EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE LANDSCAPE PERFORMANCE OF DESIGNED ECOLOGIES THROUGH A FIELD OBSERVATION OF SALINE-ALKALI SOIL IMPROVEMENT IN QIAOYUAN PARK OF TIANJIN

The current rapid urbanization leads to a degeneration in natural ecosystems whose regulating, purification, and production services have been seriously damaged. Landscape architecture focusing more on landscape functions and processes in this context is significant to urban environment improvement, by creating more urban parks and green spaces to provide ecological services as benefits rather than cities' burdens. Therefore, Yu Kongjian defined Designed Ecology as a constructed ecosystem or a system of interactions between living creatures (including human beings) and nature by human design, also ecological processes formed by landscape architecture and planning, and an interdisciplinary, cross-scale, and empirical research in a form of landscape. This research examined the landscape performance of saline-alkali soil amelioration in Qiaoyuan Park designed with the Designed Ecology principles by ecological experiments. The results prove that through micro-topography design, the park's constructed ecosystem significantly drains away salt and alkali to the lower areas of the site, both within the pond and across the whole pond system, achieving its design goal. This case study provides models for similar ecological landscape design of urban parks and green spaces.     

Identifying the spatial mixture distribution of bird diversity across urban and suburban areas in the metropolis: A case study in Taipei Basin of Taiwan

This study utilized a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM) to identify the distribution of bird diversity in urban and suburban areas of the Taipei basin. The spatial patterns of Shannon's diversity index were estimated using Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with bird investigation data. To validate the results of FMDM, bird groups were classified by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) based on bird presence-absence records. The probabilities exceeding FMDM's cut-off values for suburban bird communities were obtained from SGS realizations. The results showed that bird diversity in the Taipei basin could be comprised of two-component mixture distributions for urban and suburban bird communities, respectively. The FMDM bird diversity classifications fit the TWINSPAN groups of urban and suburban species. The spatial maps of bird diversity in the study area provide evidence that a metropolis can cause changes in the spatial characteristics of bird communities at the landscape level. Furthermore, the bird diversity and land use maps could be useful for future conservation and urban planning in Taipei Basin, particularly urban green spaces and wetlands. The maps could also be utilized in network planning of green belts or corridors for ecological conservation.     

Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing, China

Greenspace is an important part of complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, esthetically, recreationally and economically. Beijing Province is in north of China, and has a total area of 16,807.8 km² and a population of about 13.8 million. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province based on landscape ecological principles. It attempts to answer how to establish an urban greening plan at the regional, city and neighborhood levels to achieve long-term sustainability. At the regional level, a big natural and semi-natural forest area in the northwest and an ecological buffer belt in the southeast are planned to protect the environmental quality of Beijing and provide habitats for wildlife. At the city level, a green network system of green wedges, parks and green corridors has been proposed. This green network helps to limit future urban expansion, improve urban environmental quality and serve as habitats and migration routes for wildlife. At the neighborhood level, green extensions and connections of riverside greenway, road greenway, parks and vertical greening permeate into the built-up areas. They provide open space close to residential areas and offer places for recreation. This three-level green system constitutes an integrated ecological network for urban sustainable development of Beijing. For future development of Beijing, urban parks, forestry, agriculture, water and infrastructure should be planned and designed in an integrated way. After this greenspace plan is legislated and completely realized, Beijing will develop an interconnected and integrated network of urban greenspaces. It has the prospect of achieving the aim of “Green Olympic City 2008” and the long-term goal of developing Beijing towards an “Eco-City”.     

西安城市公园绿地形态演变 语境与模式

西安城市建设发展过程中公园绿地形态的形成和演变,伴随着＂园林、绿化＂在不同时期语义内涵的变化,及其设计营建模式的改变;并遵循着历史遗址地上建设公园开放绿地的一贯做法,使得公园绿地空间体系反映历史城市的格局特点。详实地描述和梳理建国以来5个历史阶段的建设发展过程,从基础＂植物种植＂和传统园林式、遗址地上新建公园花园、城市大草坪装饰性种植,到汉唐风格公园广场绿地的城市经营模式,评析“园林”、“绿化”等行业术语在不同时期当下语境与模式的演变对公园绿地形态的影响。     

