Design of cold-formed steel channels with stiffened webs subjected to bending

The objectives of this study are to investigate the structural behaviour and evaluate the appropriateness of the current direct strength method on the design of cold-formed steel stiffened cross-sections subjected to bending. The stiffeners were employed to the web of plain channel and lipped channel sections to improve the flexural strength of cold-formed steel sections that are prone to local buckling and distortional buckling. An experimental investigation of simply supported beams with different stiffened channel sections has been conducted. The moment capacities and observed failure modes at ultimate loads were reported. A nonlinear finite element model was developed and verified against the test results in terms of strengths, failure modes and moment–curvature curves. The calibrated model was then adopted for an extensive parametric study to investigate the moment capacities and buckling modes of cold-formed steel beams with various geometries of stiffened sections. The strengths and failure modes of specimens obtained from experimental and numerical results were compared with design strengths predicted using the direct strength method specified in the North American Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The comparison shows that the design strengths predicted by the current direct strength method (DSM) are conservative for both local buckling and distortional buckling in this study. Hence, the DSM is modified to cover the new stiffened channel sections investigated in this study. A reliability analysis was also performed to assess the current and modified DSM.     

不同斜卷边檩条的局部屈曲和畸变屈曲

利用Hancock的简化模型分析了卷边槽形、卷边Z形檩条的畸变屈曲,用有限元方法计算了卷边槽形、卷边Z形檩条的畸变屈曲荷载以及翼缘局部屈曲系数,研究了卷边角度对畸变屈曲荷载的影响,提出斜卷边加劲板的屈曲系数取值以及屈曲系数关于卷边角度变化的公式。经对比验证,在卷边角度40°～90°的范围内,误差在2%以内。可供实际设计参考。     

受弯的冷弯卷边槽钢畸变屈曲强度和其相关屈曲承载力

受弯的冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢基本上有板件局部屈曲,截面畸变屈曲和构件弯扭屈曲三种屈曲模式,随后有它们之间的相关屈曲。由于畸变屈曲模式对缺陷的敏感度高,因此其屈曲后强度提高的幅度远低于局部屈曲模式。但是与局部屈曲模式相比,畸变屈曲模式抵抗破坏的能力却很强。可以用有限单元法计算受弯卷边槽钢截面的畸变屈曲强度。本文介绍了澳大利亚-新西兰标准AS/NZS4600-2005,用手算法计算受弯卷边槽钢截面的弹性畸变屈曲应力,並用直接强度法计算其相关的屈曲承载力。     

卷边翼缘工形截面梁的稳定性能及设计方法

基于大挠度弹塑性板壳有限元分析方法,系统地研究了卷边工形梁在两端等弯矩作用下的失稳机理与稳定承载力,揭示了卷边工形截面构件的局部屈曲、畸变屈曲、整体侧向失稳以及它们之间的相互作用。系统地分析了截面宽高比、腹板高厚比、翼缘宽厚比、长细比等构件参数对侧向稳定承载力的影响,并基于大量的数值计算数据给出了卷边工形梁在两端等弯矩作用下的稳定承载力设计公式,可为规范修订以及工程设计提供依据。     

Post-buckling behaviour and direct strength design of lipped channel columns experiencing local/distortional interaction

This paper reports an investigation aimed at developing a Direct Strength Method (DSM) approach to estimate the ultimate strength of lipped channel columns affected by local/distortional buckling mode interaction. Following a brief presentation of a few relevant aspects concerning the shell finite element analysis of the geometrically and materially non-linear behaviour of thin-walled members, one illustrates the methodology adopted to obtain a lipped channel column ultimate load “data bank” intended to be used in the development and assessment of a DSM design approach. Next, the current DSM expressions to predict the load-carrying capacity of columns failing in local and distortional modes are briefly reviewed, devoting special attention to an approach that takes into account the above mode interaction. Then, the results of a parametric study, carried out by means of the code Abaqus, are presented and discussed — this study involves the evaluation of the “exact” ultimate loads of 276 lipped channel columns with various geometries and two boundary conditions (pinned and fixed end supports), all exhibiting local/distortional interaction. Finally, these ultimate strength data are compared with the estimates provided by the available DSM expressions and, on the basis of this comparison, one identifies several features that a DSM approach successfully accounting for local/distortional interaction must incorporate.     

