基于Protégé的领域本体构建研究

介绍了领域本体构建的基本流程,目的是为了更好地服务于语义web以及搜索引擎等。主要内容包括本体的概念、分类、功能及本体构建的方法、语言和工具,并以Java领域本体库的构建为例详细阐述了本体的构建过程。     

基于Protégé的课程知识本体的构建

在介绍本体与Protégé基本知识的基础上,针对互联网上网络教育资源的可用性和共享性差的现状,对数据结构课程知识进行了核心词汇分析,提出若干类和属性,并以这些类和属性初步构建成数据结构课程知识本体,有助于高效的认知与学习。     

基于本体的管理信息系统课程知识表示方法研究

针对目前高校管理信息系统课程教学过程中存在的问题,通过应用计算机本体构建技术,研究分析基于本体的管理信息系统课程知识结构及知识表示形式,设计了基于本体的课程建设描述方法。实验表明基于本体技术构建的管理信息系统课程知识体系模型,可以有效地表示专业课程知识结构,更有利于课程内容的应用和资源共享。     

基于本体的VB语言程序设计知识表示方法研究

针对目前高校VB语言程序设计课程教学过程中存在的问题,探讨了知识库本体的概念和研究方法,设计了基于本体的课程知识构架及知识表示形式,给出了基于本体的教学资源平台建设及语义检索开发的结构描述。实验表明基于本体构建的课程知识体系模型,可以有效地表示本门课程的知识结构,有利于课程内容的资源共享和语义查询。     

新工科背景下计算机硬件课程本体建设与应用

针对新工科背景下部分高校计算机硬件课程中出现的教学目标有待更新、课程间知识点重复冗余、教学实验与课程内容联系不够紧密等问题,分析硬件课程的培养目标及各课程之间的内在联系,提出构建由课程目标本体、知识点本体、教学实验本体3部分组成的硬件课程本体系统,介绍本体系统如何搭建以及本体系统在计算机硬件课程中的应用。     

本体映射框架的设计

本体异构是本体间互操作的主要障碍。解决本体异构最好的方法是本体映射。本文主要讨论了本体异构和本体映射的研究现状,提出一种具有混合体系结构的本体映射框架,并用具体的本体映射来说明该映射框架。     

基于描述逻辑的本体进化框架

以描述逻辑作为本体标准语言的理论基础,研究本体进化的概念和目的,提出一种本体进化框架,并在此基础上探讨本体进化过程和本体进化实现技术,包括本体变化操作语法与语义以及本体变化执行算法。通过图书本体实验平台验证了本体进化框架以及本体变化执行算法的可行性。     

基于ε-Connections的模块化本体建模研究

模块化本体将模块化的思想引入本体研究领域,将本体组织成多个本体模块的集成形式,这样不仅方便了本体的构建,也有利于本体的维护、共享和重用。在提出了一个模块化本体的三层体系结构的基础上,将模块化本体建模过程划分为本体模块划分、本体模块构建、本体模块集成和本体模块一致性检验四个步骤。在分别阐述各个步骤的主要工作之后,使用ε-Connections构建了一个减速器本体的模块化实例,验证了上述模块化本体建模步骤的可行性。     

本体构建的粒计算学习模型

粒计算的核心是粒子、粒层和粒结构。应用粒计算思想和本体论模型定义了本体粒和相容粒概念,给出了计算本体粒集和本体树的生成算法。该算法通过相容类产生初始本体粒集,应用本体粒的内涵分量[IG]扩展其他本体粒,最后联合关系分量[RG]和本体粒的关系构建本体粒集的格分层结构,借助加权树思想生成本体的概念树模型。经过中医喘证本体的实证研究,说明算法正确高效,为本体学习提供了很好的技术途径。     

A modified Bernstein-technique for estimating noise-perturbed function values

A Bernstein-type improvement of the Bienaymé-Chebyshev inequality is presented for evaluating a general class of noise-perturbed functions. This result can be applied in the course of solving stochastic optimization problems.     