结合大数据与调查问卷分析城市公园使用特征 ——以广州市海珠区为例

中国城市公园存在可达性差异以及绿色空间使用不均衡性的问题,亟待加强“城市公园- 邻里”的关系,大数据的出现可以 推动该技术的发展。以揭示“城市公园- 邻里”关系为目标,以广州市海珠区为例,采用腾讯“宜出行”大数据（TUD）分析区内 所有城市公园的使用时空间特征,并进一步采用问卷调查分析城市公园的市民满意度,展示大数据与问卷调查相结合方法的有效性。分析结果表明：城市公园使用存在两种类型的时空间规律,一类是建设较好、有吸引力,而且使用者数量较高的综合、生态或专类公园,具有明确的“周”、“日”高峰期,使用者数量与使用满意度呈现正相关。另一类是建设品质较差、可达性较高,使用者密度较高的社区公园和街旁绿地,尽管这一类用地使用满意度较低,但却发挥了较强的公共空间的社会效益。     

The distribution, abundance and diversity of birds in Manila's last greenspaces

Urban environments are not considered areas with conservation importance. However greenspaces in cities have been previously identified as areas with significant avian biodiversity. We investigated the distribution and diversity of birds in what are increasingly considered as Metropolitan Manila's last greenspaces; the University of the Philippines campus, military cemeteries and two government operated parks. Using species–area analysis, abundance and diversity indices, TWINSPAN ordination and logistic regression to determine important landscape features for species presence, we describe the distribution of bird communities and diversity in Metropolitan Manila. Two major bird community groupings were observed. These are the urban exploiters and the urban adaptable with the former occurring in high abundances and the latter in low abundances in greenspaces. The number of built and natural spatial entities determines abundances. Species area analysis suggests that the greenspaces are distinct habitats that preserve faunal uniqueness whereas urbanization tends to decrease diversity. These observations suggest that greenspaces harbor significant avian biodiversity as well as the presence of endemic and threatened species. As the greenspaces possess remnant wetland and wooded habitat we recommend that they be preserved and maintained by ensuring that these habitats are incorporated in any urban development plan.     

南方城市季节性河流滩涂绿化的适宜性探讨——以南宁邕江两岸滨水景园工程为例

滨水绿化是城市滨水景观的重要组成部分,是滨水生态环境建设的关键环节。季节性河流滩涂绿化受洪水、岸滩状况,植物种群,空间形态以及城市功能定位的影响。其目标选取要注重生态性、观赏性、亲水性及经济性的统一,应充分考虑植物的适生性和安全性问题。南宁市邕江两大滨水景园工程的绿化设计在此方面进行了有益的尝试,笔者通过全程参与及追踪调研,试图就其得失加以反思,以供探讨。     

Landscape Visual Aesthetics Measurement,Assessment, and Improvement of Street Pedestrian Spaces in Mountainous Cities—Case Study on the Historic Downtown of Jinan,Shandong Province

Urban streets support citizens’ daily commuting and social and recreational activities. Streetscape is also a visual resource and an important part of urban landscape appearance. Serving as an important ecological base and natural components of urban spatial structure, mountains often determine a city’s spatial layout and landscape identity so as to promote mountaincity integration. The study focuses on the historic downtown of Jinan, a typical mountainous city, analyzes the landscape aesthetic visual characteristics of street pedestrian spaces, and measures their landscape visual aesthetic quality by using panoramic images; the research then evaluates the visibility of high-visual-aesthetic-quality urban mountainous landscape to urban streets; finally, based on the overall landscape visual aesthetic quality evaluation results of urban street pedestrian spaces, the paper proposes a series of optimization suggestions of the streets at different levels to improve the harmony with urban mountain landscapes. The study hopes to provide a reference for the creation of mountain–city-integrated urban landscapes, as well as the healthy and sustainable urban development.     

景观生态设计模式的公众感知研究 ——以上海黄浦江滨江绿地为例

反思当今景观“生态化”设计普遍 缺乏人文目标体系,在归纳总结景观生态设 计基本途径与重要倾向的基础上,提出四种 景观生态设计模式,包括地方传统型、保护 节约型、生态循环型和示景模拟型,并确定不 同生态设计模式的主要景观空间表征因子与 综合特征。之后遴选上海黄浦江滨江绿地中 具有代表性特征的16个景观空间样点,应用 问卷法进行滨江景观生态感知的公众偏好调 研,分析影响公众生态感知强度的绿地景观 空间特征,探讨不同生态设计模式的公众感 知倾向,以期为未来城市绿地空间的景观生 态化设计提供一定实证依据。     

Urbanization Effect on Floristic and Landscape Patterns of Green Spaces

The study explored the effects of intensive urbanization on urban plant diversity and landscape pattern. An inventory of plant species in managed green spaces in the nine urban districts of Guangzhou (south China) with varied development history was conducted. The relationships among species richness, diversity and urban development were analysed by community ecology attributes, cluster analysis, growth-form differentiation and district fidelity indices, and statistical tests. The 1055 vascular species were dominated by a small number of common evergreen species, accompanied by many rare species. By species richness, tree was the dominant growth form, followed by herb and shrub. Species richness and diversity were slightly below urban-fringe secondary forests. Old and young districts offered disparate conditions for species enrichment to establish urban landscape patterns with divergent floristic and growth-form assemblages. Urban species profile and vegetation landscapes were mainly influenced by planning and management of the urban landscape and changing landscape fashion.     

