电化学方法制备非晶态铬工艺的研究

本文研究了从三价格电镀溶液中获得非晶态铬镀层的工艺，用ＥＤＸ和ＷＤＸ测定了镀层的组成，表明镀层是由铬和少量的碳组成，用Ｘ－射线衍射测定了镀层的结构；发现镀层在２θ为４３°时，有非晶态的特征峰“Ｂｒｏｎｄ Ｇａｕｓｉｏｎ Ｐｅａｋ”；并且用ＥＧ＆Ｇ ＰＡＲＣ电化学软件研究了电镀溶液的电化学行为。     

电沉积非晶态铬镀层及其耐蚀性

在低浓度铬酸溶液中，室浊罡获得了镜面光亮的铬镀层，Ｘ射线衍射，透射电镀选区电子衍射（ＳＡＥＤ）表明，镀层为非晶态。非晶态铬镀层在１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ、１ｍｏｌ＝ＬＨ２ＳＯ４和３％ＮａＣｌ溶液中的俯腐蚀结果，与传统铬镀层相比，非晶态铬镀层具遥更为优良的耐蚀性能。     

电沉积Ni-Cr-Fe-P非晶态耐蚀性合金镀层

通过正交试验和电镀实践，优化了镀液配方，获得Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｐ非晶态合金镀层。对镀层进行了ＸＲＤ、金相分析、ＳＥＭ、能谱分析、热重和差示热分析及电化学分析测试，证明镀层具有远优于不锈钢的高耐蚀性和抗氧化性。     

电沉积Ni—Cr—Fe—P非晶态耐蚀性合金镀层

通过正交试验和电镀实践，优化了镀液配方，获得了Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｐ非晶态合金镀层。对镀层进行了ＸＲＤ、金相分析、ＳＥＭ、能谱分析、热重和差示热分析及电化学分析测试，证明镀层具有远优于锈钢的高耐蚀性和抗氧化性。     

添加剂对非晶态Cr电沉积的影响

用Ｘ－射线衍射法（ＸＲＤ）研究了添加剂含量对镀层形成非晶态的影响。测定了非晶态Ｃｒ电沉积的阴极电流效率高达３８％，高于传统镀Ｃｒ溶液。用线性电位扫描研究了非晶态Ｃｒ电沉积的电极过程，并且根据Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ公式计算于非晶态Ｃｒ电沉积的表观活化能，研究结果表明，添加剂不仅促使镀层形成非晶态，而且可催化Ｃｒ的电沉积过程。     

电沉积镍－钨非晶态合金及其耐蚀性

研究了Ｎｉ－Ｗ非晶态合金的电沉积方法，讨论了电解液组成、温度和ｐＨ值对镀层组成及结构的影响。用Ｘ射线衍射测定了镀层结构，分析了非晶态结构的形成规律，用ＸＰＳ研究了非晶态镀层的耐蚀性。     

镍－磷非晶镀层的表面研究

应用ＸＲＤ、ＡＥＳ和ＸＰＳ研究了晶态和非晶态Ｎｉ－Ｐ镀层的表面结构和体相结构。结果表明：Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶态镀层的形成与电镀工艺条件有关，碱式碳酸镍的使用对非晶态的形成和镀层耐蚀性的提高起着重要作用。样品表面的磷以两种化学态存在，分别为Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金的磷和磷酸根的磷。为了形成非晶态镀层，Ｍｉ／Ｐ原子比应控制在３．３６以上。此外，Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶态合金镀层的腐蚀实验还表明：非晶态合金镀层的耐蚀性能要比晶态镀层高得多。     

镍—磷非晶镀层的表面研究

应用ＸＲＤ、ＡＥＳ和ＸＰＳ研究了晶态和非晶态Ｎｉ－Ｐ镀层的表面结构和体相结构。结果表明：Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶态镀层的形成与电镀工艺条件有关，碱式碳酸镍的使用对非晶态的形成和镀层耐蚀的提高起着重要作用。样品表面的磷以两经学态，分别为Ｎｉ－Ｐ合磷和磷酸根的磷，为了形成蜚 晶态镀层，Ｎｉ－Ｐ原子比应控制在３．３６以上，此外，Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶态合金镀层的腐蚀实验还表明，非晶态合金镀层的耐蚀性能要比晶态镀层高得多。     

铝锰合金镀层的组织结构与耐蚀性

利用扫描电镜，原子吸收光谱、Ｘ射线衍射，盐雾试验及电化学测试等手段对低温熔盐电镀铝合金镀层的表面形貌，组成与结构，耐蚀性进行研究。结果表明：铝锰合金镀层结构取决于镀层的Ｍｎ含量，当Ｍｎ含量为１５％￣４５％时镀层具有非晶态结构；影响合金镀层Ｍｎ含量的主要因素是熔盐的Ｍｎ＾２＋浓度，非晶态合金镀层的耐蚀性能远优于工业纯Ａｌ板。     

Ni-Cr-P三元合金化学镀层的组织结构

用ＳＥＭ ，ＴＥＭ ，ＤＴＡ，ＸＲＤ 等方法研究了化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｐ 三元合金镀层的形貌和结构变化。结果表明，镀层组成均匀，呈非晶态结构，初始晶化温度为２７０．７ ℃，热处理可使镀层析出晶态Ｎｉ相和 Ｎｉ３Ｐ 相，高温热处理条件下还有晶态Ｃｒ 相和 Ｃｒ３Ｐ 相析出。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.