Logic, probability theory, and artificial intelligence - Part I: the probabilistic foundations of logic

Many AI researchers have come to be dissatisfied with approaches to their discipline based on formal logic. Various alternatives are often suggested, including probability theory. This paper investigates the intimate connection between probability theory and various logics. We show that probability theory, broadly conceived, may be used as a formal semantics for virtually any monotonic logic. Thus, rather than being seen as competing, it is more appropriate to view formal logics as very special cases of probability theory, usually special cases that are computationally more tractable than the more general theory. Thus, probability theory and logic should be seen as complementary. Viewing probability theory in this abstract way may help to shed light on various recalcitrant problems in AI. De nombreux chercheurs dans le domaine de l'intelligence artificielle manifestent une certaine insatisfaction vis-à-vis certaines approches basées sur la logique formelle. Diverses solutions sont souvent proposées, y compris la théorie des probabilityés. Cet article analyse la relation intime entre la théorie des probabilités et diverses logiques. Il est démontré que la théorie des probabilityés, conçue de manière générale, peut ětre utilisée comme une sémantique formelle pour presque toute logique monotonique. Au lieu de percevoir les logiques formelles comme étant en opposition, il est plus approprié de les considérer comme des cas trés spéciaux de la théorie des probabilityés, habituellement plus traitables au niveau calcul que la théorie plus générate. Par conséquent, la théorie des probabilityés et la logique doivent ětre percues comme des éléments complémentaires. Le fait de considérer la théorie des probabilityés d'une manière abstraite peut contribuer à la compréhension de divers problèmes ardus dans le domaine de l'intelligence artificielle.     

Using meta-comments to generate fluent text in a technical domain1

Naturally occurring discourse often contains expressions such as “however,”“as I have stated before,” and “next.” These expressions, denoted meta-comments, carry important information which helps a hearer speed up the comprehension process. In this paper, we present a mechanism for the generation of meta-comments and their incorporation into computer-generated discourse. This mechanism is based on a simple model of the anticipated effect of the messages to be conveyed and of the meta-comments on the hearer's comprehension. It was implemented in a system called FIGMENT, which generates commentaries on the solution of algebraic equations. Le discours naturel contient souvent des expressions comme 〈〈 cependant 〉〉 et 〈〈 comme je ľai dit auparavant 〉〉. Ces expressions, appelées méta-commentaires, contiennent des informations importantes qui aident à accélérer le processus de compréhension de ľ auditeur. Dans cet article, ľ auteur présente un mécanisme de génération de métacommentaires et ? intégration de ceux-ci au discours créé par ordinateur. Ce mécanisme est basé sur un modèle simple de ľeffet anticipé des messages devant ětre transmis et de ľ';effet des méta-commentaires sur la compréhension de ľ auditeur. II a été mis en oeuvre dans un système appele FIGMENT, qui génère des commentaires sur la solution ?équations algébriques.     

SYNTAX OR SEMANTICS? HANDLING NONLOCAL DEPENDENCIES WITH MCTAGS OR SYNCHRONOUS TAGS

We show how multicomponent TAGs, although in their “local” version equivalent to “simple” TAGs, enable one to associate the derived structures with a richer set of derivations. This is especially useful for representing some nonlocal dependencies such as wh-extraction out of NP or extraposition, as soon as one interprets the derivation structures as representing the predicate-argument dependencies. However, there is a formal alternative in the formalism of synchronous TAGs that achieves a similar result, namely, that associates standard syntactic derivations with nonisomorphic semantic derivations, and relies on the latter to represent the dependency relations. We show that the latter treatment accounts for a different range of extraposition facts in French, where the relationship between the head noun and its extraposed dependent is a semantic one. Nous montrons comment les TAGs ensemblistes “locales” (MCTAGs), qui sont équivalentes aux TAGs simples, permettent ?associer aux structures syntaxiques dérivées un ensemble plus large de structures dérivationnelles. Cela est particulièrement utile pour la représentation des dépendances non locales qu'on observe dans les extractions hors du groupe nominal et les extrapositions, à partirdu moment où?on interprète les arbres de dérivation comme représentant les relations de dépendance. II existe toutefois une autre possibilityé dans le cadre des TAGs synchrones qui associe aux dérivations syntaxiques standard des dérivations sémantiques non isomorphes et interprète les relations de dépendance en se basant sur ces dernières. Nous montrons que cette deuxième possibilityé est mieux adaptée pour des cas ?extraposition en français où la relation de dépendance entre le nom těte et ?élément extraposé est ?ordre sémantique.     

