Modeling production configuration using nested colored object-oriented Petri-nets with changeable structures

Configuring production processes based on process platforms has been well recognized as an effective means for companies to provide product variety while maintaining mass production efficiency. The production processes of product families involve diverse variations in manufacturing and assembly processes resulted from a large variety of component parts and assemblies. This paper develops a multilevel system of nested colored object-oriented Petri nets with changeable structures to model the configuration of production processes. To capture the semantics associated with production configuration decisions, some unique modeling mechanisms are employed, including colored Petri nets, object-oriented Petri nets, changeable Petri net structures, and net nesting. The modeling formalism comprises resource nets, manufacturing nets, assembly nets and process nets. The paper demonstrates how these net definitions are applied to the specification of production process variants at different levels of abstraction. Also reported is a case study in an electronics company. The system model is further analyzed with focus on conflict prevention and deadlock detection.     

Software modeling and analysis using a hierarchical object-oriented Petri net

Petri net is used widely to analyze and model various systems formally. Recently, many Petri nets mania devote their efforts to enhancing and extending the expressive power of Petri nets. One such effort is to extend Petri nets with object-oriented concepts. An object-oriented paradigm provides excellent concepts to model real-world problems. Object-oriented concepts allow us to build software systems easily, intuitively, and naturally. Although several high-level Petri nets with the concept of objects are suggested, these nets do not fully support the object-oriented concepts. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical object-oriented Petri net (HOONet). The formal syntax and semantics of HOONet are explained in detail. HOONet supports a wide range of object-oriented features including abstract, encapsulated and modularized objects, object interaction by message passing, inheritance, and ploymorphism. HOONet also supports a variety of modeling and analysis mechanisms such as incremental modeling of evolving systems, unfolding the HOONet to lower level Petri net, and incremental reachability analysis for HOONet models. We demonstrate the usefulness of HOONet by applying it to modeling and analysis with an example.     

基于随机对象Petri网的柔性制造系统性能分析

为了增强传统对象Petri网的定量分析能力,提出随机对象Petri网模型。该模型具备随机性和层次特性,获得与随机Petri网的等价关系,从宏观和微观2个层面对系统进行性能分析,并将该模型应用到柔性制造系统中。实验结果表明,该系统保留了面向对象的建模能力,具有较强的定量分析能力。     

基于面向对象Petri网的工作流建模及性能分析

工作流技术作为一种过程建模和过程管理的核心技术,在计算机应用领域获得了迅速的发展。介绍了工作流技术;提出了将面向对象建模技术融入Petri网模型所形成的面向对象Petri网,并讨论了建立基于面向对象Petri网的工作流模型的步骤;运用面向对象Petri网建立了某制造企业的产品方案处理流程的工作流模型,并运用性能等价公式对工作流模型的性能进行了分析。     

Robust design of flexible manufacturing systems using, colored Petri net and genetic algorithm

A method is presented for the robust design of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) that undergo the forecasted product plan variations. The resource allocation and the operation schedule of a FMS are modeled as a colored Petri net and an associated transition firing sequence. The robust design of the colored Petri net model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem that simultaneously minimizes the production costs under multiple production plans (batch sizes for all jobs), and the reconfiguration cost due to production plan changes. A genetic algorithm, coupled with the shortest imminent operation time (SIO) dispatching rule, is used to simultaneously find the near-optimal resource allocation and the event-driven schedule of a colored Petri net. The resulting Petri net is then compared with the Petri nets optimized for a particular production plan in order to address the effectiveness of the robustness optimization. The simulation results suggest that the proposed robustness optimization scheme should be considered when the products are moderately different in their job specifications so that optimizing for a particular production plan creates inevitably bottlenecks in product flow and/or deadlock under other production plans.     

