碳含量对Mn-B钢氢致延迟断裂行为的影响

采用电化学阴极充氢、氢热分析(TDS)和慢应变速率拉伸等试验方法,研究了4种不同碳含量Mn-B钢经不同热处理制度处理后的氢致延迟断裂行为。结果表明,在低于400℃回火时,随着碳含量的增加,试验钢的氢脆敏感性升高,当碳的质量分数高于0.3%后,试验钢的氢脆敏感性几乎不再增加;碳含量一定时,试验钢的氢脆敏感性随回火温度的升高而降低,且以20MnB试验钢的降低趋势最为明显;当回火温度达到600℃时,各试验钢对氢几乎不再敏感;TDS分析表明,试验钢充氢后的氢含量明显增加,其中以可扩散性氢量的增加为主;随碳含量的增加,试验钢充入的氢量增加;当碳含量一定时,随回火温度的升高,试验钢充入的氢量减少;SEM断口观察表明,试验钢充氢后的脆性断裂倾向性增加;随着碳含量的升高,试验钢的断裂方式由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变;碳含量一定时,随回火温度的升高,试验钢由淬火态的脆性断裂向高温回火态的韧性断裂转变。     

Effect of precipitated phase on resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of high Co- Cr- Mo- Ni bearing gear steel

High Co- Cr- Mo- Ni bearing gear steel was used as the test material, and hydrogen induced fracture process of the test steel was studied by TDS test, slow strain rate drawing and micro analysis. The results show that the high plasticity of the test steel is obviously decreased. Most of the hydrogen in the test steel is diffusible hydrogen, which is controlled by the weaker hydrogen trap. By comparing the grain size, the size of the strip, the number of residues, the dislocation density and the precipitation of the two kinds of test steels, the main influencing factors of the anti- hydrogen brittleness of test steel are the carbon density and distribution, and dispersed fine carbides are more conducive to improve hydrogen embrittlement resistance. The critical hydrogen concentration is obtained and the critical hydrogen concentration is deduced, which provides a reference for the high reliability and safe service of the components.     

Correlation of Microstructure and Hydrogen Delayed Fracture for 1GPa Steels

Automobile industry tries to reduce the weight of automobile using high-strength steels.However,the high-strength steels are highly susceptible to delayed-fracture caused by hydrogen embrittlement.With increasing the strength,hydrogen embrittlement is more sensitive to diffusible hydrogen.The mechanism of delayed-fracture and the relationship with the microstructure and alloying elements are still ambiguous.This study analyzed the effect of the size and the spheroidization rate for the carbides on hydrogen-induced delayed fracture for 1GPa TS steel.     

Exploring the Effect of Microstructure and Surface Recombination on Hydrogen Effusion in Zn–Ni-Coated Martensitic Steels by Advanced Computational Modeling

Ultrahigh-strength steel (UHSS) structures are plated with Zn–Ni coatings because of their excellent corrosion resistance properties, but the plating process is accompanied by the production of hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen in steel results in hydrogen embrittlement. Hence, during the production of UHSS parts, dedicated outgassing steps are employed to remove the diffusible hydrogen from the steel. In a production environment, the real effect of the outgassing process and the outgassing efficiency is unknown for parts coated with Zn–Ni. Hence, a finite element model is developed to capture the evolution of the hydrogen concentration profile in coated UHSS parts during outgassing to study the influence of coating morphology and microstructural features of steel. In order to develop the geometry of the model, scanning electron microscope images are analyzed to understand the microstructure and morphology of the coating. Numerical samples are generated by combining different coating morphologies with steel substrates of varying microstructural features to attain a series of samples with varying features. The results of the outgassing simulations clearly demonstrate the major role of the coating morphology on the hydrogen flux.     

