高浓度含砂废水旋流器分离效果试验研究

水力旋流器是砂石加工废水预处理环节的重要设备,其性能直接关系到整个废水处理系统的成败。目前,水力旋流器的运行管理主要是经验性的。为揭示进口压力、进料浓度等操作参数和旋流器规格等关键因素对预处理效果的定量影响,以直径250 mm和150 mm 2种原型规格水力旋流器为对象,开展不同影响参数下砂石废水分离效果试验研究。结果表明:进口压力达到约 0.10 MPa后,进一步增加进口压力,底流产率增加缓慢;进口浓度增加,底流产率反而下降;直径250 mm底流产率低于通常设计值,是部分废水处理工艺运行不畅的原因;直径150 mm旋流器浓缩效果较差,底流浓度低于后续高频脱水筛的入筛浓度要求,这2种直径的旋流器均不推荐单独采用。采用直径200 mm旋流器或将直径250 mm与150 mm并联运行的方式可以解决现有砂石废水预处理环节中存在的问题。研究成果可为砂石加工废水处理工艺预处理环节的设计和运行提供借鉴。     

郓城南湖雨水径流悬浮物削减方案研究

雨水径流对城市湖泊水体环境质量有显著影响。针对雨水径流中泥沙含量过高的问题,为设计山东省郓城县南湖入湖雨水径流悬浮物削减方案,开展了水力旋流器对雨水径流中悬浮物去除效果及影响因素的实验研究。实验结果显示：水力旋流器对于悬浮物的分离效率随着进料浓度的增大而降低;随着进料流量的增大而提高,且进料流量可以更显著地影响水力旋流器的分离效率。基于实验结果,拟合得到相应型号的水力旋流器分离效率、进料浓度和进料流量之间的回归关系,并预估了在郓城南湖的实际应用中,该型号水力旋流器对雨水径流中悬浮物的分离效率约为26.63%,需通过多级水力旋流器的串联或结合其他处理措施才能使入湖径流达到预设标准。     

新型固-液旋流分离过程的建模与仿真研究

针对新型固-液旋流分离器实际工作环境．设计了一种新型导流式高效旋流分离器,利用流体力学基本原理。结合T．D哈帝冈柱形旋流分离器模型．建立了新型导流式固液旋流分离器的数学及仿真模型,通过仿真实验获取了新型旋流分离器流场稳定时的进料口速度。运用FLUENT软件．结合欧拉多相流分析法和RNGk—ε湍流模型对其进行数值模拟,得到了流场的压力分布、速度分布、粒子轨迹分布等可视化结果。结果表明,在新型旋流分离器中设计的导流板这一特殊结构能够有效改善循环流,并提高该旋流分离器的分离效率．为旋流分离器取得较好分离效果的工作参数设定提供了技术指导和理论依据。     

梭锥管内锥圈对水沙分离的影响

介绍一种新型水沙分离装置梭锥管混浊流体分离装置(简称梭锥管)的初步研究成果。梭锥管是一种新型的低耗水率、动态水力分离水沙两相流的装置。为了探明梭锥管内特有结构——锥圈对泥沙沉降速度的影响,针对结构尺寸相同的有锥圈和无锥圈的梭锥管进行浑水质量浓度分别为30 kg/m3,60 kg/m3,80 kg/m3的泥沙静水沉降试验。试验结果表明,与无锥圈梭锥管相比,泥沙在有锥圈梭锥管中沉降的速度较快,锥圈的存在改变了泥沙的沉降方向,缩短了沉降距离,增加了沉降面积,提高了泥沙的沉降速度。因此,为了提高泥沙的沉降速度,可以适当增加梭锥管内的锥圈数量以增强其水沙分离性能。     

Pilot study of a fluidized-pellet-bed technique for simultaneous solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening in a sewage treatment plant.

A fluidized-pellet-bed separator with movable sludge hoppers was applied in pilot scale for the separation and thickening of activated sludge mixture liquid. Under the condition of suspension SS around 4,000 mg/L, polymer (CJX103, cationic, MW 5 x 10(6)) dose at a dry solid ratio of 0.003 and upward flow rate at 5.4 m/hr, the fluidized pellet bed performed solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening well. The SS concentration of the treated water was about 5 mg/L on average and the moisture content of the sludge after screening for 5 min was less than 94%, which is much lower than that after conventional settling and thickening and easy to be finally disposed. At a higher upward flow rate of 7.2 m/hr, similar results could also be obtained but higher polymer dose (solid ratio of 0.004) was required. The morphological characteristics and density-size relationship of the granular particles formed in the fluidized pellet bed were also investigated by image analysis and settling velocity measurement of individual particles. The two-dimensional fractal dimension was evaluated to be 1.6-1.8, showing a good quasi-spherical morphology of the granular particles with their density much higher than the conventional flocs. The results of the pilot study indicate a possible way to innovate the conventional secondary settling and gravitational thickening processes for solid/liquid separation and sludge handling, especially for small scale wastewater treatment plants to reach the goal of space saving and higher treatment efficiency.     

