室内燃气爆炸冲击波的特性及传播规律

利用显示动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,基于流固耦合方法分析可燃气体在室内爆炸冲击波的特性及对结构的作用。利用ANSYS建立有限元建模,燃气混合气体及空气采用欧拉网格,采用多物质ALE算法。分析可燃气体与空气的体积比、体积及爆炸泄压部位等改变时对爆炸冲击波的影响,选取9种工况进行数值分析。分析结果表明:当可燃气体与空气的体积比为9.5%时,产生爆炸冲击波压力最大。利用流固耦合的方法能很好地模拟爆炸冲击波的传播规律及对结构作用的过程。燃气在封闭空间里爆炸时,合理设置泄压口,能一定程度地减小爆炸冲击波对结构的破坏作用。     

温压弹药综合毁伤效果评估模型研究

为了评估温压弹对爆炸场内目标的综合毁伤效果,通过对冲击波、热辐射、破片及窒息等单项毁伤效应的分析,建立了温压弹综合毁伤效果评估模型,并将毁伤效应转化为经济损失。以70 kg量级的温压弹为例,分析了综合毁伤效果评估模型的应用。结果表明:破片毁伤是温压弹战斗部爆炸毁伤区域内最严重的毁伤方式,其次是冲击波毁伤和热辐射毁伤;在已知爆炸作用范围内的人员密度、建筑物和设备资产密度的前提下,可根据建立的毁伤评估模型获得目标被毁伤的总经济损失。     

内部爆炸作用下水介质容器壁部动态响应数值模拟

为了全面研究水介质爆炸容器在内部爆炸作用下,冲击波压力场的动态分布和壁部应变规律,本文利用动态数值模拟软件LS-DYNA,对水介质爆炸容器在内爆作用下内部动态压力场和壁部应变进行了三维数值模拟,并与实验和经验公式计算结果进行了对比。通过对数值模拟结果的分析,确定了爆炸容器结构强度在内爆作用下的薄弱区域。     

内部爆炸作用下水介质容器壁部动态响应数值模拟

为了全面研究水介质爆炸容器在内部爆炸作用下,冲击波压力场的动态分布和壁部应变规律,本文利用动态数值模拟软件LS-DYNA,对水介质爆炸容器在内爆作用下内部动态压力场和壁部应变进行了三维数值模拟,并与实验和经验公式计算结果进行了对比。通过对数值模拟结果的分析,确定了爆炸容器结构强度在内爆作用下的薄弱区域。     

汽车炸弹爆炸冲击波作用下建筑物的动力响应分析

利用动力分析有限元程序LS-DYNA3D,对三层框架结构建筑物在汽车炸弹爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应进行数值模拟.将建筑物在空气冲击波作用下和空气冲击波与地震波共同作用的动力响应作了比较,得出不同位置处质点压力和等效应力等参数,分析了爆炸冲击作用下建筑物的破坏效应,为建筑结构的防护设计提供依据.     

水下爆炸作用下固支多层片组结构的塑性毁伤研究

为研究固支多层片组结构在水下爆炸作用下的毁伤行为,以能量法为基础,建立了典型多层片组结构在水下爆炸冲击波作用下的塑性响应模型,给出了一定爆炸载荷迎面作用下固支多层片组结构的塑性变形以及剪切断裂毁伤计算方法。利用AUTODYN仿真软件,对不同工况下固支多层片组结构的毁伤进行了仿真研究,并开展了水下爆炸毁伤试验,测试了水下爆炸冲击波参数和多层片组结构的毁伤情况。结合数值模拟和试验结果可知,该理论模型可以很好的预测多层片组结构的毁伤破坏情况,包括其塑性变形层数、剪切破坏层数和最大破坏深度,为水下多层防护结构抗冲击设计提供了一定的依据。     

模拟破片杀伤战斗部空爆冲击波与高速破片群联合作用的等效试验方法

破片杀伤战斗部空爆冲击波与高速破片群联合毁伤作用下目标结构的毁伤特性、防护效能等是当前防护领域的热点和难点,但目前的试验研究手段和方法存在不足,为此,提出采用等效缩比战斗部(其原理为炸药爆炸驱动预制破片分散)来模拟破片杀伤战斗部,可作为进行空爆冲击波与高速破片群对防护结构的联合毁伤作用的实验方法。在确定防御目标战斗部、防御目标弹丸和几何缩尺比的基础上,根据爆炸力学相关经验公式,提出了求解等效缩比战斗部的装药和预制破片的相关参数的等效计算方法。该等效试验方法考虑了多破片侵彻的增强效应以及与爆炸冲击波的联合毁伤增强效应,且等效计算方法参数较少、简单实用。     

带壳装药壳体厚度对混凝土爆破毁伤效果的影响

根据混凝土中爆炸冲击波初始压力经验公式和C-J爆轰理论,用AUTODYN软件对带壳装药在混凝土中爆炸进行数值模拟,计算了不同壳厚下爆炸冲击波的初始压力值,得到带壳装药混凝土中爆炸冲击波初始压力的拟合公式,分析了冲击波初始压力随壳体厚度与装药半径比的变化规律.另外,从爆炸能量和爆炸冲击波的比冲量两个角度分别研究了壳体厚度对混凝土毁伤效果的影响.结果表明:当壳厚为0.5 ～2 mm时,爆坑体积较裸装药时增大,毁伤效果也较好;但当壳厚大于2 mm时,爆坑体积逐渐变小,毁伤效果也将变差.     

