An improved under frequency load shedding strategy based on dynamic power flow tracing

Under frequency load shedding is an effective approach to maintain or restore the steady-state operation of the power system when frequency accidents occur. An improved under frequency load shedding strategy based on dynamic power flow tracking is proposed. The expression of the kinetic energy theorem in power system is derived and combined with the power flow tracing method to analyze the relation between system energy distribution and its frequency. The power system frequency influencing factors are then constructed and applied to find the reasons of frequency decline and to quantify the contributions of the mechanical power of the generators, the load power and the transmission losses for the frequency deviation. Finally, considering a variety of unbalanced power scenarios in the system, the modified load shedding strategy is designed. Based on the results of dynamic power flow tracing, the strategy can choose the suitable load node to control, and the defined load frequency contribution indicator is utilized to determine the load shedding amount which each control object undertakes. The proposed methodology is verified by the fault scenarios when the generator sets mistakenly cut off and the trip of important tie-lines in the IEEE 39-bus system. Compared with the conventional strategies, the proposed strategy is more selective, can reduce the blackout range, and improve the effect of stable frequency recovery.     

基于频率影响因素的低频减载策略

频率稳定是电力系统稳定性的重要内容之一,而现有的分析方法尚不能分析各个负荷对频率的影响。因此,文中将电力系统动能定理和潮流追踪算法相结合,提出了一种频率影响因素分析方法。基于这种分析方法提出了一种低频减载策略,根据故障发电机会减少对负荷供电的特性,构造出负荷切除因子,对特定的负荷进行切除。在IEEE 10机39节点系统中的仿真分析表明,所提出的低频减载方法能够有针对性地切除与故障发电机相关的负荷,有利于频率的快速恢复。     

计及电压稳定的自适应协调低频减载策略

为了提高资源利用率,电网经常处在临界稳定的运行状态,大停电事故往往在系统重负荷运行时发生,多表现为多个电气量协同作用下的系统崩溃。提出一种计及电压稳定的自适应协调低频减载策略。根据功率缺额的动态计算值对扰动的严重程度进行分类,以期有针对性地采取不同的控制措施。若发生严重故障则需要进行两阶段的减载,先基于各负荷母线的频率调节效应来指导阶段1的选址定容,然后应用有功网损灵敏度来获取电压薄弱区域信息,计及时延后实施阶段2的减载;若发生一般故障则直接进行阶段2的减载过程。仿真对比验证了所提策略的有效性和优越性,该策略可以自适应不同严重程度的故障扰动,并能及时有效地保证系统频率稳定以及各母线处的电压稳定。     

大电网可靠性影响分析的潮流跟踪方法

提出了大电网可靠性评估中削减负荷的潮流跟踪模型, 建立了节点和系统可靠性对元件的分配计算模型,基于此易于分析系统的薄弱环节。在负荷削减的潮流跟踪模型中,按负荷对发电机和线路利用系数的大小顺序削减负荷。基于潮流跟踪削减负荷能建立故障元件与削减负荷节点间的映射关系,该模型的核心在于找出所有元件中对削减负荷节点利用系数最大的元件。算例结果证明了所提出方法的有效性。     

基于灰色关联分析的自适应低频减载

针对当前低频减载方案常按频率跌落延时切除离线整定的负荷量、缺少对负荷特性的综合考虑而引起的欠切、过切等问题,提出以负荷频率效应系数、单位电能损失和负载率为决策指标对不同重要性级别下的负荷节点进行灰色关联分析排序,按关联度由大到小确定切负荷顺序。基于广域测量的系统初始频率变化率自适应估计系统功率缺额,在计及发电机和负荷的调节作用的同时计算切负荷总量,并按减载顺序主动分配。四种典型故障场景下的仿真结果表明所提方案能有效决策减载策略,以最小的减载量和减载代价获得了最优的频率动态恢复曲线,验证了可行性。     