利用TDS方法研究氢在两种马氏体钢中的扩散

采用TDS方法研究了氢在两种马氏体钢中的扩散行为,结果发现氢在高铬低铝的D2钢中的扩散显著低于低铬无铝的D1钢。从充氢试样室温放置时氢体积分数下降规律可知,氢在D1钢和D2钢中的扩散系数分别为1.52×10-7和5.3×10-8cm2/s。D2钢中存在大量细小的碳化物,既对氢的扩散起到阻碍作用,降低氢的扩散系数,又可作...     

焊缝中氢的扩散行为及影响因素

 扩散氢会在焊缝中引起氢脆、延迟裂纹等,导致结构产生低应力断裂。为了研究氢的扩散行为,采用水银法和气相色谱法测定了逸出的扩散氢量,并采用真空抽取法测试了不同温度下残余氢的释放量。试验表明,扩散氢量不受焊道数量的影响,它的逸出时间随焊道数的增多而增长,逸出速度随合金含量的增多而降低。随着焊后冷速的降低,冷却过程中逸出的氢增多,测定出的扩散氢量减少;测氢试样在100~200℃保温时,逸出氢的总量变化不大,但逸出时间随温度的升高而明显缩短。残余氢量与扩散氢量的多少无关,它与焊缝的含氧量、组织和硬度等有关系。     

Resistance of Trip 800 Steels in a Sour Environment Containing H2S

We have evaluated the resistance of two samples of TRIP 800 steel prepared under laboratory conditions at the Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (FMME) V?B (Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic) in a sour environment containing H₂S. The first steel investigated had a C–Mn–Si composition, and the second steel had a C–Mn–Si–Al composition. Both TRIP steels were characterized using the yield strength in the range 420 to 450 MPa and tensile strength in the range 880 to 900 MPa. The TRIP steel samples were in the form of sheets with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The residual austenite content was 11% and 13%, respectively, in the two steels studied. The resistance to hydrogen embrittlement was evaluated in a sour environment that contained hydrogen sulphide using hydrogen‐induced cracking (HIC) and sulphide stress cracking (SSC) tests performed in accordance with NACE standards. Both TRIP 800 steels showed a high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, and no SSC cracks were observed. Some cracking arising from HIC was observed in both steels. The measured parameters showed some variation; in some cases they were lower than recommended limits, but in other cases the measured parameters were higher (e.g., the crack length ratio was up to 70%). The cracks initiated preferentially at non‐metallic inclusions, either at elongated manganese sulphide particles, or at oxide stringers that were rich in Al.     

高强度不锈钢应用及研究进展

高强度不锈钢因其优异的综合性能及成熟的生产工艺,已成为航空、航天、海洋、石化工程等高端制造业领域的重要材料。系统回溯高强度不锈钢的发展及应用历程,总结此类钢的强韧化机理及最新研究进展,并详细梳理了影响该钢的氢陷阱行为及氢脆抗力的主要因素。结合现有研究成果,提出了采用多种类纳米级第二相颗粒复合析出强化突破高强度不锈钢强韧性匹配极限的思路;通过调控钢中析出相及逆转变奥氏体的交互析出行为,提高后者的机械、化学稳定性,使其作为钢中裂纹及可扩散氢的双重“陷阱”,从而提高钢的裂纹及氢脆抗力。最后指出未来新型高强度不锈钢的研发须重点关注以材料基因算法、人工神经网络、机器学习为代表的“人工智能化”合金设计理念。     

