Numerical simulation and combination optimization of aluminum holding furnace linings based on simulated annealing☆

To reduce heat loss and save cost, a combination decision model of reverb aluminum holding furnace linings in aluminum casting industry was established based on economic thickness method, and was resolved using sim-ulated annealing. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional mathematical model of aluminum holding furnace linings was developed and integrated with user-defined heat load distribution regime model. The optimal combination was as follows:side wal with 80 mm alumino-silicate fiber felts, 232 mm diatomite brick and 116 mm chamotte brick;top wall with 50 mm clay castables, 110 mm alumino-silicate fiber felts and 200 mm refractory concrete;and bottom wal with 232 mm high-alumina brick, 60 mm clay castables and 68 mm diatomite brick. Lining tem-perature from high to low was successively bottom wal , side wal , and top wall. Lining temperature gradient in increasing order of magnitude was refractory layer and insulation layer. It was indicated that the results of com-bination optimization of aluminum holding furnace linings were valid and feasible, and its thermo-physical mechanism and cost characteristics were reasonably revealed.     

Influences of different diluents on ignition delay of syngas at gas turbine conditions: A numerical study

Ignition delay of syngas is an important factor that affects stable operation of combustor and adding diluents to syngas can reduce NO_x emission.This paper used H_2O,CO_2 and N_2 as diluents and calculated ignition delay of syngas in temperature range of 900-1400 K and at pressures of 10 and 30 atm respectively.In high temperature range,comparing with N_2 dilution,adding H_2O and CO_2 can significantly inhibit autoignition of syngas because they have higher collision efficiencies in reaction H + O_2(+ M) = HO_2(+ M).As for low temperature conditions,adding H_2O can increase reactivity of syngas,especially under high pressure,because of its high collision efficiency in reaction H_2O_2(+ M) = 2OH(+ M).Comparing with different dilution rates shows that for syngas and operating conditions in this paper,adding N_2 mainly influences temperature rising process of syngas combustion,thus inhibiting reactivity of syngas.In addition,this paper calculated ignition delay of syngas at different equivalence ratios(φ= 0.5,1.0).Higher equivalence ratio(φ≤1) means that less air(especially N_2) needs to be heated,thus promoting ignition of syngas,     

Kinetic modeling of plasma methane conversion in a dielectric barrier discharge

Methane conversion by plasma offers a promising route to produce higher value-added products. As plasma reaction is a relatively complex process, kinetic modeling is necessary to obtain a general pattern of the complex interaction on the basis of chemical reaction and products. In this paper, we present a method to obtain the kinetic rate coefficient (k) from the experimental data. Although plasma reaction was classified as chemically complex interaction, the reactions showed a certain pattern of the mechanism. In pure methane injection, the decomposition of methane by plasma could initiate coupling reactions and produce C₂H₆, C₃H₈, and C₄H₁₀. Dehydrogenation of C₂H₆ into C₂H₄ and then to C₂H₂ could be clearly seen by the higher value of the reaction rate constant of C₂H_n + 2 to C₂H_n − 2. Using the rate constant values (k) obtained by this method, the pathways of the methane conversion by a dielectric barrier discharge can be drawn.     

一种新型LOVA发射药点火性能的研究

采用点火模拟试验方法，对新型LOVA发射药的点火性能进行了研究，提出了一种预估发射药点火难易的方法。结果表明：在相同的试验条件下该LOVA发射药较单基药难点燃；在密闭爆发器实验中延迟时间短的发射药相应地在点火实验中较容易点燃。     

基于Hopfield网络的时滞分析故障诊断策略

振荡是化工过程中常见的对全流程运行性能有显著影响的故障类型,仅基于数据幅值域知识的故障诊断方法对这一类故障诊断性能不佳。时滞分析基于数据信号时域知识,根据波形相关性分析变量之间因果关系,通过得到的因果模型确定故障完整传播路径,可进一步识别出扰动发生的根本原因。将Hopfield网络与时滞分析相结合,解决了时滞分析当变量数众多时,从变量对的因果关系难以得到故障传播路径的问题,并同时讨论了时滞分析数据窗选取、对称时滞确立等的原则,提升了故障传播路径建立的准确度,建立了基于时滞分析的完备的故障诊断策略,最后通过TE模型验证了方法的优越性。     

