Blends of canal surfaces from polyhedral medial transform representations

We present a new method for constructing G¹ blending surfaces between an arbitrary number of canal surfaces. The topological relation of the canal surfaces is specified via a convex polyhedron and the design technique is based on a generalization of the medial surface transform. The resulting blend surface consists of trimmed envelopes of one- and two-parameter families of spheres. Blending the medial surface transform instead of the surface itself is shown to be a powerful and elegant approach for blend surface generation. The performance of our approach is demonstrated by several examples.     

应用NURBS曲面磨光多面体

本文应用ＮＵＲＢＳ曲面磨光多面体,产生了处处Ｃ′连续的过渡曲面．多面体的磨光分为边的磨光和顶点的磨光两种情形,边的磨光相对较容易,而顶点的磨光则很困难．本文所采用的应用ＮＵＲＢＳ曲面磨光多面体的顶点和边的方法,不仅可以统一实现二者的磨光操作,而且方法简单且统一,产生了Ｃ′连续的过渡面．较之以前的方法,首先,利用ＮＵＲＢＳ曲面可以精确地描述对边磨光所用的柱面（等半径或非等半径）,其次,在对顶点的磨光中,同以往的方法不同,将与该顶点相邻的边的过渡曲面相互分离,并首次引入了“补面”的概念,使得对该点所产生的过渡曲面处处Ｃ′连续．本算法首先构造用以磨光多面体顶点和边的ＮＵＲＢＳ曲面的边界曲线网络图产生边界曲线的控制点及其权值（ＮＵＲＢＳ表示）,然后依据连续性准则,产生ＮＵＲＢＳ曲面的控制信息．     

多项式混合曲线曲面方法构造

针对混合曲线表示及其求导和求积困难的问题,通过计算构造出一种多项式混合曲线曲面形式.当待混合曲线是多项式时,混合曲线也为多项式形式.该多项式混合公式可以推广得到任意参数连续C(n)和几何连续G(n)的混合曲线曲面.另外,在得到的混合曲线曲面族中构造出了新的更优能量光顺方程,通过设置参数可得到合适的混合曲线曲面.实验结果表明,文中提出的混合曲线曲面造型方法稳定、有效.     

G 2 interpolation and blending on surfaces

We introduce a method for curvature-continuous (G ²) interpolation of an arbitrary sequence of points on a surface (implicit or parametric) with prescribed tangent and geodesic curvature at every point. The method can also be used forG ² blending of curves on surfaces. The interpolation/blending curve is the intersection curve of the given surface with a functional spline (implicit) surface. For the construction of blending curves, we derive the necessary formulas for the curvature of the surfaces. The intermediate results areG ² interpolation/blending methods in IR².     

Computational methods for blending surface approximation

Blending surfaces form a smooth transition between two distinct, intersecting surfaces or smoothly join two or more disconnected surfaces and are normally procedural surfaces which are difficult to exchange and to interrogate in a reliable and efficient manner. In this paper, an approximation method for blending surfaces which are curvature continuous to the underlying surfaces with a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface is presented. The use of NURBS is important since it facilitates the exchange of geometric information between various computer aided design and manufacturing systems. In the method, linkage curves on the underlying surfaces are approximated to within a specified tolerance and cross-link curves are created using the linkage curves, a directional curve and the parametric partial derivatives of the underlying surfaces. Cross-link curves are lofted to form the blending surface and an adaptive sampling procedure is used to test the blending surface against specified tolerances. Cross-link curves are added, where necessary, and the surface relofted until the continuity conditions are satisfied to within specified tolerances. Examples illustrate the applicability of the method.     

Construction of Blending Surfaces

Surface blending is very important in geometric modeling and is widely used in product design and manufacturig. This paper has a comprehensive discussion in surface blending with constant/variable radil, including the generation of rolling-ball blending between a curve and a surface, rolling-ball blending between two surfaces at a given contact curve, sliding-circle blending between two surfaces, etc. All those algorithms developed have been put into the commercial CAD/CAE/CAM software system-CAXA-ME and greatly enhanced its modeling ability     

Parametric G n blending of curves and surfaces

We introduce a simple blending method for parametric curves and surfaces that produces families of parametrically defined, G ⁿ –continuous blending curves and surfaces. The method depends essentially on the parameterizations of the curves/surfaces to be blended. Hence, the flexibility of the method relies on the existence of suitable parameter transformations of the given curves/surfaces. The feasibility of the blending method is shown by several examples. The shape of the blend curve/surface can be changed in a predictable way with the aid of two design parameters (thumb weight and balance).     

