结合物体先验和空域约束的室内空域布局推理

对结构化室内场景的空域布局结构进行估计是计算机视觉领域的研究热点之一.然而,对于内部堆放了众多杂乱物体的室内场景,现有的大多数方法容易受到各种物体遮挡的影响而无法对这一类场景的布局结构进行准确推理.为此,本文方法充分考虑了房间和物体之间的几何和语义关联性,参数化地对房间和内部物体的三维体积分别进行描述,并且提出利用多种高层图像语义来获取物体的先验信息.此外,还在此基础上加入了空域排他性和空域位置等多种空域约束,进而在改进室内场景空域布局估计的同时为物体的识别和定位提供关键信息.本文方法不仅具有较低的求解复杂度,而且通过试验表明相比于现有的经典方法在杂乱的室内场景中能够取得更为鲁棒的空域布局推理结果.     

基于团树传播的证据网络推理算法

将团树传播算法应用于证据网络中,解决复杂的多连通知识网络结构下的信度推理问题.将复杂多连通网络构造成一棵团树,并将联合信度作为团节点的参数实现复杂多连通网络结构上的证据网络信度推理.在进行联合信度函数信息融合的过程中,通过引入两种新的交并运算实现对DSmT组合规则的改进,减少不确定性.最后通过实例验证了所提出方法的可行性.     

一种结合多尺度特征图和环型关系推理的场景图生成模型

场景图为描述图像内容的结构图(Graph),其在生成过程中存在两个问题:1)二步式场景图生成方法造成有益信息流失,使得任务难度提高;2)视觉关系长尾分布使得模型发生过拟合、关系推理错误率上升。针对这两个问题,文中提出结合多尺度特征图和环型关系推理的场景图生成模型SGiF(Scene Graph in Features)。首先,计算多尺度特征图上的每一特征点存在视觉关系的可能性,并将存在可能性高的特征点特征提取出来;然后,从被提取出的特征中解码得到主宾组合,根据解码结果的类别差异,对结果进行去重,以此得到场景图结构;最后,根据场景图结构检测包含目标关系边在内的环路,将环路上的其他边作为计算调整因子的输入,以该因子调整原关系推理结果,并最终完成场景图的生成。实验设置SGGen和PredCls作为验证项,在大型场景图生成数据集VG(Visual Genome)子集上的实验结果表明,通过使用多尺度特征图,相比二步式基线,SGiF的视觉关系检测命中率提升了7.1%,且通过使用环型关系推理,相比非环型关系推理基线,SGiF的关系推理命中率提升了2.18%,从而证明了SGiF的有效性。     

融合案例推理与规则推理的设备采购决策支持系统

对制造行业新产品试制部门的设备采购过程进行了分析，指出其对于整个企业制造过程的重要性，说明采购决策支持系统的引入的必要性，并将基于案例推理与基于规则推理相结合，构造了混合框架的推理系统及相应的案例表示结构，解决了设备采购等复杂决策领域中决策支持系统冗余推理的问题。最后将该混合推理框架及案例表示结构应用于某大型跨国制造企业试制部门的决策支持系统中，取得了较好的效果。     

基于案例推理的谈判支持系统的研究

通过对谈判案例的表达、检索、复用、评价、适配和学习的研究,基于案例推理的谈判支持系统解决了谈判者谈判相关知识缺乏的问题;在谈判案例表达方法中提出了属性分类方法;采用改进的最近相邻法进行谈判案例适配,以获得更相近的谈判历史案例;通过对基于案例推理的谈判机制分析,构建了基于案例推理谈判支持系统的体系结构,并详细设计了谈判系统的功能.最后,通过一个采购谈判方案验证了基于案例推理谈判支持系统的实用性.     

知识库／元级知识库中的自省推理

本文认为:不同类型的非单调推理,均可通过对有关对象的确信或不确信的推理过程来表示,因此自省的过程可作为一切形式推理的基础。本文讨论了推理者用于表达和椎导其自身信念时的各种方式,结论有:a.自省的本质是表达信念和世界的关系b.如果从完全性和正确性角度来看待自省推理的话,其计算是相当困难的。     

问题引导的空间关系图推理视觉问答模型

目的 现有视觉问答模型的研究主要从注意力机制和多模态融合角度出发,未能对图像场景中对象之间的语义联系显式建模,且较少突出对象的空间位置关系,导致空间关系推理能力欠佳。对此,本文针对需要空间关系推理的视觉问答问题,提出利用视觉对象之间空间关系属性结构化建模图像,构建问题引导的空间关系图推理视觉问答模型。方法 利用显著性注意力,用Faster R-CNN(region-based convolutional neural network)提取图像中显著的视觉对象和视觉特征;对图像中的视觉对象及其空间关系结构化建模为空间关系图;利用问题引导的聚焦式注意力进行基于问题的空间关系推理。聚焦式注意力分为节点注意力和边注意力,分别用于发现与问题相关的视觉对象和空间关系;利用节点注意力和边注意力权重构造门控图推理网络,通过门控图推理网络的信息传递机制和控制特征信息的聚合,获得节点的深度交互信息,学习得到具有空间感知的视觉特征表示,达到基于问题的空间关系推理;将具有空间关系感知的图像特征和问题特征进行多模态融合,预测出正确答案。结果 模型在VQA(visual question answering)v2...     

