Adsorption equilibria of paeoniflorin and albiflorin on cyano-silica column from supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol

Adsorption equilibria of paeoniflorin and albiflorin on a cyano-silica column(CN column) from the solution of supercritical carbon dioxide(scCO_2) modified with ethanol were studied. The adsorption capacity at 308.15 K,313.15 K, 318.15 K and 323.15 K under pressures corresponding to carbon dioxide/ethanol densities from0.347 g·cm~(-3) to 0.662 g·cm~(-3) were determined using the elution by characteristic point method(ECP). The effects of temperature and pressure on the solute loading were investigated. The results showed that the lower the temperature, the higher the adsorption capacity. With the decrease of density of scCO2, the adsorption capacity strengthens. The maximum adsorption capacity of paeoniflorin(albiflorin) on the CN column was15.24 mg·ml~(-1)(31.14 mg·ml~(-1)) in the range of 0–1.84 mg·ml~(-1)(0–1.67 mg·ml~(-1)) of paeoniflorin(albiflorin)standard solution. The adsorption capacity of albiflorin was twice as much as that of paeoniflorin under the same conditions. Adsorption data of paeoniflorin and albiflorin could be well described by the Langmuir model and Freundlich model. Compared with the two model fitting results, the adsorption of paeoniflorin and albiflorin belonged to the monolayer adsorption under conditions of 308.15–323.15 K and 10–17 MPa.     

Adsorption equilibrium of citric acid from supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol on cyano column

Supercritical adsorption equilibrium has a significant role in defining supercritical adsorption behavior. In this paper, the adsorption equilibrium of citric acid from supercritical CO2/ethanol on a cyano column was systemat-ical y investigated with the elution by characteristic point method. Equilibrium loading was obtained at 313.15 K and 321.15 K with supercritical CO2/ethanol densities varying from 0.7068 g·cm?3 to 0.8019 g·cm?3. The exper-imental results showed that the adsorption capacity of citric acid decreased with increasing temperature and in-creasing density of the supercritical CO2/ethanol mobile phase. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted wel by the Quadratic Hill isotherm model and the isotherms showed anti-Langmuir behavior. The monolayer satura-tion adsorption capacity of citric acid is in the range of 44.54 mg·cm?3 to 64.66 mg·cm?3 with an average value of 56.86 mg·cm?3.     

Lead removal from aqueous medium using fruit peels and polyaniline composites in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents in the presence of polyethylene glycol

In the present study, composites of Polyaniline and some fruit peels were synthesized in various conditions and used for lead removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption tests were conducted in batch mode using the most efficient adsorbent, and the effects of medium pH, initial lead concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and adsorption isotherms were investigated. The results showed that all composites were more efficient in lead removal compared to the fruit peels alone. The highest removal percentage was related to the composite of banana peel and Polyaniline that synthesized in the aqueous solution in the presence of 2 g·L^-1 Poly ethylene glycol. This composite showed 95.96% lead adsorption at pH = 6, the contact time of 90 min, the initial lead concentration of 25 mg·L^-1, and an adsorbent concentration of 8 g·L^-1. Adsorption isotherm study showed that adsorption of lead by synthesized composite could be fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich models, but the Langmuir model was more fitted than Freundlich. Besides, some characteristics of the composites, such as chemical composition (XRD analysis), structure, and morphology (SEM analysis) and functional groups (FTIR analysis), were studied.     

用椰壳制活性炭吸附去除三价铋离子(英文)

In present study,we report the preparation of coconut shell activated carbon as adsorbent and its appli-cation for Bi(Ⅲ) removal from aqueous solutions.The developed adsorbent was characterized with scanning elec-tron microscope(SEM),Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR),C,H,N,S analyzer,and BET surface area analyzer.The parameters examined include agitation time,initial concentration of Bi(Ⅲ),adsorbent dose and temperature.The maximum adsorption of Bi(Ⅲ)(98.72%) was observed at 250 mg·L-1 of Bi(Ⅲ) and adsorbent dose of 0.7 g when agitation was at 160 r·min-1 for 240 min at(299±2) K.The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb’s free energy(△Gθ),enthalpy(△Hθ) and entropy(△Sθ) were evaluated.For the isotherm models applied to adsorption study,the Langmuir isotherm model fits better than the Freundlich isotherm.The maximum adsorption capacity from the Langmuir isotherm was 54.35 mg?g?1 of Bi(Ⅲ).The kinetic study of the adsorption shows that the pseudo second order model is more appropriate than the pseudo first order model.The result shows that,coconut shell ac-tivated carbon is an effective adsorbent to remove Bi(Ⅲ) from aqueous solutions with good adsorption capacity.     