Interaction of buckling modes in castellated steel beams

This paper investigates the behaviour of normal and high strength castellated steel beams under combined lateral torsional and distortional buckling modes. An efficient nonlinear 3D finite element model has been developed for the analysis of the beams. The initial geometric imperfection and material nonlinearities were carefully considered in the analysis. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against tests on castellated beams having different lengths and different cross-sections. Failure loads and interaction of buckling modes as well as load-lateral deflection curves of castellated steel beams were investigated in this study. An extensive parametric study was carried out using the finite element model to study the effects of the change in cross-section geometries, beam length and steel strength on the strength and buckling behaviour of castellated steel beams. The parametric study has shown that the presence of web distortional buckling causes a considerable decrease in the failure load of slender castellated steel beams. It is also shown that the use of high strength steel offers a considerable increase in the failure loads of less slender castellated steel beams. The failure loads predicted from the finite element model were compared with that predicted from Australian Standards for steel beams under lateral torsional buckling. It is shown that the Specification predictions are generally conservative for normal strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling, unconservative for castellated steel beams failing by web distortional buckling and quite conservative for high strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling.     

局部/畸变屈曲相互作用下卷边槽钢柱的后屈曲性能及直接强度设计

对直接强度法(DSM)进行改进,以计算局部/畸变屈曲相互作用下卷边槽钢柱的极限强度。首先,采用壳体有限元分析方法分析薄壁构件的几何特性和材料的非线性特性,并简单描述该分析过程的主要内容。利用该方法建立卷边槽钢柱的极限荷载"数据库",以用于改进和评估DSM设计方法。其次,简要回顾了当前计算局部和畸变作用下柱破坏时承重能力的DSM表达式,特别是考虑局部和畸变交互作用的方法。此外,研究了两种边界条件下(铰接和固接)局部/畸变屈曲相互作用下几何尺寸不同的276根卷边槽钢柱的极限荷载,给出ABAQUS软件的参数研究结果,并对其进行了讨论。最后,将这些极限强度数据与DSM计算结果进行比较,结果表明,采用DSM计算局部/畸变屈曲交互作用时需考虑某些特性。     

高强冷弯薄壁型钢轴压柱畸变屈曲研究

550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压柱发生畸变屈曲时会出现三种模式（O—O,O-I,I—I）,考虑材料和几何双重非线性的有限元法对三种畸变屈曲模式的构件承载力、变形模式、畸变屈曲应力、横截面应力的分布等相关性能进行比较分析,可看出三种畸变屈曲模式诸性能存在较大不同,同时畸变屈曲与局部屈曲、整体屈曲在相关性能方面也存在不同。采用直接强度法对畸变屈曲轴压柱极限承载力进行计算,计算结果与试验结果较吻合,故在计算畸变屈曲轴压柱极限承载力时建议采用直接强度法．     

Post-buckling behaviour and DSM design of web-stiffened lipped channel columns with distortional and local mode interaction

This paper examines the design and load-carrying capacity of fixed-ended web-stiffened lipped channel columns eroded by mode interaction behaviour combined with distortional and local deformations. Initially, the paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of compressive tests on web-stiffened lipped channel columns fabricated from cold-formed mild steel with a thickness of 1.50 mm, which is aimed at determining their failure load-carrying capacity; the experimental investigation also aims to provide experimental evidence of the occurrence of such coupling phenomena concerning distortional and local modes, namely, local-distortional interaction and distortional-local interactive failures. Then, the paper examines the ultimate strength data of experimental columns, both reported in this paper and collected from the literature, and concludes that the current direct strength method (DSM) provides very unsafe predictions concerning such a detrimental interaction nature. Next, two DSM-based design approaches, namely, the nominal strength against local-distortional (NLD) and distortional-local (NDL) procedures, are presented and evaluated on the basis of all available experimental ultimate strength data. Finally, proposals and design considerations based on the DSM-shape for the thin-walled cold-formed steel sections, which fail in mixed modes of distortional and local buckling, are presented.     

冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢轴压构件畸变与局部相关屈曲试验研究

对卷边尺寸不同的两类腹板中间设置加劲卷边槽形截面,共18个冷弯薄壁型钢固支轴压试件进行畸变屈曲与局部屈曲相关作用的静力试验研究。得到试件的屈曲模式、相关屈曲行为、破坏模式以及极限荷载。试验结果表明：畸变屈曲与局部屈曲的耦合相关对试件的变形和极限荷载有不利作用;畸变屈曲与局部屈曲的耦合相关作用存有较大的屈曲后承载力;畸变屈曲与局部屈曲的耦合相关顺序,即畸变屈曲 局部屈曲耦合相关、局部屈曲 畸变屈曲耦合相关,对试件的变形、非线性平衡路径、破坏模式以及极限荷载的影响有所不同。采用ABAQUS有限元软件对试件进行模拟分析,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

多孔钢梁在组合屈曲模态下的非线性分析

讨论了一般强度和高强度多孔钢梁在组合屈曲模态下的非线性分析。建立一个考虑腹板和翼缘初始几何缺陷、残余应力和材料非线性等情况的多孔钢梁的三维有限元模型。用具有不同长度,不同截面,不同荷载条件和不同失效模态的多孔梁的试验结果验证了此有限元模型。该模型能计算多孔梁的失效荷载,跨中荷载-挠度关系和失效模态。用120根多孔梁的有限元计算数据进行了参数分析,研究截面几何尺寸,梁长和钢材料强度对多孔梁强度和屈曲性能的影响。参数研究结果显示:由于组合腹板的扭转和腹板后屈曲引起的多孔梁失效对承载力有很大的影响。对于长细比较小的多孔梁,应用高强度钢材料将能显著提高失效荷载值。将有限元计算得到的失效荷载与利用澳洲规范计算的多孔梁平面外屈曲计算结果进行了对比,发现规范的计算结果对于平面外屈曲的一般强度多孔梁是不保守的,而对于组合腹板扭转和腹板后屈曲的高强度多孔梁的失效则非常保守。     

冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢轴心受压构件承载力计算的折减强度法

为了研究冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢轴心受压构件的极限承载力,对15根轴心受压的冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢进行了破坏性试验,并采用有限元分析方法对试件进行模拟分析,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了有限元方法的有效性,然后对典型截面构件进行大量的有限元参数分析。研究结果表明：冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢轴心受压构件的极限承载力随着构件翼缘宽厚比、腹板高厚比、长细比以及钢材强度的增大而减小。通过参数分析得到了考虑局部屈曲、整体屈曲和畸变屈曲影响的构件屈服强度折减系数,提出了冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢轴心受压构件承载力计算的折减强度法及其相应计算公式,且通过试验验证了本文折减强度法计算卷边槽钢轴心受压构件极限承载力的适用性。     

Compression tests of high strength cold-formed steel channels with buckling interaction

This paper describes a series of compression tests conducted on cold-formed simple lipped channels and lipped channels with intermediate stiffeners in the flanges and web fabricated from high strength steel plate of thickness 0.6 and 0.8 mm with the nominal yield stress 560 MPa. A range of lengths of lipped channel sections were tested to failure with both ends of the column fixed with a special capping to prevent local failure of column ends and influence from the shift of centroid during testing. The high strength cold-formed steel channel sections of intermediate lengths generally displayed a significant interaction between local and distortional buckling. A noticeable interaction between local and overall buckling was also observed for the long columns. A significant post-buckling strength reserve was shown for those sections that showed interaction between local and distortional or overall buckling. Simple design strength formulas in the Direct Strength Method for the thin-walled cold-formed steel sections failing in the mixed mode of local and distortional buckling have been studied. The strengths predicted by the strength formulas proposed are compared with the test results for verification.     

冷弯卷边槽钢的线弹性有限元分析及其加固

冷弯薄壁型钢在建筑领域得到了越来越多的应用,作为控制冷弯薄壁型钢承载能力的几种屈曲模式之一,畸变屈曲逐步受到重视。常用的畸变屈曲计算方法主要有有限元法、有限条法、近似解法以及广义梁理论。本文采用有限元程序ABAQUS对受压卷边槽钢进行线弹性畸变屈曲分析,在此基础上,对加设隔板和加设连杆两种加固方式的效果进行分析比较。结果表明,在相同的间距布置下,加设隔板对受压卷边槽钢的屈曲荷载提高较大。经过对比,当采用矩形隔板,在1／2半波间距布置隔板时。为最经济有效的布置方式。     

