SiGe HBT低频噪声PSPICE模拟分析

对SiGe HBT低频噪声的各噪声源进行了较全面的分析,据此建立了SPICE噪声等效电路模型,进一步用PSPICE软件对SiGe HBT的低频噪声特性进行了仿真模拟.研究了频率、基极电阻、工作电流和温度等因素对低频噪声的影响.模拟结果表明,相较于Si BJT和GaAs HBT,SiGe HBT具有更好的低频噪声特性;在低频范围内,可通过减小基极电阻、减小工作电流密度或减小发射极面积、降低器件的工作温度等措施来有效改善SiGe HBT的低频噪声特性.所得结果对SiGe HBT的设计和应用有重要意义.     

SiGe HBT器件特征参数的数值模拟与分析

分别在不同基极掺杂浓度、集电极掺杂浓度、发射极掺杂浓度和不同Ge组分含量的情况下,运用半导体器件模拟软件-MEDICI,对SiGe HBT器件的直流特性和频率特性进行了数值模拟,得出了SiGe HBT器件的集电极电流IC、基极电流IB、电流增益β和截止频率fT变化的初步规律.     

SiGe HBT 60Co γ辐照总剂量效应

测量了SiGe HBT直流增益在60Coγ辐照过程中随剂量及器件电流注入水平的变化。实验结果显示在累计辐照剂量超过5 000 Gy(Si)后,器件电流增益变化与辐照剂量存在线性反比关系,且增益损伤系数与器件电流注入水平有关;器件在受到总剂量为2.78×104Gy(Si)辐照后,器件静态基极电流Ib、集电极电流Ic、静态直流增益及最大振荡频率fmax出现不同程度退化;但器件其他电参数如截止频率fT、交流增益|H21|及结电容(CCBO)与辐照前相比未出现显著退化。利用MEDICI数值模拟分析了SiGe HBT参数退化机理。     

基于1.5 μm BiCMOS 工艺的SiGe HBT器件设计优化

基于非选择性外延,自对准注入技术,集电区选择性注入和快速热退火工艺,提出了一种适用于1.5μm BiCMOS集成技术的SiGe HBT器件结构。该结构具有内基区薄,外基区厚,B/E结两侧杂质浓度低,发射极/基极自对准诸优点。利用TSuprem4和Medici进行工艺模拟和电学特性仿真。结果表明,所设计的的SiGe HBT具有良好的电学特性,其最大电流增益为210,当Vce=2.5 V时,截止频率达到65 GHz,验证了器件结构设计的合理性。     

双极晶体管发射极电阻的提取方法及应用研究

以双多晶自对准互补双极器件中NPN双极晶体管为例,阐述了发射极电阻提取的基本原理和数学方法。在大电流情况下,NPN管的基极电流偏离理想电流是发射极串联电阻效应引起的。该提取方法综合考虑了辐照过程中NPN管的电流增益退化特性,分析了总剂量辐照效应对NPN管的损伤机理和模式。该提取方法适用于多晶硅发射极器件,也适用于SiGe HBT器件。     

版图尺寸对SiGe/Si HBT高频噪声特性的影响

从实验上研究了版图尺寸对Si/SiGe HBT高频噪声特性的影响。结果表明,在现有工艺条件下,减少外基区电阻(即减少发射极与基区间距),对降低高频噪声很显著。增加基极条数、增加条长也可减少基极电阻,降低高频噪声。发射极条宽从2μm减少为1μm,对噪声的改善很有限。对1μm或2μm条宽,40μm条长的5个基极条或9个基极条的SiGe HBT,在片测试表明,频率从0.4 GHz增加到1.2 GHz,噪声系数在2.5~4.6 dB之间变化。     

