Full-scale long-term experiments of simply supported composite beams with solid slabs

This paper presents an experimental study aimed at the evaluation of the long-term behaviour of composite steel-concrete beams designed with partial shear connection formed by a steel joist and a solid concrete slab. Three full-scale simply supported beams with identical spans and cross-sections were prepared and tested. These specimens were designed as secondary beams of a typical composite flooring system based on Australian guidelines with the lowest permitted level of degree of shear connection of 0.5. They were cast simultaneously to enable comparisons with respect to pouring and loading conditions. One beam was cast un-propped and was kept unloaded for the whole duration of the long-term tests to measure shrinkage effects. The remaining two beams, cast under un-propped and propped conditions, respectively, were subjected to a sustained uniformly distributed load. Standard short-term and long-term tests were carried out to obtain the relevant material properties of both the steel and the concrete. Short-term and long-term push-out tests were carried out to obtain information on the response of the shear connectors. The experimental results were modelled by means of the finite element method. The time-dependent behaviour was depicted using a step-by-step procedure, while the steel joist and reinforcement were assumed to remain linear elastic. Two constitutive relationships were adopted for the shear connection, i.e., a linear-elastic one, and a new time-dependent one, to account for the long-term effects produced in the complex stress state of the concrete surrounding the shear connectors. The latter representation is intended to fall within the framework of simplified approaches suitable for design applications. Considerations of the accuracy of the numerical predictions are presented based on the two shear connection models.     

部分外包混凝土简支组合梁受弯性能试验研究

为了研究部分外包混凝土组合梁在正弯矩作用下的受力性能,考察钢梁腹部钢筋混凝土对组合梁承载力及刚度的影响,对4根简支梁试件进行了试验研究,其中包括1根普通钢-混凝土组合梁试件和3根钢梁腹板与腹部混凝土界面采用不同连接方式的部分外包组合梁试件。试验结果表明：钢梁腹板与腹部混凝土界面采用不同连接方式对部分外包组合梁的受弯承载力和刚度没有显著的影响;与普通钢－混凝土组合梁相比,由于钢梁腹部钢筋混凝土的贡献,部分外包组合梁的受弯承载力和抵抗变形的能力均有较大的提高;承载力极限状态时部分外包组合梁中钢梁与腹部混凝土之间的相对滑移值较小,其滑移效应对组合梁截面受弯承载力的影响可以忽略不计。在试验研究的基础上,推导了部分外包组合梁塑性受弯承载力的计算公式,计算结果表明,简化塑性理论可以较准确地预测该类组合梁的受弯承载力。     

钢-混凝土组合梁加宽混凝土旧桥技术中组合横梁界面受力性能研究

在钢-混凝土组合梁加宽旧桥技术中,旧桥混凝土边梁与新加宽的钢-混凝土组合梁间的横向连接采用钢-混凝土组合横梁的形式,这种横梁形式较为新颖,目前相关试验研究尚未有报道。对6个钢-混凝土组合横梁进行试验研究,通过采用目前已有的新老混凝土植筋界面承载力计算方法对试验结果进行对比计算。研究结果表明:组合横梁界面的破坏模式为新老混凝土界面破坏,钢-混凝土界面没有任何破坏特征;新老混凝土界面黏结破坏以前,新老混凝土之间几乎没有滑移,整体性很强;新老混凝土界面黏结破坏以后,界面剪力主要由植筋承担,试件延性良好。针对钢-混凝土组合梁加宽旧桥技术中组合横梁的破坏模式,采用合理的材料本构关系,提出三阶段界面受力模型,理论方法计算结果与试验值吻合良好。通过理论分析确定界面的破坏机理:新老混凝土界面的极限抗剪强度由混凝土强度,界面粗糙程度和摩擦系数共同确定,界面正应力的存在有利于极限抗剪强度的提高;新老混凝土界面的残余抗剪强度主要由界面植筋提供,植筋率和植筋屈服强度是主要影响因素。最后,提出适用于实际工程的设计方法。     

Experimental study on curved composite beams subjected to combined flexure and torsion