Catalytic decomposition and mass transfer of aqueous ozone promoted by Fe-Mn-Cu/γ-Al2O3 in a rotating packed bed

This study investigated catalytic decomposition and mass transfer of aqueous ozone promoted by Fe-Mn-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ (Cat) in a rotating packed bed (RPB) for the first time. The results showed that the value of the overall decomposition rate constant of ozone (K_c) and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K_La) are 4.28×10^-3 s^-1 and 11.60×10^-3 s^-1 respectively at an initial pH of 6, β of 40, of 60 mg·L^-1 and Q_L of 85 L·h^-1 in deionized water, respectively. Meanwhile, the K_c and K_La values of Fenhe water are 0.88×10^-3 s^-1 and 2.51×10^-3 s^-1 lower than deionized water, respectively. In addition, the K_c and K_La values in deionized water for the Cat/O₃-RPB system are 44.86% and 47.41% higher than that for the Cat/O₃-BR (bubbling reactor) system, respectively, indicating that the high gravity technology can facilitate the decomposition and mass transfer of ozone in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and provide some insights into the industrial wastewater.     

Fabricating amide functional group modified hyper-cross-linked adsorption resin with enhanced adsorption and recognition performance for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural adsorption via simple one-step

In this study, three kinds of amide functional group modified hyper-cross-linked adsorption resin were synthesized by alternating radical copolymerization in simple one-step and applied for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) adsorption. The successful synthesis and properties of adsorbents were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. Poly (N, N'-4,4'-diphenylmethane-bismaleimide-alt-divinylbenzene) (poly (BDM-alt-DVB)) resin exhibited highest adsorption capacity for 5-HMF (64.0 mg·g^-1 wet resin) and excellent adsorption selectivity (α_5-HMF/LA = 2.71 ±0.12, α_5-HMF/FA = 13.88 ±0.15, α_{5-HMF/Glucose} = 11.91 ±1.11) in the multi-component solution at 25 ℃. Langmuir isotherm model well fitted the equilibrium adsorption data within the initial 5-HMF concentration range of 0.5–10.0 g·L^-1 with highest correlation coefficient. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the adsorption of 5-HMF onto poly (BDM-alt-DVB) resin was spontaneous and exothermic. Kinetic study revealed that the adsorption process was fast, reaching equilibrium within 12 min. Importantly, the poly (BDM-alt-DVB) resin also demonstrated excellent reusability. In summary, the poly (BDM-alt-DVB) resin will be useful in 5-HMF hydrolysate separation applications.     

污泥含炭吸附剂的制备及其吸附模拟烟气中汞蒸汽的应用(英文)

The carbonaceous adsorbent was prepared from mixtures of dewatered sludge and sawdust with enhanced ZnCl2 chemical activation.Characteristics of the adsorbent were studied using scanning electron microscope(SEM) ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) ,and adsorption of nitrogen.The surface analysis showed that the carbonaceous adsorbent had good specific surface and porosity(394 m 2 ·g-1of BET surface,0.12 and 0.10 ml·g-1of microporous and mesoporous volume,respectively) .The oxygen functional groups such as OH,C O and C O were found on the surface by FTIR and XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) .The adsorption of elemental mercury(Hg0) on the carbonaceous adsorbent was studied in a fixed bed reactor.The dynamic adsorption capacity of carbonaceous adsorbent increased with influent mercury concentration,from 23.6μg·g-1at 12.58μg·m-3to 87.9μg·g-1at 72.50μg·m-3,and decreased as the adsorption temperature increased,from 246 μg·g-1 at 25°C to 61.3μg·g-1 at 140°C,when dry nitrogen was used as the carrier gas.The carbonaceous adsorbent presented higher dynamic adsorption capacity than activated carbon,which was 81.2μg·g-1and 53.8μg·g-1respectively.The adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption model.The physical and chemical adsorption were identified on the adsorbent.     

Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using quaternized chitosan microspheres

In this study, quaternized chitosan microspheres (QCMS) were prepared and its Cr(VI) removal potential was investigated. Batch experiments were conducted to examine kinetics, adsorption isotherm, pH effect, and thermodynamic parameters. Equilibrium was attained within 50 min and maximum removal of 97.34% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 5. Adsorption data for Cr (VI) uptake by the QCMS were analyzed according to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption models. The maximum uptake of Cr(VI) was 39.1 mg·g^-1. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption system were determinated at 293 K, 303 K, 313 K and 323 K. (ΔH°=16.08 kJ·mol^-1;ΔG°=-5.84 to -8.08 kJ·mol^-1 and ΔS°=74.81 J·K^-1·mol^-1). So the positive values of both ΔH° and ΔS° suggest an endothermic reaction and increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface during the adsorption.ΔG° values obtainedwere negative indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. The kinetic process was described by a pseudo-second-order rate equation very well. The results of the present study indicated that the QCMS could be considered as a potential adsorbent for Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions.     