Local/distortional mode interaction in cold-formed steel lipped channel beams

This paper reports a numerical investigation concerning the post-buckling behaviour of cold-formed steel lipped channel beams, subjected to uniform major axis bending, affected by local/distortional mode interaction – the results presented and discussed were obtained through shell finite element analyses performed using the code Abaqus. One analyses simply supported beams (locally/globally pinned and free to warp end sections) (i) with cross-section dimensions ensuring coincident local and distortional critical buckling moments and (ii) having critical-mode initial geometrical imperfections with different shapes and the same overall amplitude – local buckling is triggered either by the compressed flange (most common case) or by the web. The results reported consist of (i) elastic and elastic–plastic post-buckling equilibrium paths, (ii) curves and figures showing how the beam deformed configuration evolves along those paths and, for the elastic–plastic beams, (iii) figures making it possible to visualise (iii₁) the location and growth of plastic strains and (iii₂) the nature of the failure mechanisms detected.     

Distortional buckling of thin-web beam-columns

An approximate finite element method of analysis is developed for the distortional buckling of beam-columns. The member consists of a flexible web, to which is connected two rigid flange assemblies of arbitrary shape which remain undistorted during buckling. The method permits an economic computer analysis to be made of elastic distortional buckling of members under various conditions of loading, end support and restraint.Following studies of the convergence and accuracy of the buckling solutions, the method is used to demonstrate the effects of web distortion on the elastic buckling of lipped channel beams under moment gradient.     

冷弯薄壁型钢构件的直接强度设计法

受压或受弯的冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢有板件局部屈曲，截面畸变屈曲和整体弯曲屈曲或弯扭屈曲三种模式。本文着重介绍板件的相关屈曲和计算截面畸变屈曲应力的方法并阐述了三种屈曲模式之间的相关关系。指出用传统的有效截面设计法计算受压和受弯冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢承载力的弊端，较详细地说明了用构件全截面计算的直接强度设计法。     

Coupled instabilities with distortional buckling in cold-formed steel lipped channel columns

The paper addresses the elastic post-buckling behaviours of cold-formed steel lipped channel simply supported columns affected by mode interaction phenomena involving distortional buckling, namely local/distortional, distortional/global (flexural-torsional) and local/distortional/global mode interaction. The results presented were obtained by means of Abaqus shell finite element analyses adopting column discretisations into fine 4-node element meshes. In order to enable a thorough assessment of all possible mode interaction effects, the column lengths and cross-section dimensions were carefully selected to ensure similar local, distortional and/or global buckling loads. One analyses otherwise identical (elastic) columns having initial geometrical imperfections (i) with various configurations (combinations of the competing critical buckling mode shapes) and (ii) sharing the same overall amplitude.     

高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压柱畸变屈曲试验研究

本文对550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压构件畸变屈曲性能进行了试验研究,17根试件的试验结果表明:由于试件局部屈曲一般发生在畸变屈曲之前,促使畸变屈曲提前出现,这种相关作用减弱了构件整体刚度,降低了构件承载力;澳洲规范AS/NZS 4600:1996及北美规范NAS 2004中关于发生畸变屈曲构件承载力的计算方法没有考虑局部屈曲和畸变屈曲相关作用的不利影响。依据试验结果本文提出了一种修正直接强度法的建议计算方法,该法计算结果与试验结果较为接近且偏安全。     

侧向扭转屈曲时冷成型钢梁的特性及设计

建筑物中越来越多地使用冷成型钢梁作为楼板的辅助及受力构件,其在没有足够侧向约束时的性能和瞬时承载力将受到侧向扭转屈曲的影响。以往对侧向扭转屈曲的研究主要针对热成型卷边钢梁,因此需要对简单支撑下相同弯曲度冷成型卷边槽钢梁的特性进行数值模拟。采用业内广泛认可的有限元分析软件ABAQUS进行建模,对不同条件下冷成型钢梁微单元的侧向扭转屈曲性能和承载力进行分析和模拟。将瞬时承载力结果与冷成型钢结构规范中当前设计准则的预测结果进行比较并对其进行适当的修正。欧洲的设计规范较为保守,而澳大利亚、新西兰和北美的设计规范则较为宽泛。基于有限元分析结果,对规范中的瞬时承载力设计公式进行修正。阐述了参数分析的细节问题,修正了当前设计规范,提出了侧向扭转屈曲时冷成型卷边槽钢梁的新设计准则。