Woodland as a setting for housing-appreciation and fear and the contribution to residential satisfaction and place identity in Warrington New Town, UK

This study evaluates “woodland in the ecological style” as a setting for contemporary housing by means of a case study of Birchwood, Warrington New Town, UK, using a postal questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to reveal residents’ perceptions of the aesthetic and safety aspects of the woodland, together with its underlying meanings. Most Birchwood residents liked the visual appearance of their street, though they had both positive and negative feelings towards its “trees and greenery”. Woodland in the local area figured prominently amongst the residents’ favourite places though some feared that they would be the victims of physical or sexual assault, or of robbery or intimidation from groups of young people in the woodland, and women felt particularly vulnerable. Whilst the woodland was significant for many residents it was not strongly identified with Birchwood as a place: the quality of the community as symbolised by the behaviour of local individuals, community groups and institutions was regarded as a more potent measure of local identity. Colourful and well-tended landscape interventions had the ability to act as signs of a caring community. The contribution of these findings to theoretical frameworks of residential satisfaction, restorative experiences and place identity is discussed: it is suggested, inter alia, that whilst signs of individual and collective care in the landscape contribute to communal place identity, individual experiences of wilder urban green spaces, including those of a restorative nature, are formative of individual place attachment. The implications for planning, design and management with ecological woodland are explored: urban dwellers should be able to choose their preferred way of interacting with the woodland, residential settings should accommodate a wide variety of user needs, and the vegetation on and around the streetscape should be proactively managed in consultation with the community.     

基于生态审美的城市生态绿地构建对策

城市生态绿地构建对于营建城市生态系统及提高公众福祉具有促进作用。探讨、厘清影响城市绿地生态审美的关键因素,对于健康、稳定的绿地生态景观营造及公众生态价值观引导具有重要意义。通过探讨生态审美的概念和内涵,总结符合生态审美的绿地特征,提出符合生态审美的城市生态绿地构建原则与对策：基于城市绿地生态系统服务功能、绿地基础条件及人类活动干扰程度,将城市绿地划分为生态保育型、生态功能型及生态景观型3类生态绿地,构建生态绿地网络;基于绿地植物群落物种构成、空间布局及绿地功能需求,提出6类自然式植物群落配植模式。旨在为营建高生态效益、高景观质量的绿地景观提供规划依据。     

基于提高鸟类多样性的北京城市线性公园绿地植物景观探析

植被覆盖率高的线性公园,可作为鸟类的迁徙途径和栖息之所,并猜测其可作为生态廊道的一部分,适宜的营造植物景观、提升植物种类的多样性对保护鸟类多样性有促进作用。因此,采用标准取样法对北京城市线性公园绿地进行研究,提取可能影响鸟类多样性的植物群落因素、植物生境因素,对提高鸟类多样性提出建设性的意见。研究结果主要表明,在线性公园绿地宽度30～200m内,随着宽度的增加,鸟类的数量有所提高;含有不同类型植物生境的线性公园绿地,对鸟类目标种的吸引力不同,植物生境类型数较多样的线性公园绿地具有较高的鸟类目标种吸引力;不同的鸟类目标种偏好在不同的树种上进行活动。     

Recommendations for design and management of golf courses and green spaces based on surveys of breeding bird communities in Montreal

It has been suggested that golf courses can serve as wildlife habitat, provided key landscape features are present. Breeding bird communities were characterized on six golf courses and six green spaces in the Montreal area, Quebec, Canada. Landscape variables were measured to see which were the best correlates of avian species richness within and across sites. While there was no difference in the mean number of bird species (golf: 31 ± 2.4 SE; green: 33 ± 4.5 SE), golf courses supported fewer total species (golf: 55; green: 66). However, most of the species contributing to the green spaces’ higher cumulative total were found at one site. Species composition differed between golf courses and green spaces, and was most correlated with site size, housing density surrounding the site, and extent of coniferous tree, grass, and vegetated water cover. Our results support the work of others, and suggest that golf course architects can improve habitat quality by: (1) increasing deciduous and coniferous tree cover; (2) increasing native vegetation within and surrounding all water bodies; (3) reducing the amount of highly managed grass area; (4) ensuring large, undeveloped buffers are maintained to prevent a shift in avian community composition with increasing urban sprawl; and (5) ensuring sites are planned as large as possible.     