PEM: The small company-dedicated software process quality evaluation method combining CMMISM and ISO/IEC 14598

Many small software organizations have recognized the need to improve their software product. Evaluating the software product alone seems insufficient since it is known that its quality is largely dependant on the process that is used to create it. Thus, small organizations are asking for evaluation of their software processes and products. The ISO/IEC 14598-5 standard is already used as a methodology basis for evaluating software products. This article explores how it can be combined with the CMMI to produce a methodology that can be tailored for process evaluation in order to improve their software processes. ^SM: CMMI is a service mark of Carnegie-Mellon University. Sylvie Trudel has over 20 years of experience in software. She worked for more than 10 years in development and implementation of management information systems and embedded real-time systems. Since 1996, she works as a process improvement specialist, implementing best practices into organizations processes from CMM and CMMI models. She performed several CMM and CMMI assessments and participated in many other CMM assessments such as CBA IPI, SCE, and other proprietary methods. She obtained a bachelors degree in computer science in 1986 from Laval University in Québec City and a Masters degree in Software Engineering at école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) in Montréal. Sylvie is currently working as a software engineering advisor at the Centre de Recherche Informatique de Montréal (CRIM). Jean-Marc Lavoie has been working in software development for over 10 years. He performed and published a comparative study between the guide to the SWEBOK and the CMMI in 2003. Jean-Marc obtained a bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering. He is pursuing a Masters degree in Software Engineering at école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) in Montréal while working as a software architect at Trisotech. Marie-Claude Pare has been working in software development for 7 years. Marie-Claude obtained a bachelor degree in Software Engineering from école Polytechnique in Montréal. She is pursuing a Masters degree in Software Engineering at école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) in Montréal while working as a software engineer at Motorola GSG Canada. Dr Witold Suryn is a Professor at the école de technologie supérieure, Montreal, Canada (engineering school of the Université du Québec network of institutions) where he teaches graduate and undergraduate software engineering courses and conducts research in the domain of software quality engineering, software engineering body of knowledge and software engineering fundamental principles. Dr Suryn is also the principal researcher and the director of GELOG : IQUAL, the Software Quality Engineering Research Group at école de technologie supérieure. From October 2003 Dr. Suryn holds the position of the International Secretary of ISO/IEC SC7 – System and Software Engineering.     

Denkprothesen: on programs that reason

This paper considers computer programs that purport to do inference. It finds the essence of their reasoning ability to reside in a particular relationship which exists between the computations described by the texts of those programs and machine-independent formal representations of the theories in which they are said to reason. The principal novelties in the treatment of this question are the use of explicit “abstraction functions” between states of a computation and sets of sentences of a theory, and the notion of global “inference relations” which characterize the set of all inferences of which a system is capable. The central result of the paper is an “arrow-theoretic” characterization of the concept of a knowledge representation, along with the related concept of a knowledge representation realization. The notions of equivalence and subsumption for knowledge representations are defined, as well as equivalence of knowledge representation realizations. Finally, important issues of expression evaluation and control are addressed. The paper concludes with a slogan: “The AI is in the arrows.” Cet article traite des programmes informatiques qui prétendent faire de ľinférence. Ľauteur constate que ľessentiel de leur capacityé de raisonnement réside dans la relation particulière qui existe entre les calculs décrits par les textes de ces programmes et les représentations formelles non liées à un type de machine des théories dans le cadre desquelles ils sont supposés raisonner. Les principales nouveautés dans le traitement de cette question sont ľutilisation de fonctions ?abstraction explicites éntre les etats ?un calcul et les ensembles de phrases ?une théorie, et la notion de relations ?inférence globales qui caractérisent ľensemble de toutes les inférences dont un système est capable. Le principal résultat de cet article est une caractérisation du concept de la représentation des connaissances, ainsi que du concept connexe de la réalisation de la représentation des connaissances. Les notions ?équivalence et de sous-somption pour la représentation des connaissances sont définies, ainsi que ľéquivalence des réalisations de la représentation des connaissances. Enfin, des questions importantes comme ľanalyse et le contrǒle ?expressions sont traitées.     