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CONICAL SWIRLING WATER JET FLOW

This paper is concerned with theoretical and experimental study on theconical swirling water jet flow.Based upon the theoretical analysis,the experiment on thestructural characteristics of swirling water jet flow including the velocity and pressure dis-tribution laws,on which the parameters of the jet,nozzle and directional blades havemore or less influence,was carried out in CSSRC by using a 3-D LDV in order to optimizea new high-efficiency jet instead of swirling drilling bit for rock-breaking and continuouslydrilling,and to meet the demand of radial horizontal drilling technology.Meanwhile basedon the experimental results,the numerical simulation was conducted for the conicalswirling water jet in the immersed well-bottom flow by solving the RANS equations in the3-D body-fitted coordinate system with the k-ε turbulence model.The numerical resultsare consistent with the experimental data,and lead to some conclusions which are impor-tant for applying the conical swirling water jet to the petroleum drill     

Run-up of non-breaking double solitary waves with equal wave heights on a plane beach

The evolution and run-up of double solitary waves on a plane beach were studied numerically using the nonlinear shallow water equations(NSWEs) and the Godunov scheme. The numerical model was validated through comparing the present numerical results with analytical solutions and laboratory measurements available for propagation and run-up of single solitary wave. Two successive solitary waves with equal wave heights and variable separation distance of two crests were used as the incoming wave on the open boundary at the toe of a slope beach. The run-ups of the first wave and the second wave with different separation distances were investigated. It is found that the run-up of the first wave does not change with the separation distance and the run-up of the second wave is affected slightly by the separation distance when the separation distance is gradually shortening. The ratio of the maximum run-up of the second wave to one of the first wave is related to the separation distance as well as wave height and slope. The run-ups of double solitary waves were compared with the linearly superposed results of two individual solitary-wave run-ups. The comparison reveals that linear superposition gives reasonable prediction when the separation distance is large, but it may overestimate the actual run-up when two waves are close.     

生物造粒流化床中造粒颗粒的形态及微生物特性研究

生物造粒流化床是造粒流化床高效固液分离技术在污水生物处理领域的扩展.利用显微摄像仪、扫描电子显微镜及微生物固定技术,对沿流化床不同高度处所采集的造粒颗粒污泥进行了形态学和微生物学分析.结果显示,造粒颗粒污泥球形度较好,自下而上存在粒径变小且球形度降低的趋势;流化床底部的颗粒污泥中杆菌占据优势,顶部的颗粒污泥中球菌占据优势,显示着微生物群落沿床高的一种转变;对于单个颗粒污泥,杆菌多聚于颗粒表面及外层,球菌多聚于颗粒内部及里层;认为在生物造粒流化床反应器中存在着好氧/缺氧/厌氧区域,可以起到降解有机物和脱氮的作用.     

平面旋转水流中颗粒运动分离 特性的研究

本文旨在通过数值和实验方法,研究固体颗粒在旋转水流中发生分离运动的特性;通过4阶 龙格一库塔法求解颗粒运动方程,求出不同时刻颗粒运动方向与水流运动方向的分离角度。然后,在 一个匀速旋转的圆柱形平台上,对不同颗粒粒径、密度和平台转速,进行了不同参数组合的实验。实 验结果与数值解吻合良好。最后,利用多元回归方法,提出了误差在25%左右的预估公式。     

Erosion Wear Caused by Coarse Particles in the Flow-Through Part of the Medium-Pressure Stage of T-250/300-240 Turbines

The problem of erosion wear of the first stages of IPC-1 of T-250/300-240 turbines by solid particles is briefly described. It is shown that solid particles arriving at the flow-through part of intermediate-pressure cylinders form as a result of decomposition of an oxide film in the convective superheater piping of supercritical boilers. Fracture of the oxide film is intensified due to the temperature mode of the boiler and changes in the water chemistry. A general picture of wear of the flow-through part including guide and moving blades, shroud seals, and elements of the peripheral zone of the first intermediate-pressure stages by solid particles is presented. Wear of the flow-through part reduces the service life of the blading to two interrepair periods and substantially worsens the efficiency of operation of the intermediate-pressure part. The mechanism of motion of solid particles in the flow-through part is described and the ways to decrease the wear by removing solid particles from the hot reheat line, shutoff valves, and the first intermediate-pressure stage are considered. The latter method has been realized in the form of a protection system containing continuous or periodic double-loop blow. The first loop extracts a steam sample with solid particles from the steam-in box and the second loop removes solid particles from the increased blade clearance of the first stage into a separator-accumulator from which the cleaned steam is returned to the nearest extraction of the turbine. The operating experience of such a system confirms its expedience.     