基于传统地域乡村聚落景观的城市绿地系统规划——以贵州松桃苗族自治县为例

城市绿地在构建城市自然生态系统和文生态系统中扮演着重要角色,是凸显城市风特色和文化内涵的重要载体。研究以规划具有域特色的城市绿地系统为目标,以贵州松桃苗自治县为例,通过剖析松桃原生苗寨景观特征提炼传统地域乡村聚落景观意象并将之转化为市绿地系统空间形象,以物境重构和情境转换主要手段,从空间格局和空间内涵两方面提出造松桃县城绿地系统空间形象的规划对策,探基于传统地域乡村聚落景观的城市绿地系统规方法和途径。实践表明：历经千百年自然选择聚居营建演化形成的传统地域乡村聚落景观,具地域自然生态特征和人文生态内涵,由此形的景观意象是人们对地域聚居环境的共同＂心图式＂和＂记忆地图＂,以此为凭规划城市绿系统是对地域特色＂生活语法＂的尊重和传承是改变＂千城一面＂困境的重要途径。     

新城市生态系统 城市“新自然”的起源、进化和管理

新城市生态系统是指从遗留的自然生态系统到提供特定生态系统功能的高度人工复合系统在内的统一体,涵盖了所有类型的城市自然和开放空间。通过这个统一体,特定的生态系统服务及危害和这些新城市生态系统联系在一起。目前关键性的问题和挑战在于如何理解新城市生态系统的起源,以便于更好的利用和管理它们,从而提供合宜的生态系统服务功能。相关案例的分析阐明了新城市生态系统的类型,以及它们是如何被应用于特定的生态系统服务和最大程度降低生态系统危害。     

北京不同公园自生植物物种组成特征及群落类型

可在城市环境中自发生长的植物不仅无须过多养护管理,并且发挥着诸多生态功能。将自生植物群落融入公园规划设计中是近年来欧美国家保护城市自然、提升城市生物多样性的重要理念。采用样方法对北京39个不同类型公园中的自生植物进行调研,深入分析了其物种组成特征以及群落类型。结果表明:1)调研到的自生植物共计242种,隶属于52科166属,其中包含了10个生活型,多年生植物物种数最多,为96种,其次是一年生78种;2)自生植物物种数最多的3个公园为香山公园、圆明园遗址公园和奥林匹克森林公园;3)大型城市公园物种数较其他公园类型多;4)不同季节,自生植物被划分出不同的群落组,不同公园中的优势群落较为相似。在未来对自生植物的保护和应用中,应合理为自生植物的生长和演替预留空间,注重不同公园自生植物特色群落的设计,根据不同环境条件及物种习性营建群落。     

城市生态基础设施建设的十大景观战略

城市的生态基础设施是城市及其居民持续获得自然生态服务的保障。面对中国未来巨大的城市化前景,前瞻性的城市生态基础设施建设具有非常重要的战略意义。为此,本文提出了维护和强化整体山水格局的连续性;保护和建立多样化的乡土生境系统;维护和恢复河流和海岸的自然形态;保护和恢复湿地系统;将城郊防护林体系与城市绿地系统相结合;建立无汽车绿色通道;开放专用绿地;建立乡土植物苗圃基地等十大战略。     

城市绿地更新中场所精神的思考——以上海北外滩滨江绿地为例

城市绿地是城市生态环境、市井生活与公共形象的重要组成与场所地,随着城市化的发展建设,在展现城市环境发展理念、维持城市生态平衡与生物多样性、提高居民生活质量与精神享受等方面,起着重要的作用。当前城市绿地更新要满足当下城市发展与市民的行为和心理需求,成为具有公共属性的共享场所空间。意图通过城市绿地更新中场所精神的思考,通过构建空间场所的“可达性、自然性、文化性、艺术性、融界性”五性所组成的设计网络体系,赋予城市绿地基于场所出发的内涵与精神,以营造“花园式”场所精神的带入,带动城市绿地效应的多样拓展。结合上海北外滩滨江绿地更新实际案例分析,从人、自然、花园、场地、生活、文化、行为、艺术等场景要素方面探索,在知行合一中进行实践总结,为当前城市绿地更新提供一定的理论与实践参考。     

结合城市自然保护的城市绿地体系构建--以南京市为例

在拓展现有城市绿地建设内容的基础上，提出了园林绿化与自然保护相结合的城市绿地体系构架，为城市自然保护提供了一条新思路。同时，对城市基本生态设施的概念进行了探讨，并结合南京市实际作了案例研究。