土壤—植被混合地表红外辐射温度场的耦合建模方法*

目前混合地表温度场的数学模型忽略了地表内部各组分间的热通量交互,致使温度场模拟结果不够准确、真实.针对已有独立求解模型的不足,结合土壤-植被混合地表的材质组成及空间分布特点,建立温度场的耦合求解模型,通过在热平衡方程中引入组分间热通量的交互项,对土壤-植被-大气耦合的能量平衡过程进行描述.实验结果表明,利用耦合模型求解的混合地表的温度场分布和热图像特征与自然地表红外辐射特性的真实分布规律具有更好的一致性,从而验证了温度场耦合建模方法的有效性.     

基于Petri网的建设工程项目实施阶段资源建模与仿真*

基于分层赋时着色Petri网,构建了一个能够准确表达资源配置、任务持续时间及信息传递的资源模型,以便有效进行建设工程项目实施阶段的资源管理和优化配置.在建设工程项目实施阶段资源特点分析的基础上,对分层赋时着色Petri网中的非空颜色集合进行定义,并对资源管理中分层建模、资源分配和资源归还基础模型进行了研究,解决了基于分层赋时着色Petri网构建建设工程项目实施阶段资源模型的关键问题.最后,以某工业与民用建筑的实施阶段为例,进行资源管理模型的构建和仿真分析,验证了基于分层赋时着色Petri网构建建设工程项目实施阶段资源管理模型的正确性和有效性.     

A computer network based control architecture for autonomous distributed multirobot systems

This paper presents the specification and implementation procedure using a microcomputer network based autonomous distributed control architecture for industrial multirobot systems. The procedure is based on the concept of data flow network controlled by communicating sequential processes to perform coordinated tasks. Robots and other computerized industrial devices such as conveyors and manufacturing machines are defined as object-oriented Petri nets. A modular and hierarchical approach is adopted to define a set of Petri net type diagrams which represent concurrent activities of control processes for such devices. Asynchronous and synchronous interactions are modelled by places and transitions, respectively, in global process interaction nets. The control software is implemented on a computer network using Inmos transputers with true parallel processing and message passing primitives efficiently handled in hardware. Petri net based models are directly and efficiently transformed to corresponding codes in occam, the high level parallel programming language defined for the transputer.     

自动制造系统Petri网的公平活性控制策略

基于Petri网的不变式理论,针对典型的自动制造系统,提出了Petri模型强制公平性和活性的方法.首先,基于网论T-不变式的概念,把系统的网模型设计为一个公平网.此后,利用P-不变式把一个公平网设计为一个活的且公平网.同时,提出了非冗余严格极小信标的概念,大大简化了系统的分析与设计.一般说来,非冗余严格极小信标是系统严格极小信标一个小的子集,尤其对于复杂系统的网模型.研究结果表明,只要使非冗余的严格极小信标受控,则系统所有的严格极小信标就不会被清空.文中举例说明了这些控制方法的应用.研究结果适用于一大类柔性制造系统,具有相当的普遍性.这种方法对于自动制造系统的调度设计也具有一定意义和价值.     

Automating the Conversion of Colored Petri Nets with Qualitative Tokens Into Colored Petri Nets with Quantitative Tokens

The authors describe an algorithm for conversion of colored Petri nets with qualitative tokens into a colored Petri net with quantitative tokens preserving boundedness, mutual exclusion, and liveness properties. This conversion allows the invariance method to be applied to colored Petri nets, which uses the Truncated Set of Solutions finding algorithm for Petri net state equations expressed through systems of linear homogenous Diophantine equations. To show the algorithm’s efficiency, it is applied to the colored Petri net that models the operation of a grid system. Equivalence of net models is tested by constructing and analyzing equal finite-state machine.     