基于分形理论的饱和土孔隙水压力计算模型

孔隙水压力是一种作用于土体孔隙间的应力,其定量分析对于探究土体的抗剪强度等力学性能有着至关重要的作用。传统的孔隙水压力计算方法忽略土体内部孔隙中流体流动及流量变化对孔隙水压力的影响,导致计算结果偏小。为修正此计算误差,基于孔隙数目-尺寸分形模型,推导出土颗粒材料孔隙度与分形维数之间的演化公式,并结合孔隙水流动方程及压力方程推导出饱和土孔隙水压力与分形维数、孔隙水压缩模量及孔隙间流量变化之间的函数关系。并使用此孔隙水压力计算公式对饱和黏土边坡进行数值分析验证公式准确性及实用性。所得公式可用于饱和土体的有效应力及抗剪强度计算修正,并可应用于饱和土体宏观-微观的多尺度液相-固相耦合渗流分析。     

液固悬浮液中气泡生成的数值模拟

将Level Set方法与硬球离散颗粒方法相结合,建立了一个三相流混合模型。应用该模型对液固悬浮液中气泡从单孔及多孔中的形成过程进行了三维模拟,并与文献中已有的结果进行了定性比较。数值试验主要比较了在悬浮液与纯液体中的气泡生成与上升行为。模拟结果表明,颗粒的存在对气泡的形成与上升有重要影响;气泡诱导的流体流动对气泡与颗粒的运动均有显著地影响。     

Monitoring of environmental effects and process performance during biological treatment of sediment from the Petroleum Harbour in Amsterdam

A full-scale (470 m³) process for biological treatment of dredging spoil from the Petroleum Harbour in Amsterdam has been monitored during a pilot project. The dredging spoil was heavily polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mineral oil. The remediation chain involved dredging, transport of dredged spoil, hydrocyclone separation, froth flotation of the coarse particles, and biological treatment of the silt fraction (<20 μm) in stirred bioreactors. The independent monitoring was aimed at recording the environmental effects, product quality and performance of the biological process.Hydrocyclone separation (cut point 20 m) resulted in two bulk streams: 65% sand and 30% silt (based on total dry weight of the input). The sand was cleaned and could be reused as building material. PAH and mineral oil were successfully concentrated in the silt fraction (<20 μm), which was treated biologically. Biological treatment during continuous feeding of fine fraction, at a residence time of 8–10 days for the entire bioreactor system, resulted in considerably reduced mineral oil and PAH contents. Furthermore, the leaching of organic contaminants was reduced, as well as the ecotoxicity. The obtained silt product however did not meet the demands, and had to be landfilled. Minor emissions of contaminants were measured in wastewater and offgas. The energy and chemicals consumption were acceptable.The biological process appears to be promising for the treatment of less-severely contaminated dredged material.     

明渠湍流床面附近跃移层面颗粒浓度垂线分布

本文以动理学理论的Boltzmann方程为基础，考虑明渠湍流床面附近猝发喷射和清扫运动对跃移层内运动颗粒的不同作用，分析了明渠中泥沙颗粒浓度垂线分布问题，得到了适用于包括跃移层、悬移层在内的统一浓度垂线分布公式。文中着重研究了跃移层内运动颗粒的浓度垂线分布，并将本文结果与实测跃移层内浓度垂线分布及实测跃移层顶部浓度进行了对比，结果表明理论与实验两者符合较好。     

润湿性微纳米圆管中去离子水的流动特征

在传统的流体力学中,流体在固壁处流速为零,即无滑移边界条件。在微纳米条件下,由于固液界面作用力增大,无滑移边界条件不再适用。该文首先从微米石英圆管中的流动实验现象出发,给出润湿性边界黏滞层厚度随应力变化的边界模型。在此基础上推导出层流条件下,微纳米管中的流量公式,并对流量公式进行渐近分析,同时也分析流动微纳米尺度下的流动特征。最后用微米圆管中去离子水的流动实验,对新建的理论模型进行验证。研究表明:润湿性条件下,边界黏滞层厚度随驱动力的增大而减小;新建立的微纳米尺度下的边界模型和流量公式非常符合实验结果,其中一次方的流量模型应用时更为简单,在压力梯度较小时,指数项起作用产生了非线性流动的效果。     