Kinetic Modeling of Methane Hydrate Formation in the Presence of Low‐Dosage Water‐Soluble Ionic Liquids

The kinetic and thermodynamic effects of three typical low‐dosage imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) on methane hydrate formation and dissociation were investigated, considering the anion nature and subcooling and/or overpressure driving forces. Isochoric hydrate formation and dissociation data were obtained by the modified slow step‐heating method. ILs proved to have a dual effect on both formation and dissociation of methane hydrate including thermodynamic and kinetic inhibition. Kinetic modeling of methane hydrate inhibition by low‐dosage ILs was performed. Kinetic analysis showed that IL inhibitors mainly cause a delay in the nucleation or hydrate growth step. The related inhibition mechanism was resolved regarding the ionic nature and electrostatic interactions of ILs with water molecules. Two binomial exponential kinetic relations were derived and used for simple methane hydrate formation in the presence of ILs as kinetic hydrate inhibitors. The proposed relations can serve for a quick estimation of the nature, extent, strength, and effectiveness of ILs on various gas hydrates.     

探讨拉拔对延期体延期时间精度的影响

延期体在延期雷管中起着延时作用,延期时间精度则是体现延期体性能的重要指标之一。通过对延期体燃烧过程的理论分析,寻找影响延期体延期时间精度的因素。并从理论和实验数据出发,探讨拉拔对延期体延期时间精度的影响。     

Ignition delay times of ethanol-containing multi-component gasoline surrogates: Shock-tube experiments and detailed modeling

Ignition delay times for binary (ethanol/iso-octane, 25%/75% by liquid volume) and quinary (iso-octane/toluene/n-heptane/diisobutylene/ethanol, 30%/25%/22%/13%/10%) gasoline surrogate fuels in air were measured under stoichiometric conditions behind reflected shock waves. The investigated post-shock temperature ranges from 720 to 1220 K at pressures of 10 bar for the binary mixture and 10 bar and 30 bar for the quinary mixture. Ignition delay times were evaluated using side-wall detection of CH* chemiluminescence (λ = 431.5 nm). Multiple regression analysis of the data indicates global activation energy of ∼124 kJ/mol for the binary mixture and ∼101 kJ/mol for the quinary mixture and a pressure dependence exponent of −1.0 was obtained for the quinary mixture. The measurements were compared to predictions using a proposed detailed kinetics model for multicomponent mixtures that is based on the reference fuels (PRF) model as a kernel and incorporates sub-mechanisms to account for the chemistry of ethanol, toluene and diisobutylene. The model was tested using the measured ignition delay times for the surrogate fuels. Additional comparisons are based on literature data for other fuel combinations of the single constituents forming the quinary surrogate to insure that the modified mechanism still correctly predicts the behavior of simple fuels. The proposed model reproduces the trend of the experimental data for all pure fuels and blends investigated in this work, including the pressure dependence.     

可燃性气体对PE粉体静电放电点火的影响

运用标准粉尘爆炸测试装置Hartmann管分别测试了聚乙烯(PE)粗料和经过筛分的PE粉体的最小点火能量,比较了PE粉体和可燃性气体共存时(即杂混合物)的最小点火能量与不同形式的静电放电能量.当PE粉体粒径小于2 mm时,随着粒径的增大,可燃性气体对杂混合物最小点火能量的影响也越大.但可燃性气体对PE粉体静电点火的影响变小.当可燃性气体浓度低于10%爆炸下限时,对未经过筛分的原始粉体,各种形式的静电均无法将其点燃;对粒径小于0.5 mm的PE粉体,可以排除电晕放电、刷形放电和堆表面放电作为点火源的可能性:对粒径小于75μm的PE粉体,堆表面放电、火花放电和传播型刷形放电均是可能的点火源.     

发射药初温和热物性参数对点火性能影响的研究

采用点火模拟试验装置，对几种发射药在常，低温情况下的点火性能进行试验，获得了这几种发射药在不同温度下的点火特征曲线及重要参数，得出了这几种发射药在不同温度下的点火性能差异，并结合火理论作数值计算，分析了发射药初温对点火性能影响的内在原因，为进一步研究低温下发射药膛内的点火特性及燃烧过程提供依据。