La Commercialisation de la teledetection Les produits ERS

Résumé

Abstract

Cet article traduit le point de vue de PAgence Spatiale Européene relatif à la commercialisation des applications de la télédétection réalisées par le satellite ERS-1. Ce point de vue repose sur Pexperience de l'ESA relative au système Météosat qui a été transporté sur Eumetsat, à son système Earthnet—une récente expérience sur Eurimage—et relative à l'étude de concurents tels que Landsat et SPOT. En ce qui conceme les applications à partir de données ERS, on étudie les differents créneaux du marché et, comme le système ERS est très different des ressources terrestres satellitaires existantes dans la mesure ou il est surtout conçu pour étudier les océans, les zones côtieres et glacières, on attend une demande de i'utilisateur dans des secteurs tels que l'industrie 'offshore', le transport maritime, la pêgche, la surveillance de la pollution marine et l'administration des zones. côtières. Les auteurs concluent que cette étape n'a pas encore été réalisée si on entend par commercialisation le recouvrement de tous les coÛts effectués lors du developpement total du satellite, les frais de lancement et de fonctionnement. Neanmoins si l'on estime que cette commercialisation est un autre moyen d'utilise[rdot] les fonds publics pour tenir compte de la demande du marché et de partager les risques avec le secteur privé, alors ies résultats de la commercialisation commencent déjà à porter leurs fruits.

This paper describes the European Space Agency's views on the commercialization of the remote sensing products to be produced by the ERS-1 satellite. The views are based on the agency's experience with the Meteosat system which it has transferred to Eumetsat, on its Earthnet system, the recent experience with Eurimage and on observations of the competitors such as Landsat and SPOT. The various market segments for ERS data products are examined, and as the ERS system is very different to the existing Earth resources satellites in that it is mainly for studying the oceans, ice and coastal zones, user demand is expected in such fields as the off-shore industry, maritime transport, fishing, monitoring marine pollution and management of coastal zones. The authors conclude that if, by commercialization we mean full cost recovery of the total satellite development, launch and separating costs, then no one has reached this stage yet. However, if we consider that commercialization is a re-orientation in the use of public funds in order to take account of market demand and in risk-sharing with the private sector, then the results of commercialization are already starting to bear fruit.     

Swiveled Rényi entropies

This paper introduces “swiveled Rényi entropies” as an alternative to the Rényi entropic quantities put forward in Berta et al. (Phys Rev A 91(2):022333, 2015). What distinguishes the swiveled Rényi entropies from the prior proposal of Berta et al. is that there is an extra degree of freedom: an optimization over unitary rotations with respect to particular fixed bases (swivels). A consequence of this extra degree of freedom is that the swiveled Rényi entropies are ordered, which is an important property of the Rényi family of entropies. The swiveled Rényi entropies are, however, generally discontinuous at \(\alpha =1\) and do not converge to the von Neumann entropy-based measures in the limit as \(\alpha \rightarrow 1\), instead bounding them from above and below. Particular variants reduce to known Rényi entropies, such as the Rényi relative entropy or the sandwiched Rényi relative entropy, but also lead to ordered Rényi conditional mutual information and ordered Rényi generalizations of a relative entropy difference. Refinements of entropy inequalities such as monotonicity of quantum relative entropy and strong subadditivity follow as a consequence of the aforementioned properties of the swiveled Rényi entropies. Due to the lack of convergence at \(\alpha =1\), it is unclear whether the swiveled Rényi entropies would be useful in one-shot information theory, so that the present contribution represents partial progress toward this goal.     

Toolkit Support for Integrating Physical and Digital Interactions

ABSTRACT

There is great potential in enabling users to interact with digital information by integrating it with everyday physical objects. However, developing these interfaces requires programmers to acquire and abstract physical input. This is difficult, is time-consuming, and requires a high level of technical expertise in fields very different from user interface development—especially in the case of computer vision. Based on structured interviews with researchers, a literature review, and our own experience building physical interfaces, we created Papier-Mâché, a toolkit for integrating physical and digital interactions. Its library supports computer vision, electronic tags, and barcodes. Papier-Mâché introduces high-level abstractions for working with these input technologies that facilitate technology portability. We evaluated this toolkit through a laboratory study and longitudinal use in course and research projects, finding the input abstractions, technology portability, and monitoring facilities to be highly effective.