There are situations in which a composite steel–concrete beam is subjected to torsion, such as members that are curved in plan or straight edge beams. The concrete slab and steel beam contribute to the torsional strength and stiffness of a composite steel–concrete beam, but this composite action is usually ignored in design codes of practice, which leads to conservative designs. Therefore, this paper investigates the ultimate strength of curved in place composite steel–concrete beams. Eight curved in plan composite steel–concrete beams have been tested under a single applied load at mid-span. Partial shear connection has also been considered in these tests. The composite steel–concrete beams have been designed with different span/radius of curvature ratios. This paper further supports the view that, in the presence of flexure, there will be an increase in the torsional moment capacity, but the flexural moment capacity does not greatly increase in the presence of torsion. A model has also been presented to represent the bending–torsion interaction for curved in plan composite steel–concrete beams with full and partial shear connection.     

部分剪力连接预应力组合箱梁受弯性能试验研究

为研究剪力连接程度对预应力钢与混凝土组合箱梁的界面相对滑移、挠度及受弯承载力的影响,设计制作了4根不同剪力连接程度预应力钢与混凝土组合箱梁模型试件,采用三分点对称加载,对其进行了受弯性能试验研究。研究表明,随着剪力连接程度的降低,变形及界面滑移明显增大,承载能力有所降低,但并不与剪力连接程度成正比关系,连接程度为0.5的组合箱梁承载力较完全连接组合箱梁降低不到30%。结合国内外7根部分剪力连接组合梁试验资料, 运用最小二乘法,对欧洲规范EC4中关于部分剪力连接组合梁承载力计算公式进行了修正。结果表明,修正值与实测值吻合良好,满足工程精度要求。     

负弯矩区部分充填混凝土对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁受力性能影响试验研究

为了研究充填混凝土对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区的荷载-挠度特征、截面应变分布、抗弯刚度、钢箱梁的约束机理以及承载能力的影响,对5根部分充填混凝土窄幅钢箱-混凝土简支组合梁试件和1根全充填混凝土试件进行了静力加载试验。试验结果表明：在负弯矩作用下,配筋率和剪力连接程度对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁的受力性能影响显著,配筋率从1%增加到2%,承载力提高22%;剪力连接度从0.75增加到1.25,承载力提高13%。半充填和全充填混凝土对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁试件的承载力和刚度影响很小。充填混凝土对钢箱梁的屈曲约束作用明显,所有试件最终破坏时均未发生内凹屈曲。由于充填混凝土有效地限制钢箱变形,从而提高了组合梁的承载力和结构的稳定性。基于简化塑性理论提出了部分充填混凝土窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁的承载力计算方法,且计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

考虑剪力连接件刚度的钢-混凝土组合梁有限元分析

钢 -混凝土组合梁剪力连接程度是依据截面极限状态的抗弯强度定义的 ,即使是完全抗剪连接 ,组合梁的混凝土板与钢梁之间仍存在滑移。采用有限元分析 ,构造了混凝土板 -连接单元 -钢梁的组合梁有限元计算模型 ,推导了混凝土与钢梁界面有限元连接单元刚度系数 ,分析了不同剪力连接程度组合梁的受力与变形特性 ,研究了剪力连接程度对挠度和混凝土翼缘有效宽度的影响 ,并对照已有的试验数据和相关规范进行分析比较。     

CFRP网格-聚合物水泥砂浆加固RC梁的#br# 抗剪性能与计算公式

为揭示不同网格单位加固量对碳纤维增强复合网格(carbon fiber reinforced polymer grid,简称CFRP grid) 聚合物水泥砂浆(polymer cement mortar,简称PCM)复合加固钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,简称RC)梁抗剪性能的影响,构建CFRP网格-PCM加固RC梁的承载力计算方法,文章首先对7根采用CFRP网格 PCM复合加固RC梁进行四点弯曲静力加载试验,并在试验研究的基础上,提出基于横竖双向网格实际抗剪贡献的CFRP网格-PCM加固RC梁的承载力计算公式。研究结果表明：采用CFRP网格-PCM复合加固RC梁能显著提高其抗剪承载力,其中CFRP网格对于抗剪承载力的提高发挥主要作用,而PCM仅起到黏结剂的作用;加固梁的抗剪承载力与CFRP网格单位加固量呈正相关,但CFRP网格的协同变形性与CFRP网格单位加固量呈负相关;所提出的抗剪承载力计算公式与试验结果吻合良好。     