PVDF传感器在爆炸近区超压测量中的应用研究

凝聚相炸药爆炸产生强冲击波、电磁脉冲和光热效应,爆炸近区测试环境非常复杂,常规压阻式硅压力传感器难于满足测试要求。为准确测量装药近区爆炸参数给工程防护结构的爆炸毁伤评估提供参考依据,基于PVDF压电薄膜制作压力传感器,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对自制传感器进行标定;进行TNT化爆试验对自制PVDF传感器测试效果进行考核,并提取试验结果与AutoDyn软件计算结果进行比较。对比表明,测量值与计算值偏差小于10%,爆炸近区超压的试验测量可采用防干扰处理后的PVDF压电传感器解决。     

爆炸荷载下大空间结构的冲击波压力场分布及泄爆措施研究

应用LS-DYNA有限元程序建立了模拟大空间结构室内爆炸的计算模型,并对大空间结构在爆炸荷载作用下的冲击波压力场进行了数值模拟计算。通过提取结构表面有限测点的冲击波超压并将其POD分解,解决了爆炸荷载的时空差异性问题,得到了大空间结构的爆炸冲击波压力场分布。研究了全封闭大空间结构和屋顶开洞结构的爆炸冲击波压力场分布规律,结果表明:柱壳和拱形屋顶等全封闭大空间结构在爆炸荷载作用下易于产生顶盖冲击波压力场积聚;合适的孔洞布置可有效泄爆;孔洞率相同的情况下,减小孔洞间阻挡材料的宽度可有效减小爆炸对结构的冲击作用。提出了大空间结构的防爆和泄爆措施。     

Boundaries of the ambiguity area upon reflection of compression shock waves

Oblique shock waves can be reflected from hard walls, the axis, or the plane of symmetry, as well as from other counterpropagating shock waves with the formation of regular and Mach shock wave configurations. The specific form of shock wave structures is determined by the parameters of the problem: Mach number and intensity of incident shock waves. On the plane of parameters, there exists an ambiguity area in which laws of conservation admit both the regular and Mach reflection of shock waves. The boundaries of this region have been determined.     

Gravity wave interaction with porous structures in two-layer fluid

Oblique wave interaction with rectangular porous structures of various configurations in two-layer fluid are analyzed in finite water depth. Wave characteristics within the porous structure are analyzed based on plane wave approximation. Oblique wave scattering by a porous structure of finite width and wave trapping by a porous structure near a wall are studied under small amplitude wave theory. The effectiveness of three types of porous structures—a semi-infinite porous structure, a finite porous structure backed by a rigid wall, and a porous structure with perforated front and rigid back walls—in reflecting and dissipating wave energy are analyzed. The reflection and transmission coefficients for waves in surface and internal modes and the hydrodynamic forces on porous structures of the aforementioned configurations are computed for various physical parameters in two-layer fluid. The eigenfunction expansion method is used to deal with waves past the porous structure in two-layer fluid assuming the associated eigenvalues are distinct. An alternate procedure based on the Green’s function technique is highlighted to deal with cases where the roots of the dispersion relation in the porous medium coalesce. Long wave equations are derived and the dispersion relation is compared with that derived based on small amplitude wave theory. The present study will be of significant importance in the design of various types of coastal structures used in the marine environment for the reflection and dissipation of wave energy.     

Prediction of airblast loads on structures behind a protective barrier

Experimental results and numerical simulations have demonstrated that a protective barrier can effectively reduce blast load and, therefore, protect structures from an external explosion. However, there are no formulae in the open literature that can be used to estimate the blast loads on a structure behind a barrier. In this paper, pseudo-analytical formulae based on numerical results are derived to estimate the reflected pressure-time history on a rigid wall behind a protective barrier. Numerical simulations of blast wave propagation are carried out to estimate the peak reflected pressure and the impulse on a rigid wall behind a blast barrier. The shock wave front arrival time and positive phase duration are extracted from the numerical results. Pseudo-analytical formulae, which are derived from the best-fitted curves of the numerical results, are suggested. These formulae can be used with those given in TM5-1300 or other methods for blast pressure estimation in the no-barrier case, to estimate pressure-time histories at various building locations behind a protective barrier.     

