Multidimensional optical sensor and imaging system

We describe a multidimensional optical sensor and imaging system (MOSIS). Using a time-multiplexing, polarimetric, and multispectral imaging system, we are able to reconstruct a fully integrated multidimensional scene. Image fusion is used to integrate the multidimensional images. The fused image contains more information than the single two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) images. The multidimensional imaging system utilizes polarimetric imaging, multispectral imaging, 3D integral imaging with time and space multiplexing, and 3D image-fusion techniques to reconstruct the multidimensionally integrated scene. Optical experiments and computer simulations are presented.     

基于RST的包装机混合式定量称重控制模型设计

目的提高包装机混合式定量的称重精度。方法针对包装机混合式定量称重系统具有非线性和时滞性的特点,构造三支路结构的双自由度数字控制器(RST控制器),等效为前向预测控制器和无延时控制器,以消除系统扰动和滞后的影响,设计基于RST的包装机定量称重控制系统。运用Simulink工具与传统PID控制器和PID-Smith控制器进行仿真对比。结果 RST控制器相较于PID控制器和PID-Smith控制器超调量小、调节时间短、跟踪能力好、鲁棒性强,能够有效地提高包装机称重控制系统的稳定性和控制精度。结论 RST控制器能够提高包装机混合式定量称重精度,从而提高包装机的包装精度。     

Impact of Different Shear Rates on Flow Functions Measured by a Ring Shear Tester

The Schulze Ring Shear Tester (RST) is used to measure flow functions of solids on designing or evaluating a silo. A standard shear rate for the Schulze RST has been set at 1.5 mm/min. In this article, the Schulze RST shear tests with different shear rates (0.375, 1.5, 3, and 6 mm/min) have been done for different solids. The shear test results have shown that changing shear rates significantly impacts flow functions under time consolidations for soft and/or sticky pellets.     

动力实时子结构试验中心差分法的稳定性

在实时子结构试验中,如果试件的反力不仅与位移有关,还与速度和加速度有关,那么对拟动力试验而言为显式方法的标准中心差分法变为隐式方法。为了使算法成为显式方法,需要引入速度和加速度的附加假定,这将导致算法的数值性能发生变化。为研究新算法的数值稳定性,在前期工作的理论基础上,针对动力子结构试件进行了试验研究。研究表明:算法的稳定性受试验子结构与数值子结构质量比的影响,且当试验子结构为动力子结构时,只要数值子结构与试验子结构的阻尼均为零,算法就是无条件不稳定的。     

实时子结构实验的滑动模态控制

首先介绍了实时子结构实验技术的基本原理、过程及关键技术问题。然后建立了液压伺服实验系统的传递函数形式和状态空间形式的线性数值模型,并将滑动模态控制应用于实时子结构实验。最后对采用PID控制和滑动模态控制的实时子结构实验进行了数值仿真分析。在ElCentro地震波激励下的数值仿真结果表明:(1)滑动模态控制的控制精度和鲁棒性明显高于PID控制,(2)系统的动力特性对实验结果有较大影响,这种影响与计算时间间隔、试件的刚度、阻尼有关。     

考虑作动器时滞及其补偿的实时子结构实验稳定性分析

实时子结构实验中,使用液压伺服作动器作为加载设备时会出现作动器响应的时滞问题。根据作动器的动力特性,提出液压伺服作动器阶跃响应的双线性简化模型。基于该模型,以OS法(Operator-Splittingmethod)和中心差分法为例,利用谱半径方法分析了作动器时滞及其补偿对实验稳定性的影响。分析结果表明,作动器时滞使实验的稳定性降低,三阶外插补偿可以提高实验的稳定性。此外,分析结果也表明OS法的稳定性好于中心差分法。     

Multivariate numerical derivative by solving an inverse heat source problem

A method for approximating multivariate numerical derivatives is presented from multidimensional noise data in this paper. Starting from solving a direct heat conduction problem using the multidimensional noise data as an initial condition, we conclude estimations of the partial derivatives by solving an inverse heat source problem with an over-specified condition, which is the difference of the solution to the direct problem and the given noise data. Then, solvability and conditional stability of the proposed method are discussed for multivariate numerical derivatives, and a regularized optimization is adopted for overcoming instability of the inverse heat source problem. For achieving partial derivatives successfully and saving amount of computation, we reduce the multidimensional problem to a one-dimensional case, and give a corresponding algorithm with a posterior strategy for choosing regularization parameters. Finally, numerical examples show that the proposed method is feasible and stable to noise data.     