一种利用潮流追踪的电压稳定紧急控制方法

给出了一种基于有功潮流追踪的电压稳定控制方法。首先利用线路导纳递减算法,确定故障后系统无法承受的线路有功潮流,将之作为控制措施的裁减量;进一步,采用双向潮流追踪算法,将所得裁减量向发电机和负荷节点分配,以确定控制实施对象和各自分担量。该方法可有效计及在控制措施实施过程中系统一些非线性环节(有载调压变压器、励磁顶值)的影响,同时保证发电/负荷裁减量最小。此外,潮流追踪是研究电力市场节点定价和网损分摊的基础,因此该文方法能很好地适用电力市场运行环境。利用New England 39和IEEE118节点系统验证了所给方法的有效性。     

Load shedding strategy coordinated withstorage device and D-STATCOM to enhancethe microgrid stability

Recently microgrids have drawn a potential attraction by fulfilling the environmental demands and the increasing energy demands of the end-users. It is necessary to focus on various protection and control aspects of a microgrid. During the transition between the grid-following and grid-forming modes, the voltage and the frequency instability due to the power mismatch condition becomes the major point of concern. Therefore, the paper executes a frequency-active power and voltage-reactive power drooping control strategy for the precise power-sharing among the distributed power generators. Furthermore, to handle the power deficit scenarios and to maintain the system stability, a system independent and priority-based adaptive three-stage load shedding strategy is proposed. The sensitivity of the strategy depends on the system inertia and is computed according to the varying absolute rate-of-change-of-frequency. The strategy incorporates the operation of battery storage system and distributed static compensator (D-STATCOM) in the microgrid, to provide a reliable power supply to the customers for a considerable time instead of a sudden load shedding. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is investigated on a scaled-down modified IEEE 13-bus microgrid system on the podium of MATLAB 2015b through the time-domain simulation.     

光伏减载驱动新能源同步机参与电力系统调频的研究

大规模新能源发电并网降低了系统惯性和一次调频能力。新能源同步机(MGP)可以提供无延时的、真实的旋转惯量。介绍了新能源经MGP并网的系统结构和惯量水平,计算了MGP对初始频率变化率(ROCOF)的抑制作用。然后基于光伏(PV)驱动MGP并网的直流电压反馈控制策略,提出了一种定减载率控制算法,并引入频率反馈环,形成PV调用有功储备驱动MGP参与电力系统调频的综合控制策略。通过3机9节点仿真系统对减载控制算法进行验证,并进一步对比了源、网两端功率波动下PV采用不同方式并网参与系统一次调频的效果。结果表明,在综合控制策略下PV经MGP并网能为系统提供更强的频率支撑。     

考虑N-K故障下系统频率稳定性的储能电站优化规划

风电、光伏等新能源通过逆变器并入电网,不具有惯量支撑能力,因此大规模新能源接入电网会降低系统的惯量水平。在N-K故障下,系统可能因惯量水平过低而频率失稳,导致电源脱网,给系统造成严重经济损失。针对此问题,提出一种考虑N-K故障下系统频率稳定性的储能电站优化规划方法。首先,分析系统惯量与系统频率变化的关系,给出系统惯量需求约束。其次,充分考虑储能电站在系统中调频、调峰及潮流调度等应用场景,以储能电站建设成本及极端故障下切负荷成本最小为目标函数,构建储能电站定容选址优化模型。最后,以IEEE 39节点系统为仿真算例。仿真结果表明,基于所提方法的定容选址规划方案能够有效提升系统频率稳定性,缓解系统在极端故障下的大面积停电问题。     

基于停运连续潮流和双向潮流追踪的潮流解恢复控制方法

针对导致潮流方程无解的支路型故障,提出了一种基于潮流追踪的潮流解恢复控制策略。首先将故障支路用支路两端节点的等值功率源替代,从网络中移去故障支路。减小等值功率直到极限点,极限点处剩余的等值功率量是超出故障后网络传输能力的功率量,将其作为控制裁减量。然后采用潮流追踪算法,将所得裁减量向发电机和负荷节点分配,以确定减负荷和减发电的节点以及各自的裁减量。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