Smooth blending of subdivision surfaces

A technique for merging freeform objects modeled with subdivision surfaces is proposed. The method takes into consideration the possible distortion of the surfaces while the smoothness of the blending surface connecting the objects is maintained. A blend region between the given object surfaces is located. The topology of the surfaces in the vicinity of the blend region is refined and the boundary curves of the blend region are smoothed to reduce possible distortion in the blending surface. A blend curve between the two surfaces is used for connecting the given surfaces. Vertices on the blend curve are regular whereas extraordinary vertices are restricted to locate along the boundary of the blend region. Locations of the blend vertices are adjusted such that the curvature of the surfaces along the boundaries of the blend region is minimized. This ensures extraordinary vertices on the boundaries to lie on a relatively flat region, and hence, minimizes the distortion of the surfaces in the merging process.     

基于结式方法的代数曲面拼接

以同伦连续映射理论为基础,构造代数曲面拼接应该满足的代数方程组。然后,利用结式方法消去相关变元得到拼接曲面方程。两代数曲面拼接时,方程组是两个关于单位区间变元的方程。利用Sylvester结式消去该变元即可得到曲面拼接方程。对于多代数曲面,拼接过程可以考虑为不同种的连续映射。由此得到三种不同的曲面拼接方法,即串接法、过渡法和提升法。串接法可得到较低次的拼接曲面,但适用于代数曲面两两拼接且过渡曲面不相交的情况;过渡法适用于所有情况,但得到拼接曲面比较复杂;提升法是一种较好的算法,拼接时逐个将代数曲面并入拼接曲面中。该算法既可得到最低次拼接方程又适用于一般情况。上述方法的优点是无需考虑代数曲面方程中的变元,仅考虑对新增单位区间变元的处理。因此,算法的计算量小,并且能够预先得到拼接曲面时的计算量。     

Canal surfaces with rational contour curves and blends bypassing the obstacles

In this paper, we will present an algebraic condition, see (20), which guarantees that a canal surface, given by its rational medial axis transform (MAT), possesses rational generalized contours (i.e., contour curves with respect to a given viewpoint). The remaining computational problem of this approach is how to find the right viewpoint. The canal surfaces fulfilling this distinguished property are suitable for being taken as modeling primitives when some rational approximations of canal surfaces are required. Mainly, we will focus on the low-degree cases such as quadratic and cubic MATs that are especially useful for applications. To document a practical usefulness of the presented approach, we designed and implemented two simple algorithms for computing rational offset blends between two canal surfaces based on the contour method which do not need any further advanced formalism (as e.g. interpolations with MPH curves). A main advantage of the designed blending technique is its simplicity and also an adaptivity to choose a suitable blend satisfying certain constrains (avoiding obstacles, bypassing other objects, etc.). Compared to other similar methods, our approach requires only one SOS decomposition for the whole family of rational canal surfaces sharing the same silhouette, which significantly simplifies the computational complexity.     

On modeling with rational ringed surfaces

A surface in Euclidean space is called ringed (or cyclic) if there exists a one-parameter family of planes that intersects this surface in circles. Well-known examples of ringed surfaces are the surfaces of revolution, (not only rotational) quadrics, canal surfaces, or Darboux cyclides. This paper focuses on modeling with rational ringed surfaces, mainly for blending purposes. We will deal with the question of rationality of ringed surfaces and discuss the usefulness of the so called P-curves for constructing rational ringed-surface-blends. The method of constructing blending surfaces that satisfy certain prescribed constraints, e.g. a necessity to avoid some obstacles, will be presented. The designed approach can be easily modified also for computing $n$-way blends. In addition, we will study the contour curves on ringed surfaces and use them for computing approximate parameterizations of implicitly given blends by ringed surfaces. The designed techniques and their implementations are verified on several examples.     

Blending an implicit with a parametric surface

A method for blending an implicit surface with a parametric surface is introduced. The blending surface is defined as a collection of intersection curves of correlated pairs of surfaces. With a simple additional condition one can achieve G²-continuous transitions between the blending surface and the given surfaces.     

集逼近插值于一体的分段3次多项式曲线曲面

为了用一种模型实现逼近与插值的统一,在多项式函数空间上构造了含两组参数的混合函数,并由之定义了基于四点分段的多项式曲线和相应的张量积曲面。当参数取特殊值时,新曲线曲面成为3次均匀B样条曲线曲面。除了继承B样条方法的局部性,自动光滑性等优点之外,新曲线曲面还具有局部形状可调性。限制混合函数中参数的取值范围,可以使新曲线曲面位于控制顶点的凸包内。让混合函数中的一组参数取特定值,可以使新曲线曲面自动插值除边界点以外的控制顶点,且插值曲线曲面的形状依然局部可调。给出了一些曲线曲面图例。     