Structure and properties of forming adsorbents prepared from different particle sizes of coal fly ash

In this paper, different particle sizes of coal fly ash FA-R (D50=15.75μm), FA-A (D50=3.61μm) and FA-B (D50=1.73μm) were treated with NaOH solution to prepare the forming adsorbents FFA-R, FFA-A and FF...     

原料粒度对粉煤灰成型吸附剂结构和性能的影响(英文)

In this paper, different particle sizes of coal fly ash FA-R (D50=15.75μm), FA-A (D50=3.61μm) and FA-B (D50=1.73μm) were treated with NaOH solution to prepare the forming adsorbents FFA-R, FFA-A and FFA-B. The structure and adsorption properties of the forming adsorbents for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solu-tion were examined. The results showed that the specific surface areas and adsorption capacities of the forming adsorbent for MB increased with decreasing particle size of raw coal fly ashes. The adsorption kinetic data of MB on FFA-R, FFA-A and FFA-B fitted the second-order kinetic model very wel with the rate constants (k2) of 3.15 × 10?2, 3.84 × 10?2 and 6.27 × 10?2 g·mg?1·min?1, respectively. The adsorption process was not only con-trol ed by intra-particle diffusion. The isotherms of MB on FFA-R, FFA-A and FFA-B can be described by the Lang-muir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm, and the adsorption processes were spontaneous and exothermic. ? 2014 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. Al rights reserved.     

Removal of Reactive Red 198 from aqueous solution by combined method multi-walled carbon nanotubes and zero-valent iron:Equilibrium,kinetics, and thermodynamic

Dyes often include toxic,carcinogenic compounds and are harmful to humans' health.Therefore,removal of dyes from textile industry wastewater is essential.The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the combination of zero valent iron(ZVI) powder and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) in the removal of Reactive Red 198(RR198) dye from aqueous solution.This applied research was performed in a batch system in the laboratory scale.This study investigated the effect of various factors influencing dye removal,including contact time,p H,adsorbent dose,iron powder dose,initial dye concentration,and temperature.The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using three common adsorption models:Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin.Besides,kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were used to establish the adsorption mechanism.The results showed,in pH =3,contact time = 100 min,ZVI dose = 5000 mg·L~(-1),and MWCNTs dose = 600 mg·L~(-1)in 100 mg·L~(-1)dye concentration,the adsorption efficiency increased to 99.16%.Also,adsorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order model.Equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm(R2= 0.99).The negative values of ΔG0and the positive value of ΔH0(91.76) indicate that the RR198 adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.According to the results,the combination of MWCNTs and ZVI was highly efficient in the removal of azo dyes.     

硫酸法钛白酸解尾渣工艺矿物学特性分析

采用激光粒度仪、XRD、XRF、ICP-AES、SEM-EDS、比重法、筛分法等对硫酸法钛白生产过程中酸解尾渣进行系统的工艺矿物学特性分析,旨在为回收钛资源提供理论指导。研究表明,酸解尾渣表面潮湿,液相约占45%,其中易水解的可溶钛为4.06%(以TiO₂质量分数计);固相中不溶TiO₂干基含量为17.14%,固相颗粒粒径主要分布于1～100 mm,密度为3.21 g·cm^-3,颗粒大小、形状不一,有块状、锥状及团聚絮状。通过筛分实验得知钛矿与其他杂质颗粒的粒径、密度有明显差异,少量120 mm以上颗粒含有石膏,密度约3.41 g·cm^-3;18～75 mm主要为钛铁矿,密度大于3.54 g·cm^-3,钛品位可达26%;18 mm以下颗粒主要为硅泥,密度约2.90 g·cm^-3,易团聚,与水形成黏稠物,难分离。     

改性超细煤粉对甲基橙的吸附行为研究

The adsorption of methyl orange onto ultrafine coal powder (UCP) and modified ultrafine coal powder (MUCP) from aqueous solutions were studied, in which the influence of contact time, dosage, temperature, pH, and methyl orange concentration in the solution were investigated. The adsorption kinetics of methyl orange by UCP and MUCP can be described by the Lagergren first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic models, respectively. The adsorption isotherms of methyl orange onto MUCP at 303, 313 and 323 K follow the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equation. Values of G0 for methyl orange adsorption onto MUCP are -22.55, -23.10 and -23.79 kJ•mol－1 at 303, 313, and 323 K, respectively. The values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 are -3.74 kJ•mol－1 and 61.99 J•mol－1, respectively. The adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic.     

MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH ACTIVATED CARBON I. ADSORPTION DYNAMICS AT THE SINGLE PARTICLE SCALE

The adsorption dynamics of nitrogen dioxide on activated carbon are measured using a microbalance technique. A theoretical model, incorporating the mechanisms of micropore, macropore and concentration dependent sorbed phase (surface) diffusion, with nonlinear equilibrium (dual Langmuir isotherm), is fitted to the experimental NO₂ adsorption dynamics over a range of temperatures, concentrations and particles sizes. The data are well fitted by the model over the temperature range 298-373 K, with typical extracted values of the diffusivities at 298 K being: D/R²_μ=0.003 s^-11 (micropore), D_p = 0.038 cm²/s (macropore) and D_so=1.0 × 10^-6cm²/s (surface) with micropore and surface diffusion activation energies of 14.8 and 11.0 kJ/mole, respectively. The influence of the NO₂/N₂O₄ ratio on the adsorption dynamics is also discussed. At temperature higher than 373 K, significant reaction of NO₂ with activated carbon results in consumption of the carbon.     

D72树脂对镨(Ⅲ)的吸附性能(英文)

In this work, the feasibility of using a macroporous strong acid ion exchange resin (D72) as an adsorbent for praseodymium (Ⅲ) was examined. The adsorption behavior and mechanism were investigated with various chemical methods and IR spectrometry. The results showed that the loading of Pr (III) ions was strongly dependent on pH of the medium and the optimal adsorption condition is in HAc-NaAc medium with pH value of 3.0. Adsorption kinetics of Pr (III) ions onto D72 resin could be best described by pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity of D72 for Pr (Ⅲ) was evaluated to be 294 mg·g 1 for the Langmuir model at 298K. The apparent activation energy, E a , was 14.71 kJ·mol 1 . The calculated data of thermodynamic parameters, ΔSΘ value of 100 J·mol 1 ·K 1 and ΔHΘ value of 8.89 kJ·mol 1 , indicate the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, while a decrease of ΔGΘ with increasing temperature indicates the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Finally, Pr (Ⅲ) can be eluted by using 1.00 mol·L 1 HCl-0.50 mol·L 1 NaCl solution and the D72 resin can be regenerated and reused. Thomas model was successfully applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column useful for process design. The characterization before and after adsorption of Pr (Ⅲ) ions on D72 resin was conformed by IR.     

Hydrophobic modification of SAPO-34 membranes for improvement of stability under wet condition

SAPO-34 zeolite membranes show high efficiency for CO₂/CH₄ separation but suffer from the reduction of separation performance when exposed to humid atmosphere. In this work, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) was used to modify the hollow fibers supported SAPO-34 membranes to increase the external surface hydrophobicity and thus sustain their performance under moisture environment. The modified membranes were fully characterized. Their separation performance was extensively investigated in both dry and wet gaseous systems and compared with the un-modified ones. The un-modified SAPO-34 membrane exhibited a high separation selectivity of 160 and CO₂ permeance of 1.18×10^-6 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for separation of dry CO₂/CH₄ at 298 K. However, its separation selectivity declined to 0.9 and the CO₂ permeance was only about 1.7×10^-8 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for wet CO₂/CH₄ at same temperature. High temperature (e.g. 353 K) could reduce the effect of moisture to improve SAPO-34 separation selectivity, but further increasing temperature (e.g. 373 K) led to decrease in CO₂/CH₄ separation selectivity. A significant decrease of selectivity was observed at higher pressure drop. The modified SAPO-34 membrane showed decreased CO₂ permeance but increased separation selectivity for dry CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture, and super performance for wet CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture due to the improved hydrophobicity of membrane surface. A separation selectivity of 65 and CO₂ permeance of 4.73×10^-8 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for wet CO₂/CH₄ mixture can be observed at 353 K with a pressure drop of 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, the modified membrane exhibited stable separation performance during the 120-hour test for wet CO₂/CH₄ mixture at 353 K. The hydrophobic modification paves a way for SAPO-34 membranes in real applications.     