提升火电机组一次调频性能的火电-储能一体化系统研究

提出了一种火电-储能一体化系统的构造方法,并设计了协同调频控制策略以改善火电机组一次调频性能。在严重有功扰动场景下,利用储能装置的快速响应能力提升了火电机组的一次调频响应速率,改善系统频率跌落深度。在负荷日常波动场景下,利用储能装置响应一次调频指令的高频分量,抑制了火电机组一次调频功能的频繁动作。此外,提出了储能能量恢复控制策略,采用火电充裕的能量恢复储能荷电状态,避免储能的过度充放。算例分析表明,所提方法可有效提升火电机组的一次调频性能,并能够有效维持运行过程中储能的荷电状态。     

A comprehensive strategy for transmission switching action in simultaneous clearing of energy and spinning reserve markets

There is a great resolution calling for smart grids in recent years. Introduction of new technologies, that make the network flexible and controllable, is a main part of smart grid concept and a key factor to its success. Transmission network as a part of system network has drawn less attention. Transmission switching as a new transmission service can release us from load shedding and remove the constraints’ violations.Transmission switching can provide economic benefits compared to other control methods such as generation unit rescheduling or load shedding for contingency management.Utilizing a stochastic mix-integer nonlinear programming (SMINLP) model, transmission switching is used during contingencies and steady state to determine optimal required energy and reserve values.Stochastic joint energy and reserve markets with transmission switching considering dynamic constraints has been proposed to minimize the cost of supplying load, security expenses.Considering dynamic constraints in proposed model avoid the occurrence of transient instability when opening the line in transmission switching action.A network reduction method based on modified Jacobean AC Newton–Raphson technique power flow considering switchable line in technique is used for speeding up the calculation, efficiency and simplicity.To investigate the efficiency of the proposed strategy IEEE 14 bus test and IEEE 57 bus test system are studied. According to the obtained results, this strategy decreases energy and reserve marginal prices, as well as security cost.     

基于估测惯量计算的低频减载方法

新能源发电接入系统的控制方式的不同会给系统的惯量带来不同的影响,研究了基于估测惯量系统功率缺额实时计算方法。首先分析了现有低频减载装置计算系统功率缺额算法的不足。针对这些不足,研究了电压偏移对系统有功缺额的影响,并给出了量化算法;根据扰动后负荷的响应信息,提出了实时辨识系统惯量的方法,由此得到基于估测惯量的系统功率缺额实时计算方法,进而得到最优的自适应切负荷方案。在IEEE 39节点系统下进行孤岛系统的仿真,验证了研究得出的电压偏移对系统有功缺额的影响,以及系统惯量的实时辨识、系统功率缺额实时计算的准确性和有效性。与传统的分轮次动作的低频减载方案相比,所提方案的负荷减载量以及动态频率偏移相对更小,频率恢复稳定能力更强。     

风储交流微电网自动功率平衡控制策略

风储交流微电网主要包含风力发电设备、储能系统和交流负荷。在风储微电网中,需要建立发电、储能和负荷间的协同功率调控机制,以确保风能得以高效利用;同时尽可能避免储能系统发生过度充电与放电。为此,提出了一种适用于风储交流微电网在离网运行模式下的自动功率平衡控制策略。在负荷轻载下,通过储能系统主动改变微电网频率,由风机主动降功率,放弃部分风能,使得电池不易过度充电;在负荷重载下,微电网频率主动上升,主动切除部分负荷,使得电池不易过度放电。暂态数值仿真说明了该控制策略可实现交流微电网的功率自动平衡,同时有效避免了储能系统的过度充电与放电。     

Coordination control method to block cascading failure of a renewable generation power system under line dynamic security

The large application of renewable energy generation (REG) has increased the risk of cascading failures in the power system. At the same time REG also provides the possibility of new approaches for the suppression of such failures. However, the capacity and position of the synchronous generator (SG) involved in regulation limit the power regulation speed (PRS) of REG to the overload line which is the main cause of cascading failures, while the PRS of SG is related to the position and shedding power. REG and SGs have difficulty in achieving effective cooperation under constraints of system power balance. Particularly, the dynamic variation of line flow during power regulation causes new problems for the accurate evaluation of line thermal safety under overload. Therefore, a new strategy for quantitatively coordinating shedding power and power regulation to block cascading failures in the dynamic security domain is proposed in this paper. The control capability and dynamic security domain of the overload line are modeled, and the coordination control method based on power regulation is then proposed to minimize shedding power. The algorithm for the optimal control scheme considers the constraints of load capacity, power source capacity and bus PRS. The correctness of the proposed method is verified using case studies.     

