Applications of non-destructive testing techniques for post-process control of additively manufactured parts

This paper presents an overview on the principle of operation for post-process inspection non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. The techniques include visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. The applications of these NDT techniques in additive manufacturing (AM) and their suitability for defects detection of additively manufactured parts are reviewed. The sensitivity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are evaluated. The types of defect, and the detectability of these defects by NDT techniques are assessed. The applicability of each NDT technique for different categories of AM process is discussed. The categories of AM are, namely, material extrusion, powder bed fusion, vat photopolymerisation, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet lamination, and directed energy deposition.     

Additive manufacturing process monitoring and control by non-destructive testing techniques: challenges and in-process monitoring

This paper examines on the obstacles specific to the implementation of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in additive manufacturing (AM). The general challenges impeding the adoption of AM for volume production of parts, and the use of NDT techniques to ameliorate some of these challenges are studied. These challenges include the lack of understanding of AM materials, and insufficient standards for the mechanical testing and NDT of additively manufactured parts. An overview on the principle of operation for in-process inspection NDT methods is presented. The techniques include thermography, and acoustic emission testing. The applications of these NDT techniques in AM and their suitability for defects detection of additively manufactured parts are reviewed. The sensitivity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are evaluated. The types of defects, and the detectability of these defects by NDT techniques are assessed.     

金属多材料增材制造研究现状与展望

当代社会对产品的功能及性能的要求越来越高,苛刻的使役条件要求零件具有功能耦合、多环境适应的能力。金属多材料增材制造技术相比传统制造技术具备更大的优势,在航空航天、汽车工业、电力行业、生物医学等领域中均具有广阔的应用前景。研究了电子束增材制造、电弧增材制造和冷喷涂增材制造在金属多材料增材制造中的应用现状以及最新发展。重点研究了金属多材料增材制造技术在宏观成形精度、微观组织缺陷和粒子界面结合中存在的关键问题。最后,指出了金属多材料增材制造技术在材料种类、基础理论、零件复杂度、质量控制等方面的发展趋势。将为金属多材料应用于增材制造技术提供新的思路和借鉴价值。     

激光增材制造钢的后热处理研究现状

激光增材制造为非平衡凝固过程,容易产生组织应力及热应力,出现变形和开裂等现象。通过后热处理,能够达到改善激光增材制造金属构件组织、消除缺陷、优化性能的目的,因此,后热处理制度的优化成为合金钢件增材制造亟待解决的关键技术。针对合金钢的激光增材制造,综述了近年来激光增材制造钢的后热处理工艺的研究现状。选择典型的17-4PH不锈钢及316L不锈钢等增材制造钢,研究不同后热处理规范对组织形态、第二相质点分布的影响;及其相应的热处理前后的拉伸强度及伸长率等力学性能的变化情况。通过热处理规范的合理选择,能够显著改善增材制造钢的组织及机械性能。     

增材制造技术在高温合金零部件成形中的应用

高温合金是指能够在600℃以上复杂应力状态下长期服役的金属材料,被广泛应用于航空航天以及核工业等领域.近年来,增材制造技术发展迅速,并且已经在高温合金零部件成形制造领域进行了大量应用探索.首先分别介绍了基于送粉和送丝的两种典型增材制造技术,以及利用以上两种技术成形得到的高温合金零部件微观组织形貌特征.由增材制造得到的高...     

A linear algorithm for conformal 3D-to-flatness coordinates conversion

Data conversion from a 3D raster to spiral coordinates is the key function in the scanning process for Roll Powder Sintering (RPS) additive manufacturing technology. Conversion process is especially important, as it produces the basis for a processed object. There are many equations for such conformal transformation, but there is still room to improve the computation efficiency. This paper presents an efficient conversion algorithm, which processes 3D objects and linear transforming it into rolling ribbon. The new algorithm has several significant advantages over the old ones due to applying only one main linear equation. The program based on the linear algorithm is simpler, more compact and faster in comparison to other programs which use trigonometric, transcendental or other equations. The proposed algorithm has been developed and extensively tested on several parts of computer-aided design models for RPS processing.     

增材制造高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金(High-entropy alloys, HEA)由于具有优异的力学性能、抗高温氧化性能、耐腐蚀性能等优点,受到了越来越多学者的关注。目前高熵合金的制备一般采用传统的铸锻轧,这对于制备一些形状复杂的高端零部件和超细晶组织是一种严峻的挑战,而采用增材制造(Additive Manufacturing,AM)技术是解决上述问题的一个有效途径。重点阐述了国内外近年来在高熵合金增材制造材料种类、快速凝固非平衡组织演化、裂纹等成形缺陷、力学性能及成形特征方面的研究进展,为增材制造高熵合金进一步发展提供一定参考。最后,对增材制造高熵合金的研究进展进行了总结,并对增材制造高熵合金成分的设计提供了一定的思路。     

CMT电弧增材制造Cu-Ni-Al-Mn-Fe铝青铜合金微观组织性能研究

目的研究冷金属过渡技术(Cold metal transfer,简称CMT)增材制造Cu-Ni-Al-Mn-Fe铝青铜合金的微观组织成形规律。方法采用CMT电弧增材的方式制备了Cu-Ni-Al-Mn-Fe铝青铜合金的薄壁试样件,研究了试样件在不同位置、不同方向的微观组织。结果 CMT电弧增材制造Cu-Ni-Al-Mn-Fe铝青铜合金的微观组织分为3个区域,前3层的不稳定区域主要是由基材树枝晶到柱状晶的转变区域;第3层到最后一层的稳定区域主要是外延生长的柱状晶区;在最后一层靠近空气侧约360μm厚度范围内,出现转向枝晶。交替往复电弧增材的Cu-Ni-Al-Mn-Fe铝青铜合金,在每层顶部均会形成转向枝晶,但随后新一层电弧增材的熔池会熔化顶部形成的转向枝晶,最终在微观组织形貌上表现出柱状晶外延生长的形式。结论通过控制合适工艺参数,可以获得致密无缺陷的CMT电弧增材制造Cu-Ni-Al-Mn-Fe铝青铜合金薄壁试样,在试样的稳定区域,微观组织是外延生长的柱状晶,柱状晶的晶界上Al,Ni,Mn元素产生富集现象,质量分数高于平均值。在柱状晶的晶内,Cu元素高于均值,而Al,Ni,Mn元素质量分数均低于均值,这与柱状晶的形核顺序有关。     

