonly required non destructive leak testing. The main focus when testing flexible packaging is on welded seams. They represent the weakest point in flexible packaging. Today, there are several leak detection methods used to perform tests on flexible packaging. The most common ones are waterbath, pressure/vacuum decay and tracer gas based leak detection. All of which have their strength and weaknesses wheras the desired reject leak rate is mostly influencig the decision process. To measure very small leaks (<10 μ oder 10^‐5 mbar l/s) or to enable very short test cycles, trace gas leak detection is the way to go. On top of high accuracy, tracer gas leak detection also allows the precise localization of the leak. Nevertheless, the mechanical stress applied to the flexible packaging due to the vacuum required for tracer gast testing is not an easy task to cope with.     

Approximation and analysis of a call center with flexible and specialized servers

This paper describes a decomposition algorithm to estimate the performance of a call center with two types of customers and two server categories. In this system specialized servers can process only one customer type, while flexible servers handle both types. The algorithm divides the systems state space into regions, and simple approximate models find the conditional system performance within each region. While the procedure described here is tailored for a system with a priority queue discipline and two customer classes, it can be adapted for systems with FCFS queue disciplines and for systems with more than two customer types. Performance measures generated by the procedure are sufficiently accurate for many service system design decisions, such as setting telephone call center staffing levels and long-term capacity planning. The procedure is also extremely fast, and its computational requirements do not grow with system congestion. Numerical tests demonstrate that its running time is significantly lower than traditional numerical methods for generating approximations. As an example of its use, we employ the procedure to demonstrate the benefits of server flexibility in a particular telephone call center.The author thanks Gregory Dobson, who participated in the initial consulting project and problem formulation, as well as Paul Schweitzer, Harry Groenevelt, and two anonymous referees for their helpful suggestions.     

柔性高阻隔薄膜材料的研究现状

目的为柔性高阻隔薄膜的应用提供理论指导。方法综述柔性高阻隔膜的应用现状及存在问题,总结热蒸发、化学气相沉积、原子层沉积等制备柔性高阻隔薄膜的方法、原理、特点及应用,展望高阻隔膜包装材料的发展前景。结果高阻隔薄膜制备工艺趋向于单次制备,采用等离子体辅助原子层沉积技术是制备超高阻隔薄膜的首选,原子层沉积(ALD)和分子层沉积(MLD)结合也是获得超高阻隔薄膜的未来发展方向。结论快速、高效地制备柔性高阻隔薄膜是包装工业的发展趋势。     

瓦楞纸箱包装设计需求分析映射方法

目的介绍在瓦楞纸箱包装设计需求分析中将顾客需求映射至产品关键属性的方法。方法详细分析瓦楞纸箱包装设计需求映射具体过程,即用层次分析法(AHP)对顾客需求重要度排序,运用质量功能配置(QFD)和AHP完成顾客需求重要度向产品技术需求的映射,综合完成产品技术需求向产品关键属性需求的映射。结果结合实例说明了顾客需求能够有效映射为产品关键属性。结论该方法能够达到需求映射的目的。     

TRIZ理论在荔枝保鲜包装中的应用

目的研究现有的荔枝果实保鲜包装方式,并进行优劣分析,在此基础上寻求方法的突破改进,进而延长荔枝的保鲜期,提升荔枝的食用品质。方法运用TRIZ中40条创新原理的预先作用原理、事先防范原理、分离原理及柔性壳体或薄膜原理等,并结合TRIZ创新方法中的最终理想解(IFR)和资源分析法,对现有的荔枝保鲜包装进行创新优化设计。结论通过分析TRIZ创新原理、IFR及资源分析法,将其导入到荔枝保鲜包装的创新设计中,提供优质的保鲜包装选择,在延长荔枝保鲜期的同时降低包装成本。     

Unpacking IT use and integration for mass customisation: a service-dominant logic view

Significant changes in customer demands for individualised offerings are causing firms to move away from mass production strategies toward customisation. Many firms struggle in this migration because the requirements for mass customisation (MC) differ greatly from those needed for mass production. As firms strive to optimise their interactions with customers and suppliers to produce highly customised offerings at near mass production prices, IT use along with customer and supply integration are important organisational competencies. Research studies explore many facets of MC but, in regard to IT use for customer and supplier integration, most focus on specific activities within the product design and development process. This study extends the IT-enabled organisational capabilities line of research, using data collected from 220 manufacturers, to explore IT use in a comprehensive sense for planning, infrastructural, and operational activities in various business processes intended to achieve MC. These findings suggest that comprehensive IT use can enhance a firm's integration efforts with customers and suppliers. These factors, in turn, drive operational performance and MC, which lead to firm performance. Grounded in service-dominant logic (SDL) theory, these findings provide theoretical and empirical support to explain why customer integration may be a driving force in MC.     