计及能源转换负荷影响的气电耦合系统连锁故障评估

气电耦合系统中电转气负荷与气转电负荷为故障在电网与气网间的传播提供了通道,将电转气负荷与气转电负荷统称为能源转换负荷,其在电、气负荷中的占比与在阻断控制过程中的切除优先度可能对耦合系统连锁故障的传播特性带来无法忽视的影响。为此,提出了一种计及能源转换负荷影响的气电耦合系统连锁故障评估方法。首先,提出能源转换负荷占比与切除优先度模型,分析不同占比与切除优先度下故障在电、气网间连锁传播的机理与特性。然后,分别建立基于能源转换负荷占比与切除优先度的电力系统优化调度模型与天然气系统优化调度模型,两者交替迭代模拟连锁故障演化过程。基于此,提出表征拓扑完整性与物理运行特性的指标以定量评估连锁故障风险,从而构建气电耦合系统连锁故障评估模型。最后,利用IEEE RTS 24节点系统与29节点天然气系统构造气电耦合测试系统,通过对比不同场景,验证了所提方法可有效揭示能源转换负荷对连锁故障的影响。     

电力系统低频减载优化研究

低频减载作为电力系统的第三道防线,是一种有效防止系统频率崩溃的手段。结合江苏电网的实际情况,研究电力系统低频减载的优化配置。采用多机模型的时域动态仿真方法,用故障仿真法确定适合低频减载分析的系统模型和参数,通过选择江苏电网的一个典型分区作为研究对象,提出轮级协调动作配合后加速动作来优化调整现有低频减载的方案,以获得更高的安全性和经济性。     

Simulation of load shedding as a corrective action against voltage collapse

The evolution of a lot voltage collapse scenarios on large power systems can be alleviated by controlled load shedding associated with rearrangement of generator outputs. Dynamic simulation of power system mid-term voltage response is required to adequately determine the impact of load shedding actions and to design appropriate control systems. The dynamic simulation must take into account load-voltage behaviour, transformer tap changer controls and limits, generator overexcitation limiters, automatic generation control and system protective devices. This paper demonstrates the impact of load shedding as a corrective action through simulation of the system dynamic response to a disturbance. Whilst load shedding can stabilise a system, rigorous techniques are required to identify the magnitude and location of shedding. The application of voltage modal analysis in combination with the determination of reactive power margins in resolving this problem is demonstrated.     

风-铝联合系统协同频率控制策略研究

对于含有大规模新能源接入的联网型高耗能工业电网,新能源功率波动势必造成联络线功率波动以及额外备用容量费用,不利于工业电网经济运行。为深入挖掘源荷两侧调频资源,基于IEEE标准两区域模型,提出一种考虑风 铝联合的源荷协同频率控制策略。首先,基于自饱和电抗器建立电解铝负荷有功功率消耗与直流电压的耦合关系模型。其次,基于电解铝负荷特性提出一种电解铝参与的电网辅助调频策略。同时考虑风机惯性控制的快速频率响应能力,将电解铝负荷与风电机组调频手段结合,联合参与系统频率调节。最后,仿真验证了所提控制策略能有效抑制孤立电网的频率波动,使电力系统具有更强的抗干扰性和更快的动态响应。     

含自备电厂的钢铁企业孤网频率稳定控制策略

介绍了钢铁企业供电系统的结构特性,建立了自备电厂火电机组调速系统模型和负荷模型,其中负荷模型分为常规负荷模型和冲击负荷模型。针对孤网运行方式,提出了一种自适应频率稳定控制策略：实时监测系统运行状态和频率,并根据频率范围采取相应的控制措施。通过对自备电厂一次调频参数、二次调频控制等方面的研究,改善了孤网系统应对冲击负荷等小扰动的调节能力;通过实施可靠的就地低频减载（under frequency load shedding,UFLS）控制,可有效应对发生大扰动导致频率严重下降的紧急情况。仿真结果显示,所提出的控制策略能够保证孤网系统频率的稳定性。