基于案例与规则推理的故障诊断专家系统

设计并实现基于案例的推理(CBR)与基于规则的推理(RBR)的故障旋转机械诊断专家系统。采用CBR与RBR串行方式进行推理,优先通过案例匹配方式寻求诊断结果,在不适用情况下转入通用性规则推理,并将诊断结果反馈给知识库进行优化。应用结果表明,该系统诊断结果与实际相符合,且诊断速度快、针对性强。     

基于描述逻辑的空间推理研究

本文讨论了具体域的可用性,首先介绍了ALC(D)描述的具体域D,然后定义了适用于由点、线和区域共同组成的具体域DP,扩展了描述逻辑ALC(D),指出适用于空间推理的描述逻辑能通过术语推理将定性信息和定量信息结合起来,以用于定性空间推理。     

基于矛盾转换的推理算法

该文提出了一种全新的推理机制，是一种通过将前提和结论中的复杂公式不断拆解来证明的推理机制．主要运用了矛盾转换原则来实现对公式的拆解，将对复杂公式形式的判断转化为对文字的判断。     

Multi-modal diagnosis combining case-based and model-based reasoning: a formal and experimental analysis

Integrating different reasoning modes in the construction of an intelligent system is one of the most interesting and challenging aspects of modern AI. Exploiting the complementarity and the synergy of different approaches is one of the main motivations that led several researchers to investigate the possibilities of building multi-modal reasoning systems, where different reasoning modalities and different knowledge representation formalisms are integrated and combined. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is often considered a fundamental modality in several multi-modal reasoning systems; CBR integration has been shown very useful and practical in several domains and tasks. The right way of devising a CBR integration is however very complex and a principled way of combining different modalities is needed to gain the maximum effectiveness and efficiency for a particular task. In this paper we present results (both theoretical and experimental) concerning architectures integrating CBR and Model-Based Reasoning (MBR) in the context of diagnostic problem solving. We first show that both the MBR and CBR approaches to diagnosis may suffer from computational intractability, and therefore a careful combination of the two approaches may be useful to reduce the computational cost in the average case. The most important contribution of the paper is the analysis of the different facets that may influence the entire performance of a multi-modal reasoning system, namely computational complexity, system competence in problem solving and the quality of the sets of produced solutions. We show that an opportunistic and flexible architecture able to estimate the right cooperation among modalities can exhibit a satisfactory behavior with respect to every performance aspect. An analysis of different ways of integrating CBR is performed both at the experimental and at the analytical level. On the analytical side, a cost model and a competence model able to analyze a multi-modal architecture through the analysis of its individual components are introduced and discussed. On the experimental side, a very detailed set of experiments has been carried out, showing that a flexible and opportunistic integration can provide significant advantages in the use of a multi-modal architecture.     

铁路行车事故救援决策方法研究

传统的铁路行车事故救援多采用人工方式给出救援方案,但事故受多方面因素的影响,救援人员很难及时的给出科学合理的救援方案.针对已有救援知识不完备、不系统的特点,提出规则推理(Rule-based Reasoning,RBR)和案例推理(Case-Based Reasoning,CBR)相结合的两级分层推理框架,给出了系统流程图,说明了RBR与CBR的具体实现方法,并将自组织特征映射网络(Self-Organizing Feature Map,SOFM)应用到事例检索中,有效地提高了检索的效率.仿真实验结果表明系统取得了良好的效果.克服了单一推理的缺点,实现了对救援理论和经验的复用,提高了系统的效率和综合推理能力,并使系统具有了学习能力.研究结果为进一步应用奠定了基础.     