封闭空间爆炸载荷特性研究

封闭空间爆炸载荷主要包含瞬态冲击波和持续时间较长的准静态超压。为了研究封闭空间爆炸载荷特性,基于FORTRAN平台,采用三阶WENO有限差分格式编写了爆炸波高精度三维数值计算程序。应用Sod激波管、双爆轰波碰撞等经典算例验证了所开发数值程序的可靠性。在封闭空间内炸药爆炸波数值计算的基础上,基于冲量等效原则提出封闭空间内爆炸载荷简化模型,理论推导给出准静态超压峰值计算公式并通过数值计算结果验证了该公式的可靠性。开发的高精度爆炸波三维数值计算程序及提出的简化载荷模型可用于封闭空间内爆炸载荷的快速计算,为工程抗爆结构设计提供载荷输入。     

A numerical study on the generation of impulsive noise by complex flows discharging from a muzzle

A numerical study on impulsive noise generation produced by complex flows discharging from a muzzle is achieved and the basic structures generating impulsive noise are analyzed. Complex flow features by a muzzle flow and noise generation mechanisms by several sources of noise are discussed from numerical simulations. Two‐dimensional axisymmetric Euler equations are used for governing equations. High‐order dispersion relation preserving finite difference method and an optimized four‐level marching method are used for spatial discretization and time integration, respectively. In order to show the capability of this method to capture blast waves and to examine the basic generation mechanism of acoustic waves from a muzzle, the interaction between a shock/blast wave and a vortex ring is implemented. From the numerical simulation of the 7.62‐mm NATO rifle G3 with a DM‐41 round in the near field, complex blast waves, jet flow, various vortices and their interaction phenomena are described and noise generation mechanism due to the interaction of complex flow structures is observed. The present results demonstrate that numerical simulation using computational aeroacoustic methods provides not only a reliable way to determine the blast wave dynamics of the muzzle flow but also allows an opportunity to study the physics and detailed mechanisms of the noise generation and propagation due to the interaction of complex flow structures generated from a muzzle system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MRFD的爆炸冲击隔震体系及其半主动控制

为有效减少爆炸冲击荷载对防护工程内人员及设备等的伤害,利用磁流变液阻尼器(MRFD)能够提供连续可调库伦阻尼力的特点,建立了基于MRFD的爆炸冲击隔震体系。对该体系进行了几种基于瞬时最优主动控制算法的半主动控制数值仿真分析,结果表明:选用合适的半主动控制算法及恰当的控制参数,利用MRFD进行冲击隔震,能有效控制结构在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的加速度反应。     

化爆冲击波作用下建筑物内压缩波参数计算

根据空气动力学原理,分析了外部化爆条件下冲击波阵面后压缩气体经外墙孔口的流动过程,提出了室内平均压力的计算方法;针对砖墙填充的钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋,研究室内外压力作用下墙体的破坏和碎块飞散过程,得到了室内压缩波参数的确定方法,并运用已有试验数据对该方法的有效性进行了验证;通过算例分析了冲击波超压、孔口面积及墙体厚度对室内压缩波升压时间的影响,结论如下:前墙开孔房屋室内升压时间随孔口面积的增大而减小,外墙破坏时,封闭房屋室内升压时间随着墙壁厚度的减小和室外超压的增大而逐渐减小。     

瓦斯爆炸在封闭管道内冲击振荡特征的数值模拟

摘要：为了研究爆炸波在封闭型系统的冲击和振荡特征及其特征参数变化规律,采用数值模拟的方法研究了封闭型管道内瓦斯爆炸的传播特征。研究结果表明：闭口型系统内的瓦斯爆炸呈明显的振荡特征,对于爆燃波,反射波有2道,即前驱冲击波的振荡和压缩波的振荡。由于冲击波的振荡叠加,使其最大爆炸超压和瞬态流速峰值与开口型系统相比较高,而且在反射波及稀疏波的影响下,爆炸波超压分为三个区。爆炸温度和动压同样呈明显的振荡特征,使得爆炸高温环境维持较长时间,爆炸动压在爆炸传播方向的动压与其他方向相比明显较大。研究结果解释了受限空间内爆炸破坏比开放型系统强烈的原因,为今后受限空间内爆炸的预防与控制提供了基础理论参考。     

Optical diagnostics of dynamic structures in shock waves

We demonstrate the possibility of applying optical diagnostics based on laser Doppler anemometry techniques and the laser imaging of dynamic density fields to the investigation of kinematic and structural parameters of shock waves and the properties of air perturbed by shock waves. Using the proposed methods, dynamic structures in the shock wave have been revealed and the velocity of their motion over the wave front has been determined. It is suggested that these dynamic structures have an oscillatory nature.