不同轧制及退火处理0.1C-5Mn中锰钢的氢脆敏感性

 尽管中锰钢的强塑性等力学性能得到了较大幅度提升,但要大规模地应用于汽车部件制造,仍需解决材料在制造和服役过程中面临的氢脆等系列难题,在此背景下,利用电化学充氢、氢热分析仪、慢应变速率拉伸试验机及扫描电镜等研究了两种不同状态(热轧和温轧)0.1C 5Mn中锰钢在650 ℃保温30 min(两相区退火处理)后的氢脆敏感性。结果表明,热轧和温轧退火样的微观组织分别为板条状及等轴+板条状的铁素体与奥氏体的复相组织。尽管温轧退火样的强度比热轧退火样提高了约150 MPa,伸长率降低了约5%,但两者的强塑积均可达到约33 GPa·%。两种试验材料充氢时吸附的氢绝大部分为对应低温逸出峰的可扩散性氢,温轧退火试验材料的氢脆敏感性低于热轧退火钢。充氢热轧退火样断口起裂处的断裂机制为穿晶断裂+沿原奥氏体晶界的脆性沿晶断裂;温轧退火样的起裂处则为空心韧窝+包括奥氏体(变形后转变为马氏体)晶粒的实心韧窝,后者实际上为沿着奥氏体和铁素体界面起裂的一种脆性沿晶断裂。造成两种试验材料氢脆敏感性不同的原因主要是其微观组织及其所引起的氢致断裂方式的差异。     

Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption during Heat Treatment of AISI 4140 Steel

Hydrogen plays an important role in the formation of quench cracks of structural steels. To clarify hydrogen ab- sorption and desorption during heat treatment of AISI 4140 steel, thermal desorption spectrometry （TDS） analysis was carried out for the specimens in the as-rolled, as quenched, and quenched and tempered conditions. Results show that hydrogen content increased from 0. 127 ×10 6 in the as-rolled specimen to 0. 316 × 10-6 in the as-oil-quenched specimen. After tempering at 200 ℃, the hydrogen content in the oil-quenched specimen decreased to 0. 155 × 10-6 , and the peak temperature of hydrogen desorption increased from 200 to 360 ℃. From the dependence of hydrogen content in the as-quenched specimens on austenitizing time, it can be deduced that hydrogen absorption occurs during austenitizing. The simulation of hydrogen absorption contributes to a better understanding on the distribution of hy- drogen during the heat treatment in structural steels.     

Studies of Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Property of High-Strength Steels with Consideration of the Effect of Atmospheric Corrosion

Hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels was investigated by using slow strain rate test (SSRT) of circumferentially notched round bar specimens after hydrogen precharging. On top of that, cyclic corrosion tests (CCT) and outdoor exposure tests were conducted prior to SSRT to take into account the effect of hydrogen uptake under atmospheric corrosion for the evaluation of the susceptibility of high-strength steels. Our studies of hydrogen embrittle properties of high-strength steels with 1100 to 1500 MPa of tensile strength and a prototype ultrahigh-strength steel with 1760 MPa containing hydrogen traps using those methods are reviewed in this article. A power law relationship between notch tensile strength of hydrogen-precharged specimens and diffusible hydrogen content has been found. It has also been found that the local stress and the local hydrogen concentration are controlling factors of fracture. The results obtained by using SSRT after CCT and outdoor exposure test were in good agreement with the hydrogen embrittlement fracture property obtained by means of long-term exposure tests of bolts made of the high-strength steels.     

轧制下线温度对15CrNiMo硬度及析氢行为的影响

为了优化牙轮钻头用15CrNiMo圆钢轧制工艺,降低圆钢氢含量及硬度,减少白点缺陷以及应力开裂的质量风险,对比了不同轧制下线温度对圆钢宏观硬度、显微硬度以及显微组织的影响,并采用升温脱氢分析方法(thermal desorption spectroscopy,简称TDS)对圆钢析氢曲线、氢含量等进行了对比分析。结果显示,升高轧制下线温度可以有效提高钢材铁素体组织比例,从而使钢材整体硬度降低,另外也有助于减少钢中的氢含量。     

Hydrogen thermal desorption relevant to delayed-fracture susceptibility of high-strength steels

The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of martensitic steels has been examined by means of a delayed-fracture test and hydrogen thermal desorption analysis. The intensity of a desorptionrate peak around 50 °C to 200 °C increased when the specimen was preloaded and more remarkably so when it was loaded under the presence of hydrogen. The increment appeared initially at the low-temperature region in the original peak. As hydrogen entry proceeded, the increment then appeared at the high-temperature region, while that in the low-temperature region was reduced. The alteration occurred earlier in steels tempered at lower temperatures, with a higher embrittlement susceptibility. A defect acting as the trap of the desorption in the high-temperature region was assigned to large vacancy clusters that have higher binding energies with hydrogen. Deformation-induced generation of vacancies and their clustering have been considered to be promoted by hydrogen and to play a primary role on the HE susceptibility of high-strength steel.     