Comparison of a Uniaxial Force Displacement Tester with a Ring Shear Tester for Assessing Powder Cake Strength

This article highlights the use of a novel easy to use uniaxial force displacement tester (FDT) for measuring powder cake strength. A comparative study was undertaken of the FDT with a standard ring shear tester (RST) for measuring the cake strength of a powder. The powder used in the study was maltodextrin DE 21 which is an amorphous powder which readily cakes at temperatures at or above its glass transition. The powder was first equilibrated at 50% relative humidity over a five month period and it was then exposed to temperatures at and above its glass transition. The powder cake strength was measured using both the FDT and RST and the measured results were compared. The results showed that the cake strengths measured by the FDT correlated well with those of the RST. This demonstrated that the FDT is a realistic, easy to use method for assessing the cake strength of a powder.     

结构混合试验新进展: 16WCEE相关论文综述

实时子结构试验技术中的一个关键问题是求解数值子结构的动力响应,而这一过程可选取合适的数值积分算法来实现。针对目前已建立的三种基于模型的显式积分算法(Chang法、CR法和实时子结构RST法),对比分析了各算法在线性系统和非线性系统中的数值特性。结果表明：三种算法在线性系统和具有刚度软化特性的非线性系统中均是无条件稳定的,在具有刚度硬化特性的非线性系统中变为有条件稳定。当结构阻尼比为零时,三种算法均无数值阻尼,且周期延长率结果完全一致,并随Ω的增加而增大;当结构阻尼比不为零时,三种算法均存在数值阻尼,且CR法的数值阻尼绝对值最小,而RST法的周期延长率最小。两个算例表明,RST法和Chang法的精度要优于CR法,但因Chang法是半显式的,因此RST法更适于实时子结构试验中数值子结构的仿真计算。     

Multimodel method of nondestructive determination of the thermophysical properties of solid materials

A multidimensional method of nondestructive determination of the thermophysical properties of solid materials subjected to thermal action from a circular plane heat source of constant power is considered.     

Clustering of polarization-encoded images

Polarization-encoded imaging consists of the distributed measurements of polarization parameters for each pixel of an image. We address clustering of multidimensional polarization-encoded images. The spatial coherence of polarization information is considered. Two methods of analysis are proposed: polarization contrast enhancement and a more-sophisticated image-processing algorithm based on a Markovian model. The proposed algorithms are applied and validated with two different Mueller images acquired by a fully polarimetric imaging system.     

Attribute Selection Based on Rough Set Theory for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Fault Diagnosis

Electromagnetic emissions are radiated from every part of a personal computer motherboard, thus producing electromagnetic interference (EMI). EMI has an adverse effect on the surrounding environment because EMI could cause malfunctions or fatal problems in other digital devices. EMI engineers diagnose motherboard EMI problems using the electromagnetic noise data measured by the spectrum analyzer. Finding the sources (e.g., PS2, USB, VGA) of electromagnetic noise is a time-consuming process. The attribute selection and fault diagnosis was developed based on the advantage of rough set theory (RST). RST is a novel data mining approach for dealing with vagueness and uncertainty. It can be used to find hidden patterns in data sets. In this study, the basic rough set theory concepts are introduced. The rough set approach enables one to discover the minimal subsets of condition attributes associated with the motherboard EMI fault diagnosis problem. The operating sequence includes data collection, data preprocessing, discretization, attribute reduction, reduction filtering, rule generation, and classification accuracy. Historical EMI noise data, colleted from a famous motherboard company in Taiwan, were used to generate diagnostic rules. Our research result (average diagnostic accuracy of 80% above) shows that the RST model is a promising approach for EMI diagnostic support systems.     

彩色目标高维检测与空间分集检测技术

提出一种彩色目标高维检测和空间分集检测技术,它利用 RGB 颜色的均值趋同性校正色偏,减少光照强度和光源颜色对目标检测的影响;采用检测门限自适应变化的彩色目标高维检测算法检测出疑似目标,进一步避免了传统方法受环境光照影响大的缺点;使用基于区域关联性的彩色信号自适应空间分集检测技术,提高目标检测效果。试验证明,检测并降噪以后,97.5%以上的图像的提取结果可以达到 30db 以上的信噪比。     

Open-loop band excitation Kelvin probe force microscopy

A multidimensional scanning probe microscopy approach for quantitative, cross-talk free mapping of surface electrostatic properties is demonstrated. Open-loop band excitation Kelvin probe force microscopy (OL BE KPFM) probes the full response-frequency-potential surface at each pixel at standard imaging rates. The subsequent analysis reconstructs work function, tip-surface capacitance gradient and resonant frequency maps, obviating feedback-related artifacts. OL BE KPFM imaging is demonstrated for several materials systems with topographic, potential and combined contrast. This approach combines the features of both frequency and amplitude KPFM and allows complete decoupling of topographic and voltage contributions to the KPFM signal.     

