低功耗单端输入差分输出低噪声放大器

该文设计了应用于无线局域网2.4GHz低噪声放大器(LNA),采用了SMIC0.18μm CMOS工艺技术和单端输入差分输出的电路结构.电路同时采用了双支路的电流复用技术,实现了低功耗、低噪声和高增益的性能;通过在输出级增加一级共栅级放大电路,有效地增加了电路的对称性;共源支路串联电感,解决了差分信号相位偏差问题.仿真结果表明,设计的LNA的噪声系数为1.76dB,增益为20.9dB,在1.8V电源电压下,功耗为8.5mW.     

2.45 GHz 0.18 μm全差分CMOS低噪声放大器设计

设计了一个基于TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺的2.45 GHz全差分CMOS低噪声放大器.根据电路结构特点,采用图解法对LNA进行功耗约束下的噪声优化,以选取最优的晶体管栅宽;设计了仅消耗15 μA电流的偏置电路;采用在输入级增加电容的方法,在改善输入匹配网络特性的同时,解决了栅极电感的集成问题.仿真结果表明:LNA噪声系数为1.96 dB,功率增益S_(21)超过20 dB,输入反射系数S_(11)和输出反射系数S_(22)分别小于-30 dB和-20 dB,反向功率增益S_(12)小于-30 dB,1 dB压缩点和三阶互调输入点IIP3分别达到-17.1 dBm和-2.55 dBm,整个电路在1.8 V电源下功耗为22.4 mW.     

宽带高增益输出平衡CMOS低噪声放大器的设计

设计了一种带片内变压器、适用于0.05～2.5 GHz频段的宽带低噪声放大器(LNA).电路设计采用了并行的共栅共源放大结构,将从天线接收到的单端输入信号转换为一对差分信号输出给后级链路.针对变压器结构的LNA噪声系数不够低和输出不平衡的问题,采用了缩放技术、噪声消除技术以及两级的全差分放大器作为输出缓冲级,来有效降低电路的噪声系数,提高增益和输出平衡度.电路采用TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M RF CMOS工艺设计仿真和流片,测试结果表明:在0.05 ～ 2.5 GHz频带范围内,该LNA的最高功率增益达24.5 dB,全频段内噪声系数为2.6～4 dB,输入反射系数小于-10 dB,输出差分信号幅度和相位差分别低于0.6dB和1.8°.     

一种用于北斗导航接收机的全集成差分LNA

基于SMIC 180 nm CMOS工艺,设计了一款用于北斗导航接收机射频前端的低噪声放大器。在该低噪声放大器中,所有电感均为片上实现,提高了集成度;采用差分结构,提升了共模噪声抑制能力。LNA的输入和输出均为50 Ω标准阻抗匹配。测试结果表明,当频率为1.27 GHz时,该LNA的功率增益为15 dB,噪声系数(NF)为2.3 dB,1dB压缩点(P1dB)为－6 dBm。差分电路单路功耗为25 mW,芯片面积为1.2 mm²。     

用于5G-WiFi的可变增益有源巴伦LNA

设计了一款应用于5G-WiFi的可变增益有源巴伦LNA。该LNA输入级在采用共源共栅结构的基础上加入了阻容并联负反馈和源级电感负反馈,在保证低噪声的同时提高了电路线性度;第二级通过编程和改变控制电压实现了增益双调节功能;输出级采用有源巴伦结构实现了信号振幅相同、相位相反的差分输出。电路基于TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺库仿真,结果表明,在5.8 GHz频率下,电路噪声系数为3.7 dB,最大增益可调节范围为5~20 dB,线性度IIP3达到－2.5 dBm,输入、输出的回波损耗均小于－25 dB。     

一种3~5GHz超宽带单端输入差分输出LNA

采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计了一种应用于UWB的低噪声放大器(low noise amplifier,LNA).该LNA工作频率为3~5GHz,采用Matlab数学建模方法优化噪声系数,同时采用了单端输入差分输出的电路结构实现信号差分输出;采用了RC反馈技术和源级负反馈技术进行输入宽带匹配.设计使用Cadence软件进行后仿真,仿真结果显示,平均输出增益(S21、S31)为16.1dB,3~5GHz范围内S11-10.9dB,NF为2.04~2.68dB,差分输出端口最大误差相位为4°.使用1.8V电源供电,直流功耗为18.4mW.     

C频段宽带低噪声放大器模块设计与实现

设计并实现了3.8～4.8 GHz的C频段宽带低噪声放大器(LNA)模块.模块中采用源极负反馈电感提高LNA的稳定性,并进行了理论推导;定量给出了采用微带线和PCB板过孔的寄生电感作为负反馈电感的电感值;提出一种新的易操作的设计多级宽带LNA的方法,该方法采用各级增益多峰值匹配展宽带宽.该LNA模块的实验测试结果与理论计算符合很好,在1 GHz宽带频率范围内增益大于36 dB,噪声系数小于1 dB.     

一种多模多频无线收发器前端SiGe BiCMOS低噪声放大器

基于IBM 0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺,提出了一种应用于2.4～2.5GHz 802.11b/g频段的低噪声放大器(LNA).电路采用全差分发射极电感负反馈共射共基(Cascode)结构,对称电感有效地降低了芯片面积,优化了电路性能.仿真结果表明:该电路在2.4 GHz到2.5 GHz频率范围内,增益(S21)达到25 dB,噪声系数(NF)小于1.5 dB,大幅度提高了收发机系统的性能.此外,输入和输出匹配(S11,S22)分别达到-15 dB,1 dB压缩点大于-25 dBm.电源电压为2.5 V时电路总电流为3 mA.     

一种采用有源电感的可调增益小面积超宽带低噪声放大器

设计了一款采用可调谐有源电感（TAI）的可调增益的小面积超宽带低噪声放大器(LNA),输入级采用共基极结构,输出级采用射随器结构,分别实现了宽带输入和输出匹配;放大级采用带有反馈电阻的共射共基结构以取得宽的带宽,并采用TAI作负载,通过调节TAI的多个外部偏压使LNA的增益可调。结果表明,该LNA在2~9GHz的频带内,通过组合调节有源电感调节端口的偏压可实现S21在16.5~21.1dB的连续可调;S11小于-14.7dB;S22小于-19.3dB;NF小于4.9dB;芯片面积仅为0.049mm2。     

一种2.2~4 GHz高增益低噪声放大器

采用0.25 μm GaAs赝配高电子迁移率晶体管(pHEMT)工艺,设计并实现了一种应用于5G通信2.2~4 GHz频段的高增益共源共栅低噪声放大器(LNA)。通过将并联RC负反馈与共栅接地电容结合,不使用源极电感,实现了宽带高增益的LNA设计。测试结果表明,2.2~4 GHz频段增益大于24 dB,输出3阶互调(OIP3)为28 dBm,噪声系数(NF)小于0.78 dB,功耗为190 mW,芯片面积为(810×710) μm²。综合指标(FOM)为14.4 dB,与同类LNA相比具有一定的优势。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.