Simplified nonlinear simulation of steel–concrete composite beams

A computationally efficient macro-model approach is proposed for investigating the nonlinear response of steel–concrete composite beams. The methodology accounts for material nonlinearity and interface slip between the concrete slab and the steel beam. The validity of the technique is evaluated through comparison of the macro-model-based simulations with results obtained from experimental testing of composite beams. Four full scale composite beams are tested under monotonic positive and negative bending. The results show that the proposed macro-element-model can capture the essential characteristics of the nonlinear load–deformation response of composite beams. Such an approach is a compromise between simplicity and accuracy and a viable alternative to detailed finite elements analysis. Additionally, a parametric study, including the compressive strength of slab concrete, the yield strength of the steel flanges and web, and the shear connection degree, of the steel–concrete composite beams subjected to positive moment is conducted utilizing the numerical macro-model proposed. The slips and their influences on the behaviors of composite beams during loading process have been analyzed.     

钢-混凝土组合梁的简化非线性模拟

建立有效的宏观模拟方法,研究钢-混凝土组合梁的非线性性能,考虑了材料非线性和混凝土板与钢梁之间的表面滑移。通过组合梁宏观模拟和试验的对比,分析了这种方法的有效性。对单调正、反弯曲下的4根足尺组合梁进行了试验研究。结果表明:通过宏观模型能获得组合梁的非线性荷载-位移性能的重要特征。宏观模拟方法对简化形式和准确度做了权衡,是进行有限元分析的可行方法。采用数值宏观模型,进行负弯矩下钢-混凝土组合梁的参数研究,包含:混凝土板的受压强度、型钢翼缘和腹板的屈服强度、剪切连接程度。最后,对加载过程中的滑移和其对组合梁性能的影响进行了分析。     

带暗梁柱的开洞混凝土复合墙板受弯和偏压性能足尺试验研究

针对带窗洞复合墙板受弯与受压承载力不足的问题，提出了一种带框复合墙板，即通过在复合墙板内设置暗梁、暗柱来提高其承载力。对5块足尺的带窗洞复合墙板进行四点弯曲试验和偏心受压试验，考察其破坏模态和承载能力。试验结果表明，复合墙板的抗弯刚度较高，受弯荷载满足由美国ASCE/SEI 7-05规范计算得到的关岛风荷载设计值要求；在四点弯曲荷载和偏心受压荷载作用下，复合墙板能实现完全组合作用，两侧混凝土面层变形协调，符合“平截面假定”；复合墙板在四点弯曲荷载下发生延性破坏。分别按美国ACI 318M-05《混凝土结构设计规范和注释》和中国GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》对复合墙板的受弯承载力进行了计算，计算值与试验值误差最大不超过16%，并且利用两种规范公式计算得到的承载力均较为保守。     

钢-混凝土组合梁考虑界面滑移的振动模态试验研究

为研究钢与混凝土的界面滑移效应对钢 混凝土组合梁基本动力性能的影响程度和规律,进行了5根跨度3.8m的简支钢 混凝土组合梁的静载和振动模态试验,其中4根采用抗剪栓钉,剪力连接度分别为0.6、0.7、1.0和1.4,另1根采用能提供刚性抗剪连接的开孔钢板连接件。试验结果表明：在静载作用下,随剪力连接度的提高,组合梁的界面滑移减小,抗弯刚度显著增加。竖弯模态试验中,剪力连接度小于等于1.0的3根梁,其前4阶竖向弯曲模态频率与采用开孔钢板抗剪连接件的试验梁相比均有减小,最小减幅为9.8%,最大减幅达26%;剪力连接度为1.4的梁较开孔钢板连接件的试验梁,基频减小了6.1%,第2~4阶自振频率减小幅度均在10%以上,与连接度为0.6的梁相比,其基频增大了13.2%;试验梁的模态阻尼比随着剪力连接度的增大而减小。扭转模态试验中,各阶扭转模态频率差异程度在7%以内,变化规律不明显。由此可见,钢与混凝土板的界面滑移效应对组合梁竖向弯曲自振频率的影响不容忽视,在设计计算中须予以考虑。试验结果可为工程动力分析提供参考。     