基于QFD的外卖包装设计顾客需求分析模型构建

目的 为满足企业在疫情下对外卖产品包装质量提供更加准确的改进方向和快速决策争取宝贵时效,提出一种基于QFD研究框架的包装设计模型.方法 该模型在传统QFD的基础上运用粗糙集获取顾客需求初始权重,避免需求分析过程中的主观弊端,再结合Kano模型将顾客需求进行分类,最终确定顾客的需求重要度.结果 通过模型分析得出了前3个需要重点改进的顾客需求,分别为有防疫提示、包装严实、一次性开启,其最终重要度分别为0.22,0.21和0.18.结论 运用该模型可以使外卖包装设计更加准确地满足客户需求,同时也为外卖包装服务质量的改进提供了合理的工具方法.     

军用卡扣式可拆装包装箱应用研究

目的 基于对当前军品包装发展情况的分析,为满足未来战争快速保障对军品包装的更高需求,设计一款实用性更强、可重复使用的军用卡扣式可拆装包装箱。方法 将军用卡扣式可拆装包装箱与现行军用木箱的性能进行比较,对现行军用木箱存在的不足和卡扣式包装箱的经济效益进行分析,构建成本计算模型,重点提出卡扣式包装箱的技术方案,并对包装箱进行试验验证,提出在军事领域的应用范围。结果 与现行军用木箱相比,军用卡扣式可拆装包装箱采用卡扣连接件活动组装方式,具有拆装便捷、空箱储运空间小、承载能力强等特点,且基本性能经过试验检测,满足军队使用要求和相关国家军用标准;可实现复用次数不小于20次的循环使用,有效降低了军品包装的成本。结论 军用卡扣式可拆装包装箱在使用性能、经济成本、适用范围等方面有明显优势,具有显著军事经济效益,可在我军军事物流领域大规模推广使用。     

体验营销模式下的交互式销售包装设计

体验营销是以体验为导向的新型产品营销模式,基于此模式下的交互式销售包装设计遵循体验营销的原则和理念.总结了交互式销售包装设计的概念、特点,并着重分析了产品营销各环节中销售包装的交互设计,以探索符合客户体验时代的包装设计理念.     

地面压制武器弹药包装“三化”应用研究

通过弹药包装型号研制,从三化(通用化、系列化、组合化)的要求,实现方法、途径,原则及实施措施等方面,对地面压制武器弹药包装如何开展三化设计应用研究进行了阐述,提出了在型号三化设计应用研究中应注意的问题,并分析了开展三化设计应用研究所取得的效果。     

生物基防腐技术的研究进展及其在木包装中的应用展望

目的 为满足木包装材料的使用要求和防疫要求,需将木材进行防腐处理,但传统的防腐处理方式易对环境和物品造成污染,存在安全隐患,生物基防腐技术可解决上述问题。方法 介绍当前木包装材料的使用现状,阐述国内外生物基防腐技术的研究进展,并分析和讨论木包装材料在使用中存在的问题。结果 生物基防腐技术是一种绿色、高效的木材防腐技术,目前已取得了一定的研究成果。结论 生物基防腐技术可以满足木包装材料在运输和存储中的各种需求,并且具有环保无毒的优点,因而具有非常广阔的开发和应用前景。     

色彩在药品包装中的运用

以色彩的药理特性为理论基础,探讨了色彩在药品包装中的作用和设计要点。优秀的药品包装色彩方案,是设计师针对不同药品的特性,不同使用人群以及不同的使用环境而得出的方案。进而提出了运用"因药制宜"、"因色制宜""、因人制宜"的使用色彩来指导药品包装色彩设计。