Controllable C1 continuous blending of time-dependent parametric surfaces

This paper proposes the concept of blending time-dependent varying surfaces, and develops a new method to create a controllable C1 continuous blending surface between primary parametric surfaces whose position and shape change with time. We treat it as a boundary-valued problem defined by the mathematical model of a vectored dynamic fourth-order partial differential equation subjected to time-dependent C1 continuous blending boundary constraints. High performance blending surface generation is achieved through the development of an approximate analytical solution of the mathematical model. We investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the solution, study the effective shape control of the blending surfaces, and apply the obtained solution to tackle surface blending problems. The applications demonstrate that our proposed approach is very effective and efficient in dealing with controllable C1 continuous surface blending between time-dependent varying parametric surfaces.     

NURBS曲线曲面的构形原理及其在产品造型中的应用

本文介绍了NURBS曲线、曲面的数学表达,给出了NURBS曲线和曲面的构形原理,在此基础上,推导了过滤曲面,进而获得了产品造型所要求的曲面。实践表明,应用NURBS曲面,使产品造型设计者能随心所欲地实现自己的设计意图。     

Generating Blending Surfaces with a Pseudo-Lévy Series Solution to Fourth Order Partial Differential Equations

In our previous work, a more general fourth order partial differential equation (PDE) with three vector-valued parameters was introduced. This equation is able to generate a superset of the blending surfaces of those produced by other existing fourth order PDEs found in the literature. Since it is usually more difficult to solve PDEs analytically than numerically, many references are only concerned with numerical solutions, which unfortunately are often inefficient. In this paper, we have developed a fast and accurate resolution method, the pseudo-Lévy series method. Due to its analytical nature, the comparison with other existing methods indicates that the developed method can generate blending surfaces almost as quickly and accurately as the closed form resolution method, and has higher computational accuracy and efficiency than existing Fourier series and pseudo-spectral methods as well as other numerical methods. In addition, it can be used to solve complex surface blending problems which cannot be tackled by the closed form resolution method. To demonstrate the potential of this new method we have applied it to various surface blending problems, including the generation of the blending surface between parametric primary surfaces, general second and higher degree surfaces, and surfaces defined by explicit equations.     

Construction of flexible blending parametric surfaces via curves

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a method that allows to solve the blending problem of two parametric surfaces. The blending surface is constructed with a collection of space curves defined by point pairs on the blending boundaries of given primary surfaces. Bézier and C-cubic curves are used to interpolate the blending boundaries. The blending surface is Gⁿ continuously connected to the primary surfaces.     

一种带形状参数的奇异混合拟Bézier曲线

利用权的思想并结合奇异混合技术,对传统的拟Bézier曲线进行扩展,构造了一种带形状参数的奇异混合拟Bézier曲线.首先将奇异混合函数和三角多项式空间的拟三次Bézier基函数相结合得到奇异混合拟Bézier曲线的定义,进而根据奇异混合拟Bézier曲线的定义反推出奇异混合拟Bézier基函数;接着讨论了奇异混合拟B...     

Blending surface generation using a fast and accurate analytical solution of a fourth-order PDE with three shape control parameters

In this paper, we propose to use a fourth-order partial differential equation (PDE) to solve a class of surface-blending problems. This equation has three vector-valued shape control parameters. It incorporates all the previously published forms of fourth-order PDEs for surface blending and can generate a larger class of blending surfaces than existing equations. To apply the proposed PDE to the solution of various blending problems, we have developed a fast and accurate resolution method. Our method modifies Naviers solution for the elastic bending deformation of thin plates by making it satisfy the boundary conditions exactly. A comparison between our method, the closed-form solution method, and other existing analytical methods indicates that the developed method is able to generate blending surfaces almost as quickly and accurately as the closed-form solution method, far more efficiently and accurately than the numerical methods and other existing analytical methods. Having investigated the effects that the vector-valued shape parameters and the force function of the proposed equation have on the blending surface, we have found that they have a significant influence on its shape. They provide flexible user handles that surface designers can use to adjust the blending surface to acquire the desired shape. The developed method was employed in the investigation of surface-blending problems where the primary surfaces were expressed in parametric, implicit, and explicit forms.     

Variable-radius blending of parametric surfaces

The radius blend is a popular surface blending because of its geometric simplicity. A radius blend can be seen as the envelope of a rolling sphere or sweeping circle that centers on a spine curve and touches the surface to be blended along the linkage curves. For a given pair of base surfaces in parametric form, a reference curve, and a radius function of the rolling sphere, we present an exact representation for the variable-radius spine curve and propose a marching procedure. We describe methods that use the derived spine curve and linkage curves to compute a parametric form of the variable-radius sphearical and circular blends.