面向对象着色Petri网的板级电子产品拟实制造系统

基于面向对象着色Petri网(OCPN)模型，结合面向对象方法和Petri网，建立了板级电子产品拟实制造系统(VMS)的仿真模型，开发了VMS软件，并给出了仿真结果。     

On systematic methods to remove redundant monitors from liveness-enforcing net supervisors

Petri nets based deadlock prevention for flexible manufacturing systems has received much attention over the past decade, primarily due to the seminal work of Ezpeleta et al. in 1995. A Petri net based deadlock prevention mechanism is usually implemented by adding monitors or control places to a plant Petri net model such that liveness can be enforced. The significance of this methodology lies in that both a plant model and its supervisor are in a same formalism-Petri nets. Due to the inherent complexity of Petri nets, in theory, the number of additional monitors that have to been added to achieve liveness-enforcement purpose for an uncontrolled plant model is exponential with respect to the size of the model. This paper first proposes a systematic method to minimize the number of additional monitors in a liveness-enforcing Petri net supervisor such that the resultant net system has the same permissive behavior while liveness can still be preserved. Furthermore, for the liveness-enforcing Petri net supervisors of flexible manufacturing systems, which have some particular property, an algorithm is developed such that more permissive liveness-enforcing Petri net supervisors can be obtained after liveness-restrictive monitor removal. Compared with the existing techniques of eliminating redundant monitors in the literature, the complete state enumeration of a supervisor is avoided, which implies the high computational efficiency of the methods in this paper. Flexible manufacturing examples are used to demonstrate the proposed approaches.     

Framework for modeling and analysis of distributed problem-solving systems

Petri nets have the basic concepts necessary to model distributed systems with asynchronous processes. Petri nets are not directly applicable to certain kinds of systems like distributed intelligent systems (DISs). These are complex systems where multiple intelligent agents cooperate through communication to achieve the solution to a problem. The paper identifies the limitations of ordinary Petri nets for modeling DISs and proposes extensions. The extended Petri net incorporates colored tokens, inhibition arcs, non-primitive places and transitions, multiple copies of tokens and cumulative places. It is called a distributed problem-solving Petri net. The definitions and analysis techniques are given and illustrated by means of an example.     

基于平行Petri网的制造系统调度与控制一体化方法

为了消除制造系统调度层与控制层之间的隔阂, 实现对生产事件快速灵活响应, 本文提出了一种调度与控制一体化的方法. 首先, 定义了一种新型Petri网模型, 即平行Petri网, 从而集成地描述了传感器、执行器、任务和资源信息, 构建制造系统的信息物理系统模型; 其次, 提出了一种从平行Petri网到赋时Petri网的抽象简化方法, 大规模压缩优化调度所需搜索的状态空间; 再次, 定义了策略Petri网以描述最优调度策略. 最后, 给出了平行Petri网与策略Petri网同步执行算法, 使得平行Petri网与物理系统同步执行.     

基于Petri网的柔性制造系统一种预防死锁方法

基于Petri网的结构特性分析,研究了FMS(柔性制造系统)一种预防死锁方法.提出了Petri网的一种特殊拓扑结构--基本信标的概念.在Petri网中基本信标的集合是SMS(严格极小信标)集合的一个真子集.尤其在大型Petri网系统中,基本信标的集合比SMS的集合要小得多.对于Petri网的一个子类S3PR,只对每一个基本信标添加一个库所使其不被清空,就可实现预防死锁,也就是说无须控制S3PR的所有SMS而达到无信标被清空的目的.此外,对于S3PR,还提出了一种求取SMS和基本信标的方法.相对于现在普遍采用的控制所有SMS来预防死锁的策略,其具三方面优势.1)只需控制少量的SMS即所谓的基本信标.相应地,添加少量的控制库所和连接弧,就可得到无死锁或活的Petri网.2)不需要先行计算出极小信标的集合.3)明显地,这种方法更适合大型Petri网系统.我们通过穿插在文中的一个例子来说明这些方法.     