浑水水力分离清水装置柱体高度对流场影响的数值模拟研究

基于Fluent软件对浑水水力分离清水装置的流速场进行数值模拟,分析了柱体高度对装置速度场的影响。结果表明:随着柱体区高度的增加,切向速度衰减,无法产生1 cm.s–1数量级的切向速度,并使得正向轴向流速增加,不利于泥沙沉降。当柱体区高度较小时,中心轴线两侧均存在明显的循环涡流,产生的回流将会降低泥沙颗粒向装置顶部清水溢出口流动的可能性,其径向速度数量级非常小,无明显特点。为了在装置内形成良好的弱旋流场,装置高度不宜过高,建议径高比在0.7～0.8之间。     

SIMULATION OF OIL-WATER TWO PHASE FLOW AND SEPARATION BEHAVIORS IN COMBINED T JUNCTIONS

The combined T junctions used for the oil-water separation have the advantages of compactness in structure,consistency in effects and economy in cost.The mixture turbulence model and the Eulerian multi-fluid model are used to simulate the flow and phase distribution in the combined T junctions.The effects of structural parameters such as the branched pipe interval and height on the flow distribution and the separation behaviors are studied.The results show that the combined T junctions under fixed inlet and outlet boundary conditions form a single hydraulic equilibrium system in which the fluid energy distributes freely till a balance is achieved.The split-flow promotes the separation of the immiscible oil and the water.The separation efficiency increases with the increase of the branched pipe interval and changes slightly with the increase of the branched pipe height.The structural change of the combined T junctions may change the flow direction in the branched pipes.Simulation results can provide some guidance for the design of the combined T junctions as one kind of oil-water separator.     

基于Rouse公式的紊流区悬沙粒径级配垂线分布规律

基于Rouse公式及紊流泥沙沉速公式,分别推导得到了紊流时的悬沙粒径及级配垂线分布公式,前者直接量化了泥沙“上细下粗”的垂线分布规律,后者则可用于计算不同水层及垂线上总的悬沙粒径级配。通过实例,应用粒径级配计算公式得到了不同水层的悬沙粒径级配。结果表明:泥沙粒径“上细下粗”的分布规律明显;在越远离床面的水层,细颗粒所占的比重越大,粒径分布越均匀。当考虑悬浮高度影响时,以最大粒径悬沙的最大悬浮高度为界,该高度之下级配“等宽”,该高度之上级配“上窄下宽”。     

重力沉沙过滤池与条形沉沙池沉沙效果对比研究

新疆水资源紧缺,农业高效节水发展很快,大量滴灌面积需要地表水进行灌溉。地表水作为滴 灌供水水源,需要将水中有害泥沙和固体颗粒物清除掉,否则容易淤堵滴灌器滴头。沉沙池可以较好的 处理泥沙,但对密度小于水的固体颗粒物及有机物则无能为力。为此,需要一种装置能够清除这类杂 质。河水滴灌重力沉沙过滤池较好的解决了这类问题。为了从理论上阐述清楚其相对于传统沉沙池具 有的优势,通过物理模型试验进行综合分析。数据成果反映出,由于过滤网的作用,重力沉沙过滤池比 条形沉沙池的沉沙率提高６％以上,主要是过滤网清除了一部分泥沙。试验反映出过滤网在清除杂质方 面效果明显,水中杂质基本上都可以清除,出池水质满足滴灌用水要求。通过对试验的进一步研究分 析,对重力沉沙过滤池的结构尺寸进行了优化。     

方型人工鱼礁周围水流运动的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,模拟得到了5种不同来流速度(0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8 m/s)下方型人工鱼礁(边长为3 m)周围的水流场。铅垂平面上的计算结果表明:当水流贴近礁体迎流面时,水流抬升而形成上升流;不同来流速度工况下,上升流最大速度均约为来流速度的0.64倍,上升流平均速度均为来流速度的0.12倍,而上升流的最大高度为礁体高度的2.62～2.65倍;由于流动分离,在礁体顶面形成一小旋涡区,而在礁体背水面后端形成背涡区;5种来流速度下的背涡区长度均为礁体高度的3.0～3.5倍,而背涡区高度为礁体高度的1.1～1.2倍。水平面上的计算结果表明:紧贴礁体四周为水流减速区,在礁体两侧形成小旋涡区(缓流区),而在礁体背部形成一大旋涡区(背涡区);背涡区内的水流旋涡结构随来流速度大小而变,但背涡区的最大宽度基本不随来流速度的改变而改变,约为礁体宽度的2倍。