SiGe HBT瞬时剂量率效应实验及仿真研究

锗硅异质结双极晶体管(SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor,SiGe HBT)由于其优异的温度和频率特性,在航空航天等极端环境中具有良好的使用前景,其辐射效应得到了广泛关注。针对KT9041 SiGe HBT进行了瞬时γ射线及脉冲激光辐照实验,获得其瞬时剂量率效应(Transient Dose Rate Effect,TDRE)响应。实验结果表明,SiGe HBT收集极在辐照下会产生明显的光电流脉冲,并且存在着饱和阈值的现象。此外,在脉冲激光辐照实验中还进行了SiGe HBT总剂量效应与瞬时剂量率效应的协同效应研究。发现SiGe HBT在经过总剂量辐照后其产生的光电流幅值会变大。为了分析实验中观察到的现象,应用TCAD建立了KT9041 SiGe HBT的仿真模型,并进行了瞬时γ射线辐照以及总剂量效应仿真研究。仿真发现,SiGe HBT收集极光电流出现的饱和现象是由示波器端口50 Ω匹配电阻所造成的。而总剂量效应导致的光电流幅值变大则是由于总剂量效应会在SiGe HBT收集极电极处的Si/SiO₂界面引入正电荷缺陷,正电荷缺陷产生的局部电场会对自由电子产生吸引作用,导致更多的自由电子被收集极收集,从而产生幅值更大的光电流。     

SiGe HBT60Coγ射线辐照效应及退火特性

研究了国产SiGe异质结双极晶体管(HBT)60Co γ射线100Gy(Si)～10kGy(Si)总剂量辐照后的辐照效应及辐照后的退火特性.测试了辐照及退火后的直流电参数.实验结果显示,辐照后基极电流(Ib)明显增大,而集电极电流(Ic)基本不变,表明Ib的增加是电流增益退化的主要原因.退火结果表现为电流增益(β=Ic/Ib)继续衰降,表明SiGe HBT具有"后损伤"效应.对其机理进行了探讨,结果表明其主要原因是室温退火中界面态继续增长引起的.     

SiGe HBT 60Co γ射线辐照效应及退火特性

研究了国产SiGe异质结双极晶体管(HBT)60Co γ射线100Gy(Si)～10kGy(Si)总剂量辐照后的辐照效应及辐照后的退火特性.测试了辐照及退火后的直流电参数.实验结果显示,辐照后基极电流(Ib)明显增大,而集电极电流(Ic)基本不变,表明Ib的增加是电流增益退化的主要原因.退火结果表现为电流增益(β=Ic/Ib)继续衰降,表明SiGe HBT具有"后损伤"效应.对其机理进行了探讨,结果表明其主要原因是室温退火中界面态继续增长引起的.     

SiGe HBT噪声的研究进展

噪声对RF电路设计非常关键,故需要对SiGe HBT噪声特性进行深入研究。根据器件的高频噪声模型,指出了影响SiGe HBT高频噪声参数的主要因素,论述了优化设计的具体方法;举例说明尺寸缩小使得高频噪声性能已经达到了GaAs pHEMT的水平,fT达到了375 GHz。分析了SiGe HBT低频噪声的机理和模型及其与几何尺寸的关系,指出用fC/fT表达低频噪声性能更合适;举例说明小尺寸效应使得SiGe HBT的低频噪声偏离了1/f噪声形式。     

Measurement and comparison of 1/f noise and g-r noise in siliconhomojunction and III-V heterojunction bipolar transistors

This paper experimentally determines and compares the 1/f noise and the g-r noise, as components of the base noise current spectral density, in Si homojunction and III-V heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) in common-emitter configuration. The noise spectra for each of these devices are obtained as functions of the base bias current (I_B), and the 1/f noise has been found to depend on I_B as I_B^γ, where γ~1.8 for the silicon BJT's and InP/InGaAs HBT's with high current gains (β~50), and γ~1.1 for the AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with low current gains (4<β<12). The nearly constant current gain and the near square-law and inverse-square emitter area dependence of 1/f noise in silicon devices are indicative of the dominant base bulk recombination nature of this noise. The 1/f noise in the InP based HBTs has been found to be lowest among all the devices we have tested, and its origin is suggested to be the base bulk recombination as in the Si devices. For the AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs, the low current gain and the near unity value of γ, arise most likely due to the combined effects of surface, bulk, and depletion region recombinations and the base-to-emitter injection. The dependence of the 1/f noise on the base current density in the devices tested in this work, and those tested by others are compared to find out which HBT's have achieved the lowest level of 1/f noise     