采用纤维梁单元分析钢-混凝土组合结构地震反应的应用

将用于钢-混凝土组合结构地震反应分析的纤维梁单元应用于各种类型构件的非线性分析中,包括普通钢筋混凝土构件（钢筋混凝土梁、钢筋混凝土柱和钢筋混凝土受弯剪力墙）、钢-混凝土组合梁构件（承受正、负弯矩的简支组合梁、连续组合梁和往复荷载作用下的组合梁）以及钢管混凝土构件（圆形、方形以及矩形轴心受压短柱构件、纯弯构件、压弯构件和往复荷载作用下的压弯构件）,数值模拟结果和试验结果均吻合良好,证明了该模型具有良好的精度以及广泛的适用性。通过对关键截面关键纤维的应力-应变发展过程进行分析,对这些构件的内在受力机理和破坏规律进行了深入的讨论。经过验证可知,开发的纤维梁单元不仅能充分兼顾准确性、通用性以及高效性,同时还具备求解速度快、数值稳定性好以及前后处理强大方便的特点,为组合结构体系的地震反应分析提供了可靠的手段。     

钢-混凝土组合梁在负弯矩作用下抗剪性能的试验研究

通过3根钢-混凝土组合梁在负弯矩作用下的试验,研究了其变形发展及破坏过程,得到了组合梁的跨中剪力-挠度曲线、交界面滑移曲线和沿截面高度分布的应变变化曲线,分析了剪切连接程度、截面尺寸、剪跨比、材料强度、钢筋配置等因素对组合梁承载力和延性的影响。对钢梁进行了塑性分析,得出在负弯矩作用下钢-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力的提高不是由于钢梁腹板的硬化效应所致,而是由于混凝土翼板的贡献,并提出了考虑混凝土翼板影响的组合梁在负弯矩作用下抗剪承载力计算公式。将计算结果与实测结果进行了比较,二者吻合良好。     

矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁负弯矩区受力性能试验研究

矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁由混凝土板和矩形钢管混凝土桁架组成,在竖向荷载作用下,其正弯矩区可充分发挥混凝土板和桁架的组合作用,但负弯矩区的力学性能较为薄弱且受拉混凝土板容易开裂。针对这一问题,提出了在负弯矩区混凝土板施加预应力以及布置局部释放剪切作用的剪力钉相结合的组合桁梁结构形式。采用跨中施加反向集中荷载模拟连续梁支点反力的方法,对2榀承受负弯矩的矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁进行了静力加载试验,对其荷载-位移关系、裂缝发展规律、混凝土板应变分布、桁梁荷载-应变关系、钢与混凝土界面滑移及承载力进行了分析。还根据组合桁梁的简化力学模型对不同加载阶段的结构特征荷载进行了讨论。结果表明：采用局部释放剪切作用的剪力钉和混凝土板施加预应力的组合桁梁结构形式可有效提高其抗裂性能,但对受弯承载力影响较小;在加载过程中混凝土板的开裂和杆件的屈服导致结构塑性变形增大,最终节点处焊缝撕裂,组合桁梁丧失承载力;由简化力学模型计算得到的结构特征内力与实测值吻合较好,可为矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁负弯矩区的设计和计算提供参考。     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料加固钢筋混凝土梁弯曲控裂试验研究

按照正常配筋浇筑了9根钢筋混凝土梁,在部分混凝土梁受拉面上浇筑复合材料进行局部加固,其中1根为未加固的混凝土对比梁,5根为后浇超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)加固梁,3根为后浇UHTCC层配置纵向受力钢筋的加固梁。通过三分点受弯试验,对后浇UHTCC加固梁的破坏形态、梁体变形、裂缝发展、开裂荷载以及承载力等进行研究,并与未加固混凝土对比梁进行比较。结果表明,该加固方法能够有效提高梁的承载力和初始截面刚度,加固后仍有较好的延性,加固层限制了上层混凝土宏观裂缝的发展并实现将其无害化分散,推迟梁底有害裂缝的出现,提高了构件的正常使用极限荷载,具有良好的加固效果。试验还发现,不同的加固长度和后浇层厚度导致了不同的破坏形式;若构件在强度和刚度上有较高要求,可选择在后浇UHTCC层中布置纵筋;布置纵筋后,加固层端部集中应力随之增大,植筋可改善UHTCC和既有混凝土界面的粘结受力状态。     