一种面向SaaS多租户的多层模型

SaaS(Software as a Service)伴随云计算而出现,它与传统软件的区别较大。根据SaaS软件的特点,提出支持SaaS软件成熟度的SaaS软件分层元模型,使用形式化方法对每一层进行建模描述。受面向对象Petri网(Object-Oriented Petri Nets,OOPN)和有色Petri网(Colored Petri Nets,CPN)思想的启发,提出面向服务网结构SOP(Service-Oriented Petri Nets)和CSOP(Colored Service-Oriented Petri Nets)。一方面,使用封装的库所元素代表服务,体现了服务对外不可见,且内部结构影响系统运行。另一方面,不同的颜色集代表不同租户请求,突出了SaaS多租户的特点。这不仅为复杂的SaaS软件建模提供了方法,还能够折叠系统变迁,压缩状态空间。最后,以一个 客户关系管理 (Customer Relationship Management,CRM)SaaS软件系统为例,验证了文中工作的可行性。     

着色Petri网应用研究

着色Petri网是在经典Petri网理论基础上增加了token类型和网的模块这两个功能,它现在已成为一种较完善的语言,可以用来对各种系统规范和协议等进行设计、规范描写、仿真和验证等。文章对着色Petri网的基本理论进行了简单介绍,并对一个简单的通信协议进行建模和分析,提出了今后着色Petri网发展的一个主要方向。     

COMPLEXITY REDUCTION FOR OPTIMIZATION OF DETERMINISTIC TIMED PETRI-NET SCHEDULING BY TRUNCATION

Methods of applying Petri nets to model and analyze scheduling problems, with constraints such as precedence relationships and multiple resource allocation, have been available in the literature. Searching for an optimum schedule can be implemented by combining the branch-and-bound technique with the execution of the timed Petri net. The resulting complexity problem in a large Petri net is handled by a truncation technique such that the original large Petri net is divided into several smaller subnets. The complexity involved in the analysis of each subnet individually is greatly reduced. However, as illustrated in this paper, the schedules for the subnets obtained by treating them separately may not lead to an optimal overall schedule for the original Petri net. To circumvent this problem, algorithms are developed that can be used to search for a proper schedule for each subnet such that the combination of these schedules yields an overall optimum schedule for the original timed Petri net. These algorithms are based on the idea of Petri net execution and branch-and-bound with modification. Finally, the practical application of the timed Petri net truncation technique to scheduling problems in manufacturing systems is illustrated by an example of multirobot task scheduling.     

一类FMS的最佳活Petri网模型的综合

利用Petri网为一类柔性制造系统建模,并讨论避免系统死锁问题.通过Petri网模型的结构分析,证明了系统产生死锁的一个充分必要条件.给出了避免死锁的最佳控制器,它可以通过给系统的Petri网模型增加一些新的位置与相应的弧来实现.从而导出了这类制造系统的最佳活Petri网模型.     

Automatic Reconfiguration of Petri Net Controllers for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems With an Improved Net Rewriting System-Based Approach

The advent of reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMSs) has given rise to a challenging problem, i.e., how to reconfigure rapidly and validly a RMS supervisory controller in response to frequent changes in the manufacturing system configuration driven by fluctuating market. This paper presents an improved net rewriting system (INRS)-based method for automatic reconfiguration of Petri net (PN) supervisory controllers for RMS. We begin with presenting the INRS which overcomes the limitations of the net rewriting system and can dynamically change the structure of a PN without damaging its important behavioral properties. Based on INRS, a method for design reconfigurable PN controllers of RMS is introduced. Subsequently, we presented an INRS-based method for rapidly automatic reconfiguration of this class of PN controllers. In the reconfiguration method, changes in a RMS configuration can be formalized and act on an existing controller to make it reconfigure rapidly into a new one. Noticeably, no matter the design or reconfiguration, the expected behavioral properties of the resultant PN controllers are guaranteed. Thus, efforts for verification of the results can be avoided naturally. We also illustrate the reconfiguration of a PN controller for a reconfigurable manufacturing cell.