Bulk and surface degradation mode in 0.35μm technology gg-nMOS ESD protection devices

We study failure mechanisms in 0.35μm process grounded-gate nMOS electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices stressed by high current - ESD like - pulses. Stress evolution of leakage current and low frequency noise is correlated with the position of the ESD damage analyzed using optical beam induced current (OB1C) technique. While a kink-free-like IV characteristics and low noise magnitude are typical for a bulk damage at the drain-contact region, a kink-like IV shape and large random telegraph signal (RTS) noise accompanies surface damage under the gate oxide. The role of hot-carriers in the degradation of the Si/Si0₂ interface and gate oxide, and leakage current mechanism are discussed.     

Impact of collector-base junction traps on low-frequency noise in high breakdown Voltage SiGe HBTs

This work investigates the impact of collector-base (CB) junction traps on low-frequency noise in high breakdown voltage (HBV) SiGe HBTs. By comparing the base current and 1/f noise at the same internal emitter-base (EB) voltage of the standard breakdown voltage (SBV) and HBV devices, we show that the CB junction traps not only increase base current, but also contribute base current 1/f noise when high injection occurs. The individual 1/f noise contributions from the emitter-base junction traps and from the collector-base junction traps are separated. The dependence of the 1/f noise component on the corresponding base current component is determined, and shown to be different for the EB and CB junction traps. The dependence of the total 1/f noise on the total base current, however, remains the same before and after high injection occurs in the HBV device, which is approximately the same as that for the SBV device. The I/sub B/ contribution from the CB junction recombination current needs to be modeled for accurate I-V and 1/f noise modeling.     

Low frequency gate noise in a diode-connected MESFET: measurementsand modeling

The low frequency Schottky diode noise has been investigated in GaAs power MESFETs. For those devices, gate noise spectra are generally composed of 1/f and shot noise contributions. We have observed an increase by two orders of magnitude of the noise level when MESFETs are submitted to rf life-test. The increase of the 1/f noise can be explained by a modification of the gate space charge region extension. This interpretation is sustained by a reduction of the drain current transient magnitude and the inherent active trap density. A correlation is assumed between the increase of the shot noise level after rf life-test and a micro-plasma formation. Both 1/f noise and shot noise evolution might originate in a local increase of the electric field in the vicinity of the gate in drain access region. We have demonstrated that LF gate current noise is an early indicator of damage mechanisms occurring at the gate-semiconductor and passivation-semiconductor interfaces of the devices     

A model for the computer-aided noise analysis of broad-banded bipolar circuits

A model suitable for the prediction of equivalent input noise voltage, equivalent input noise current, and noise figure of narrow geometry integrated bipolar devices is presented. The bipolar model accounts for flicker phenomena and the low frequency current gain attenuation commonly observed at very low and at very high injection levels. Moreover, a first-order approximation to the dependence of intrinsic base resistance on transistor current level is analytically incorporated. Experimental results are offered and compared with analytical estimates gleaned from a computer program written to output pertinent noise performance data for frequencies below the beta-cutoff frequency of a transistor.     

On the current dependence of low-frequency noise in bipolar transistors

The bias dependent characteristics of the base input flicker noise or 1/f noise current generator in bipolar transistors is examined. A simple technique is presented for the determination of the flicker noise magnitude at selected low frequencies with varying collector bias current. The results indicate that the bias dependence of the flicker noise is intimately rated to that of the input conductance parameter gπin the common-emitter configuration. Practical methods are given for the determination of the bias-independent noise parameter ρ0, which, in conjunction with the small-signal network parameters, fully characterize the device noise performance at low frequencies, ρ0, is an equivalent noise resistance representing the open-circuit flicker noise voltage at the base terminal at 1 Hz. Results of noise figure measurements on several representative commercially available devices are compared with those calculated with a knowledge of ρ0.     