The effects of axial tension on the sagging-moment regions of composite beams

This paper studies the effects of axial tension on the sagging moment regions of steel–concrete composite beams. The study comprised an extensive experimental programme and nonlinear finite element analyses. Six composite beams were designed and tested under the combined effects of axial tension and positive bending moment. The beams were loaded to their ultimate capacity and the experimental moment-axial tension interaction diagram was constructed. Following the tests, a finite element model was used to simulate the nonlinear response of the composite beams. The validity of the model was thoroughly assessed against the available experimental data and a parametric study was conducted to study different beam sizes and the effect of partial shear connection on the interaction diagram. It was found that the moment capacity of a composite beam is reduced under the presence of an axial tensile force acting in the steel beam section. In addition, the use of partial shear connection does not affect significantly the shape of the interaction diagram. The tensile capacity of the composite section, however, is limited by the axial capacity of the steel beam alone. Based on the experimental results and the finite element analyses, a simplified equation is proposed for the design of composite beams subjected to positive bending and axial tension.     

Full-scale long-term and ultimate experiments of simply-supported composite beams with steel deck

This paper presents the details of an experimental study carried out on two full-scale simply-supported composite steel-concrete beams to investigate their long-term behaviour and how this affects their ultimate response. The specimens were formed by a steel joist and a concrete slab with steel deck, and possessed identical spans and cross-sections. The ribs of the steel deck were orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the steel joist, representing a secondary beam of a typical composite building flooring system. The beams were designed based on Australian guidelines with a degree of shear connection equal to 0.79. The samples were cast using unpropped construction. One specimen was kept unloaded for the entire duration of the tests. The second one was subjected to a sustained uniformly distributed load for about four months, after which it was loaded to failure. Particular attention was placed in this study on the occurrence of non-uniform shrinkage through the concrete thickness due to the presence of the profiled sheeting which prevented moisture egress to occur from the underside of the slab. Short- and long-term push-out tests were carried out to measure the response of the shear connectors over time. An analytical model was recommended to predict the long-term behaviour of composite beams with steel deck and its adequacy was validated against the reported experiments. For its simplicity, the proposed approach lends itself for design applications.     

扁梁楼盖中组合节点的试验研究

进行组合扁梁楼盖中梁柱钢节点及组合节点的足尺试验。试件由钢管混凝土组合柱及轴对称钢梁与组合柱通过剪切钢板连接的组合楼盖组成。进行部分包裹混凝土组合梁的试验,确定扁梁楼盖锚钉的布置点。试验结果表明:组合节点和钢节点均为半钢性节点,且各自单独锚固;楼盖对提高节点抗弯承载力起重要作用。     

体内预应力钢纤维混凝土-钢组合梁负弯矩区抗裂及裂缝宽度试验研究

针对混凝土翼板内配置后张有粘结预应力筋的钢纤维混凝土-钢组合梁,提出界面滑移条件下的预应力传递规律和混凝土法向应力计算方法。基于负弯矩作用下7个试件的静力及疲劳试验,建立考虑钢纤维影响和混凝土收缩应力的组合梁混凝土翼板开裂弯矩计算公式。指出影响组合梁混凝土裂缝宽度的因素包括预应力度、配纤率、力比、连接度、配筋率及栓钉间距等;给出考虑上述影响因素的计算最大裂缝宽度经验公式。疲劳试验中,测试构件自振频率随荷载循环的变化规律,运用损伤力学理论建立结构自振频率与损伤度的量化关系。研究结果表明:预应力钢纤维混凝土-钢组合梁带裂缝工作时具有良好的疲劳稳定性,180万次的循环加载损伤度增大约20%。