Study on hydrogen induced delayed fracture of 1500 and 2000MPa hot stamping steels

The application of hot-stamping steel (HS) in the automobile is an inevitable trend, but the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of HS steel still needs to be studied and improved. The hydrogen diffusion behavior and hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of 1500 and 2000MPa hot stamping steels were studied by means of hydrogen penetration, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT), and fracture analysis. The results show that the apparent diffusion coefficient Dap (1.71×10-7cm2/s) of 1500HS is significantly less than the Dap (3.45×10-7cm2/s) of 2000HS; delayed fracture resistance of 1500HS is superior to 2000HS. From the fracture analysis, under the same hydrogen charging conditions, the fracture morphology of 1500HS changed from typical dimple ductile fracture to quasi cleavage brittle fracture, while 2000HS changed from dimple morphology to intergranular brittle fracture with the increase of hydrogen charging current density. While the deformation degree of 2000HS was very small, the local hydrogen content and stress value had reached the critical deal. The hydrogen reduced the bonding force between grains, resulting in the nucleation and propagation of microcracks. Therefore, with the improvement of the strength of HS steel, Ti and V micro alloyed elements should be properly added to form nano precipitates, as irreversible hydrogen traps to capture hydrogen atoms, hinder their diffusion and segregation, and effectively refine the structure and pinning dislocations, to improve the resistance to hydrogen induced delayed fracture of HS steel.     

定氢钢样制备方法研究

钢样制备方法对定氢结果有不可忽略的影响,尤其对小于百万分之一的超低氢,样品制备为关键必控环节。应用专业氢测定仪,对不同方法制备的定氢钢样进行研究。实验表明超声波清洗有效地消除了表面影响,适合于车制样和手工锉制样等样品制备的后处理,使各种制样方式制备的样品氢含量测定值一致。选取6种钢样和6种氢钢标进行超声波清洗试验,未见不可忽略的氢损失。结果显示超声波清洗消除超低氢(0.X μg/g)钢样品表面污染可以获得5~10倍的超好功效,结果满意,可信度高。实验事实表明超声波清洗可有效清除样品表面污染,而造成的氢损失甚微,此方法可以推广应用于定氢样品的制备。     

Effect of Morphology for Novel Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel on Its Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility

It is very imperative to study the novel highstrength materials with high purity,high uniformityand refined grain,for improving the utilization rateand quality of materials.However,improving thestrength will reduce the resistance of materials tohydrogen embrittlement. For example,in lastcentury,some hydrogen embrittlements in thelanding gear of plane were reported[1] . When yieldstrength exceeds 1380 MPa,high strength steelsbeing used now exhibit strong susceptibility tohydrogen embrittlement…     

溶解氧变化对阴极极化下10Ni5CrMo钢氢脆敏感性的影响

摘要：为研究溶解氧质量浓度对10Ni5CrMo钢在阴极极化条件下氢脆敏感性影响规律，对10Ni5CrMo钢进行了阴极极化下的电化学交流阻抗谱测试﹑并采用慢应变速率拉伸实验和断口分析方法研究了海水中溶解氧质量浓度变化和不同阴极极化下10Ni5CrMo钢的氢脆敏感性。结果表明：溶解氧质量浓度变化对10Ni5CrMo钢强度几乎没有影响；同一溶解氧质量浓度下，随极化电位负移，断裂时间、伸长率、断面收缩率明显降低，氢脆系数增加，氢脆敏感性显著提高，极化电位达到-1000mV时，氢脆系数已超过安全区允许的最高值25%，进入危险区；同一极化电位下，随着海水中溶解氧质量浓度减少，材料塑性变差，断裂时间、伸长率和断面收缩率不断降低，氢脆系数增加，氢脆敏感性提高。     

脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法同时测定钨和钽中氧氮氢

在对仪器测定条件优化的基础上, 以0.15 g镍箔作助熔剂, 采用自行设计的由套坩埚和内坩埚组成的新型石墨坩埚, 建立了同时测定难熔金属钨、钽中氧、氮和氢的脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法。选择与钨、钽产品中氧和氮含量较匹配的钢标准样品建立测定氧和氮的校准曲线, 和与钨、钽产品中氢含量较匹配的钛标准样品建立测定氢的校准曲线。方法中氧、氮、氢的检出限分别为0.5 μg、0.5 μg、0.4 μg, 测定下限分别为1.7 μg、1.7 μg、1.2 μg。方法用于钨条和钽片样品中氧、氮、氢的测定, 对于钨条样品氧、氮、氢测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为5.5%、11.5%、8.9%(n=11), 对于钽片样品氧、氮、氢测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为12%、24%、22%(n=11), 并且氧、氢和氮的测定结果分别与红外吸收法和热导法基本一致。     

Fe?Mn?(Al)?C高强韧性钢氢脆微观机制的研究进展

随着汽车行业的快速发展,轻量化汽车用钢的研发和应用越来越广泛。抗拉强度超过1000 MPa的第二、三代汽车用钢往往是复相组织,通过固溶、析出、变形、细晶强化等各种强化方式,在基体中形成大量缺陷,导致钢材服役过程中对氢更加敏感,容易在很小的氢溶解条件下发生氢脆。Fe?Mn?C系、Fe?Mn?Al?C系等含Mn量高的汽车结构用钢因层错能较高,不仅直接决定了其强韧性机制,还对其服役性能有重要影响。在Fe?Mn?C系TWIP钢的成分基础上,添加少量Al元素,形成Fe?Mn?(Al)?C钢,不仅能降低钢材密度,提高钢材的强韧性,也因Al元素改变了钢材的微观组织构成,一定程度上令氢脆得到缓解。但当Al含量较高时,形成低密度钢,其组织构成更加复杂,析出物更多,导致氢脆敏感性更显著。本文从Fe?Mn?(Al)?C高强韧性钢的组织构成、第二相、晶体缺陷等特征出发,综述了H在Fe?Mn?(Al)?C钢中的渗透、溶解和扩散行为,H与基体组织、析出相、晶格缺陷的交互作用,H在钢中的作用模型、氢脆机制、氢脆评价手段和方法等。并评述了Fe?Mn?(Al)?C高强韧性钢氢脆问题开展的相关研究工作和最新发展动态,指出通过第一性原理计算、分子动力学模拟和借助氢原子微印技术、三维原子探针等物理实验相结合的方法是从微观层面揭示高强韧性钢氢脆机制的未来发展方向。      

新型超高强度低氢脆敏感性扭杆弹簧用钢

 通过SEM、TEM、XRD、化学相分析等方法对比研究新型扭杆弹簧用40Si2Ni2CrMoV钢（代号N1）和现有45CrNiMoVA钢微观组织及其对力学性能的影响,并利用慢应变速率拉伸方法对比研究两种不同扭杆弹簧用钢的氢脆敏感性。结果发现,N1钢由于添加硅、钼等抗回火软化元素,使得N1钢在较高的300 ℃温度回火时还能保持一定的抗拉强度,N1钢有大量细小的ε-碳化物析出,使得屈服强度增加,屈强比在0.80以上,45CrNiMoVA钢经180 ℃低温回火后屈服强度在1 550 MPa左右,屈强比只有0.72;经相同条件充氢后,N1钢的慢拉伸强度下降幅度较小,其试样断口中也没有观察到沿晶断裂特征,N1钢的氢脆敏感性明显低于45CrNiMoVA钢。