1/f noise studies in uncooled narrow gap Hg1−xCdxTe non-equilibrium diodes

We have studied the 1/f noise current in narrow gap semiconductor heterostructure diodes fabricated in mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) and designed to operate in a non-equilibrium mode at room temperature. HgCdTe heterostructure diodes exhibit Auger suppression giving current-voltage characteristics with high peak-to-valley ratios (up to 35), and low extracted saturation current densities (e.g., 20 Acnr⁻² at 10 pm at 295K) but high 1/f knee frequencies (e.g., 100 MHz at 10 μm at 295K). A comparison is made with the noise levels found in room temperature non-equilibrium mode heterostructure InAlSb/InSb diodes. The devices are being used at high frequencies for CO₂ laser heterodyne detector demonstrators. For the devices to be useful in low frame-rate imaging arrays, the 1/f noise level must be sufficiently low that the signal is not swamped. Ideally, the knee frequency should be below the frame rate. The relationship between the noise current and reverse bias voltage, current density, and temperature will be examined in order to attempt to identify the principal 1/f generation mechanisms.     

Low-frequency noise in TFSOI lateral n-p-n bipolar transistors

Low-frequency (1/f) noise is characterized as a function of base current density (J_B) on thin-film-silicon-on-insulator (TFSOI) lateral bipolar transistors. In the low injection region of operation, the noise power spectral density was proportional to J_B ^1.8 for J_B<0.4 μA/μm², which suggest that the noise in these devices is primarily dominated by a uniform distribution of noise sources across the emitter-base area. However in the high current region of operation (J_B>0.4 μm²), the noise bias dependence shifts to J_B ^1.2, indicating current crowding effects, alter the contribution of noise sources near the extrinsic base link region of the device. In addition to the expected 1/f noise and shot noise, we have observed a bias dependent generation-recombination (Gm) noise source in some of the devices. This G/R noise is correlated to random-telegraph-signal (RTS) noise resulting from single trapping centers, located at or near the spacer oxide and/or the Si to SIMOX interface, which modulate the emitter-base space charge region     

Low 1/f noise design of Hi-CMOS devices

Low-frequency noise characteristics of High-Performance CMOS(Hi-CMOS) devices were measured. It was found that the equivalent input noise power SVg,eqfor n-channel MOSFET's has a 1/fα spectrum (0.8 < α < 0.95) above 10 µA, even for sealed-down devices with channel lengths LGof 2 µm. The SVg,eqis clearly proportional to 1/Leffdown to 0.8 µm. The noise characteristics of p-channel and n-channel MOSFET's were compared. It was found that in Hi-CMOS devices, noise reduction in normally-off-type p-channel devices was obtained by light boron-ion implantations at doses below 10¹²cm^-2. The 1/f noise level of p-channel devices was reduced to 1/10- 1/20 that of n-channel devices. In n-channel devices, the low-frequency noise power is a slow increasing function of the drain current. In p-channel devices, on the other hand, a threshold current was observed at which the noise begins to increase rapidly. The results are discussed in this paper in relation to the theoretical model of 1/f noise. The device design for reducing 1/f noise in CMOS differential amplifiers is also examined.     

The correlation between the low-frequency electrical noise of high-power quantum well lasers and devices surface non-radiative current

The low-frequency electrical noise, voltage–current (V–I) and electrical derivative characteristics of 980 nm InGaAsP/InGaAs/GaAlAs high power double quantum well (DQW) lasers are measured at different conditions. The correlation between the low-frequency electrical noise and surface non-radiative current of devices is discussed. The results indicate that the low-frequency electrical noise of 980 nm high power DQW lasers is mainly 1/f noise and has good relation with the devices surface current at low injection.