Integrating Case-Based and Rule-Based Reasoning to Meet Multiple Design Constraints

Although case-based reasoning (CBR) was introduced as an alternative to rule-based reasoning (RBR), there is a growing interest in integrating it with other reasoning paradigms, including RBR. New hybrid approaches are being piloted to achieve new synergies and improve problem-solving capabilities. In our approach to integration, CBR is used to satisfy multiple numeric constraints, and RBR allows the performance of "what if" analysis needed for creative design.
The domain of our investigation is nutritional menu planning. The task of designing nutritious, yet appetizing, menus is one at which human experts consistently outperform computer systems. Tailoring a menu to the needs of an individual requires satisfaction of multiple numeric nutrition constraints plus personal preference goals and aesthetic criteria.
We first constructed and evaluated independent CBR and RBR menu planning systems, then built a hybrid system incorporating the strengths of each system. The hybrid outperforms either single strategy system, designing superior menus, while synergistically providing functionality that neither single strategy system could provide. In this paper, we present our hybrid approach, which has applicability to other design tasks in which both physical constraints and aesthetic criteria must be met.     

基于SOA的多CBR系统应用集成研究

针对单一应用的案例推理（CBR）系统在集成基于经验的隐性知识时存在固有局限性,设计出基于面向服务的体系结构（SOA）的多CBR系统应用集成框架和集成系统的平台体系结构。该集成框架和平台体系结构在分析CBR系统演化及应用集成模型库的基础上,结合SOA封装推理模型和推理流程,开发集成系统。该系统在试点应用中,实现企业内外多维隐性知识的集成和共享。     

CFW的CBR动态预测

结合CBR（Case-Based Reasoning,基于案例推理）方法学,探索了CFW（Cucumber Fusarium Wilt,黄瓜枯萎病）动态预测技术。提出一种优势案例机制辅助案例检索,快速定位相似案例集以提高检索效率,并借助灵敏度分析思想确定最优相似案例。对遍历检索及基于优势案例机制的检索进行了对比分析,确定了系统案例库的最优分类数范围。利用交叉验证方法,对每个测试案例进行准确度及联想特性值评价,得出不同相异阈值下推理算法的推理有效性,并依此确定了系统案例检索的最优相异阈值。     

A Case-Based Explanation System for Black-Box Systems

Most users of machine-learning products are reluctant to use them without any sense of the underlying logic that has led to the system’s predictions. Unfortunately many of these systems lack any transparency in the way they operate and are deemed to be black boxes. In this paper we present a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) solution to providing supporting explanations of black-box systems. This CBR solution has two key facets; it uses local information to assess the importance of each feature and using this, it selects the cases from the data used to build the black-box system for use in explanation. The retrieval mechanism takes advantage of the derived feature importance information to help select cases that are a better reflection of the black-box solution and thus more convincing explanations.     

基于案例推理的供应商选择决策支持系统研究

在介绍了基于案例推理方法的基本原理基础之上,分析了基于案例推理技术的供应商选择决策支持系统的工作原理、框架结构及功能;重点论述了基于案例推理的供应商选择决策支持系统中的一些关键步骤,并结合实例给出了基于案例推理的供应商选择与评价方法,用来验证基于案例推理技术在供应商选择决策支持系统中应用的可行性和有效性,为企业供应商选择决策提供了一个系统模型。     

Knowledge engineering issues in developing a case-based reasoning application

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) has emerged from research in cognitive psychology as a model of human memory and remembering. It has been embraced by researchers of AI applications as a methodology that avoids some of the knowledge acquisition and reasoning problems that occur with other methods for developing knowledge-based systems. In this paper we propose that, in developing knowledge based systems, knowledge engineering addresses two tasks. There is a problem analysis task that produces the problem representation and there is the task of developing the inference mechanism. CBR has an impact on the second of these tasks but helps less with the first. We argue that in some domains this problem analysis process can be significant and propose an iterative methodology for addressing it. To evaluate this, we describe the application of case-based reasoning to the problem of aircraft conflict resolution in a system called ISAC. We describe the application of this iterative methodology and assess the knowledge engineering impact of CBR.     

A recommender mechanism based on case-based reasoning

Case-based reasoning (CBR) algorithm is particularly suitable for solving ill-defined and unstructured decision-making problems in many different areas. The traditional CBR algorithm, however, is inappropriate to deal with complicated problems and therefore needs to be further revised. This study thus proposes a next-generation CBR (GCBR) model and algorithm. GCBR presents as a new problem-solving paradigm that is a case-based recommender mechanism for assisting decision making. GCBR can resolve decision-making problems by using hierarchical criteria architecture (HCA) problem representation which involves multiple decision objectives on each level of hierarchical, multiple-level decision criteria, thereby enables decision makers to identify problems more precisely. Additionally, the proposed GCBR can also provide decision makers with series of cases in support of these multiple decision-making stages. GCBR furthermore employs a genetic algorithm in its implementation in order to reduce the effort involved in case evaluation. This study found experimentally that using GCBR for making travel-planning recommendations involved approximately 80% effort than traditional CBR, and therefore concluded that GCBR should be the next generation of case-based reasoning algorithms and can be applied to actual case-based recommender mechanism implementation.