High-performance SSZ-13 membranes prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds for carbon dioxide and nitrogen separations from methane

SSZ-13 membranes with high separation performances were prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds by once hydrothermal synthesis. Separation performances of SSZ-13 membranes in CO_2/CH_4 and N_2/CH_4 mixtures were enhanced after synthesis modification. Single-gas permeances of CO_2, N_2 and CH_4 and ideal selectivities were recorded through SSZ-13 membranes. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and humidity on separation performance of the membranes were discussed. Three membranes prepared after synthesis modifications had an average CO_2 permeance of 1.16 × 10~(-6) mol·(m~2· s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 3554 GPU) with an average CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 213 in a 50 vol%/50 vol% CO_2/CH_4 mixture. It suggests that membrane synthesis has a good reproducible. The membrane also displayed a N_2 permeance of 1.07 × 10~(-7) mol·(m~2·s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 320 GPU) with a N_2/CH_4 selectivity of 13 for a 50 vol%/50 vol% N_2/CH_4 mixture. SSZ-13 membrane displayed stable and good separation performance in the wet CO_2/CH_4 mixture for a long test period over 100 h at 348 K. The current SSZ-13 membranes show great potentials for the simultaneous removals of CO_2 and N_2 in natural gas purification as a facile process suitable for industrial application.     

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid by cationic arylthiophenes as new eco-friendly inhibitors: Experimental and quantum chemical study

This study describes the adsorption behavior of three arylthiophene derivatives namely: 2-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-5-[4-methoxy phenyl] thiophene dihydrochloride salt (MA-1217), 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-5-[4-chlorophenyl] thiophene dihydrochloride salt (MA-1316) and 2-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-5-[4-chlorophenyl]thiophene dihydrochloride salt (MA-1312) at C-steel in 1.0 mol·L^-1 HCl interface using experimental and theoretical studies. Electrochemical and mass loss measurements showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE) of the arylthiophene derivatives increases with increasing concentrations and exhibited maximum efficiency 89% at 21×10^-6 mol·L^-1 (MA-1217) by mass loss method. The investigated arylthiophene derivatives obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From polarization studies the arylthiophene derivatives act as mixed-type inhibitors. Surface analysis were carried out and discussed. The mode of orientation and adsorption of inhibitor molecules on C-steel surface was studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Quantum chemical parameters as well as the radial distribution function indices and binding energies confirm the experimental results.     

五乙烯六胺改性制备CO2吸附剂及其对模拟烟气中CO2捕集性能的研究（英文）

A novel solid support adsorbent for CO2 capture was developed by loading pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) on commercial y available mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 using wet impregnation method. MCM-41 sam-ples before and after PEHA loading were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, N2 adsorption/desorption, thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope to investigate the textural and thermo-physical properties. CO2 adsorption performance was evaluated in a fixed bed adsorption system. Results indicated that the structure of MCM-41 was preserved after loading PEHA. Surface area and total pore volume of PEHA loaded MCM-41 decreased with the increase of loading. The working adsorption capacity of CO2 could be significantly improved at 60%of PEHA loading and 75 °C. The effect of the height of adsorbent bed was investigated and the best working adsorption capacity for MCM-41-PEHA-60 reached 165 mg·(g adsorbent)?1 at 75 °C. Adsorption/desorption circle showed that the CO2 working adsorption capacity of MCM-41-PEHA kept stable. ? 2014 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. Al rights reserved.     

Synthesis of a novel functional group-bridged magnetized bentonite adsorbent:Characterization,kinetics, isotherm,thermodynamics and regeneration

A novel magnetic adsorbent was synthesized by magnetizing bentonite by APTES-Fe_3O_4 via a functional groupbridged interaction. The characterization of APTES-Fe_3O_4/bentonite was conducted via transmission electron microscope(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer(FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM), zeta potential analysis and Brunner–Emmet–Teller(BET). The APTES-Fe_3O_4/bentonite was assessed as adsorbents for methylene blue(MB) with a high adsorption capacity(91.83 mg·g~(-1)). Factors affecting the adsorption of MB(such as p H, equilibrium time, temperature and initial concentration) were investigated. The adsorption process completely reaches equilibrium after 120 min and the maximum sorption is achieved at p H 8.0. The adsorption trend follows the pseudosecond order kinetics model. The adsorption data gives good fits with Langmuir isotherm model. The parameter factor RLfalls between 0 and 1, indicating the adsorption of MB is favorable. The adsorption process is endothermic with positive ΔH~0 values. The positive values of ΔG~0 confirm the affinity of the adsorbent towards MB, and suggest an increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface during the adsorption process. Regeneration of the saturated adsorbent was easily carried out via gamma-irradiation.