热输入对脉冲等离子弧增材制造Inconel 718合金组织与性能的影响

采用基于脉冲等离子弧的增材制造技术在Q235基板上加工了Inconel 718合金试样,通过改变功率和焊接速度研究了不同热输入对试样组织与性能演变规律的影响。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、维氏硬度仪等手段对试样晶粒形态、枝晶间距、元素偏析、析出相成分及分布、显微硬度等进行表征,结果表明随着热输入从1.08×106 J/m增大至1.76×106 J/m,晶粒形态从细长的柱状枝晶逐渐转变为粗大的胞状枝晶,枝晶间距从6.34μm增大至9.09μm,Nb、Mo等元素在枝晶间偏析加剧,Laves相由颗粒状、块状逐渐变为长链状,显微硬度不断下降。     

基于搅拌摩擦的金属固相增材制造研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

基于搅拌摩擦的固相增材制造是大型轻质合金构件成形制造的新技术,已成为国内外先进成形制造领域研究的热点之一。本文对目前国内外基于搅拌摩擦的金属固相增材制造技术及其相关工艺机理的研究现状进行了分析和总结。常见的基于搅拌摩擦的固相增材制造技术可分为三类:基于搅拌摩擦搭接焊原理,使板材逐层堆积,从而获得增材构件的搅拌摩擦增材制造(friction stir additive manufacturing,FSAM)技术;采用中空搅拌头,通过添加剂(粉末或丝材)进行固相搅拌摩擦沉积的增材制造(additive friction stir deposition,AFSD)技术;采用消耗型棒材,通过棒材的摩擦表面处理,形成增材层的摩擦表面沉积增材制造(friction surfacing deposition additive manufacturing,FSD-AM)技术。重点分析了金属材料基于搅拌摩擦的固相增材制造技术的国内外研究与应用现状,对比了三类基于搅拌摩擦的固相增材制造技术的特征及其工艺优缺点。最后指出增材工艺机理、形性协同控制、外场辅助工艺改型、新材料应用和人工智能优化是基于搅拌摩擦的固相增材制造技术未来研究的重点方向。     

Modeling thermal and stress behavior of the fuel–clad interface in monolithic fuel mini-plates

A fuel development and qualification program is in process with the objective of qualifying very high density monolithic low enriched uranium–molybdenum fuel for high-performance research reactors. The monolithic fuel foil creates differences in the mechanical and structural characteristics of the fuel plate because of the planar interface created by the fuel foil and cladding. An initial finite element analysis model has been developed to investigate worst-case scenarios for the basic monolithic fuel plate structure using typical mini-plate irradiation conditions in the Advanced Test Reactor. Initial analysis shows that the stress normal to the fuel–clad interface dominates during irradiation and that the presence of small, rounded delaminations at the interface is not of great concern. However, larger and/or fuel–clad delaminations with sharp corners can create areas of concern, as maximum principal cladding stress, strain, displacement, and peak fuel temperature are all significantly increased. Furthermore, stresses resulting from temperature gradients that cause the plate to bow or buckle in an unconstrained fuel plate configuration is greatly enhanced in a constrained fuel plate configuration. The sensitivities of the model and input parameters are discussed, along with some overlap of initial experimental observations using as-fabricated plate characterization and post-irradiation examination.     

航天用镍基高温合金及其激光增材制造研究现状

新型航天器用镍基高温合金部件呈现出复杂化、薄壁化、复合化、一体化的发展趋势,使得传统的铸造或锻造加工技术无法胜任。基于逐层堆积的激光增材制造(LAM)技术是实现这类复杂部件制备的理想解决方案,能够进一步赋予高温合金更高的价值,极大地推动航天装备的发展。首先介绍了航天领域常用的镍基高温合金种类,然后以研究最多的IN 718和IN 625合金为例,总结了镍基高温合金增材制造的研究现状:归纳了镍基高温合金增材制造工艺优化方法,表明增材制造综合加工图和实验设计方法是两种行之有效的方法;指出了增材制造镍基高温合金材料的微观组织特点,讨论了增材制造后续热处理对材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,表明增材制造技术极快速冷却的特点引起镍基高温合金材料内部存在普遍的局部微观偏析现象,导致常规热处理工艺不再是最优工艺;并通过5个典型的增材制造镍基高温合金航天构件案例展示了增材制造技术的优势。在此基础上,针对镍基高温合金增材制造过程中存在的关键科学问题和技术难题,展望了增材制造镍基高温合金未来的研究方向。     

增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金组织调控研究现状

增材制造技术可实现复杂钛合金零件的快速成形,制造的Ti-6Al-4V合金具有较高的强度以及优异的高温性能,被广泛应用于航空、医疗等各大领域。综述了金属增材制造的典型工艺,分析了Ti-6Al-4V合金的相变特征,总结了选区激光熔化制造Ti-6Al-4V的力学性能和组织调控方法,着重分析了热处理温度、冷却速率、变质处理以及超声冲击等对合金组织的影响;展望了增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金的主要发展方向。