1300 K compressive properties of several dispersion strengthened NiAl materials

Recently an attempt [8] to produce dispersion hardened NiAl by rapid solidification technology (RST) was discussed; however these microstructural studies and tensile testing procedures did not yield conclusive evidence of strengthening. To examine the potential of RST as a means to fabricate dispersion strengthened aluminides, cylindrical compression samples were machined from the gauge section of their tensile specimens and tested in air at 1300 K: in addition, considerable materialography, including light optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy techniques, of the as-fabricated and compression tested materials was conducted. While microscopy indicates that RST can produce fine dispersions of TiB₂, TiC and HfC in a NiAl matrix, the mechanical property data reveal that only HfC successfully strengthens the intermetallic matrix. The high stress exponents (> 10) and/or independence of strain rate on stress for NiAl-HfC materials suggest elevated temperature mechanical behaviour similar to that found in oxide dispersion strengthened alloys. Furthermore an apparent example of departure side pinning has been observed, and as such, it is indicative of a threshold stress for creep.     

Superplastic behaviour of fine-grained white cast irons

Superplastic behaviour of three hypo-eutectic white cast irons with different carbon contents was investigated at elevated temperatures. Hot and warm working, and rapid solidification technology (RST) were used to refine the coarse cementite structure. The resulting microstructure consisted of a mixture of small carbides and fine ferrite grains. Hot and warm working was found to be a successful method to refine the structure of white cast irons having a carbon content of less than 2.6%. Rapid solidification technology was the most promising process to refine high carbon (> 3.0%) cast irons. The refined white cast irons exhibited low flow stress and high strain-rate sensitivity in both tensile and compression in the temperature range 650–770 °C. Tensile elongation to failure of 300% was found for 3.0% C RST iron, 220%, 150% and 80% for 2.2%, 2.6% and 3.0% C hot and warm rolled cast irons, respectively.     

基于图像处理的声相云图评价方法研究

基于图像处理,提出了声相云图评价方法,用于评价声相仪的声源定位误差。分析了声相仪的成像原理,提出将方位角误差和俯仰角误差作为声相云图声源定位误差的评价指标。利用差影法提取声相云图的声源定位成像区域,并经过灰度二值化、腐蚀膨胀和加权平均之后,计算出成像区域中心的像素坐标。在声相仪不同抓拍距离平面内,通过图像标定得到成像区域中心在实际物理空间上的位置坐标,将其与所定位的声源实际位置坐标相比较,计算得到方位角误差和俯仰角误差。实验结果表明,该方法所得方位角和俯仰角与声源实际位置坐标计算所得到的真实值相比,两者差异较小,能够客观地对声相仪的声源定位误差进行评价,且操作简单。     

基于奇异值分解、模糊聚类和粗糙集理论的旋转机械故障诊断

对含有重复和冲突对象的离散决策表,提出了一种基于粗糙集的规则获取方法,使得获得的规则能够涵盖所有的对象。对连续条件属性值和离散决策属性值的决策表,基于矩阵的奇异值分解、模糊C均值聚类和粗糙集属性约简技术,提出连续属性最佳离散数目确定方法。在上述方法的基础上,进行旋转机械故障诊断的规则获取,获得的诊断规则具有很好的知识归纳能力和知识泛化能力。利用获得的诊断规则进行旋转机械故障诊断,建立了待诊断对象和诊断规则的弹性匹配模式,使得诊断结论的获取取决于不同的诊断要求。     

Rapidly solidified titanium alloys for high-temperature applications

The application of rapid solidification technology (RST) to titanium alloy systems is relatively new and became the subject of active research since it was demonstrated that novel titanium alloys of higher temperature capability can be synthesized through new alloy design based on rapid solidification processing. The effects of rapid solidification on the occurrence of metastable phases, microstructures and mechanical properties in binary and ternary titanium alloys are reviewed. In particular, earlier results from RS-Ti alloy research have shown that many different novel dispersoids, some of which are coarsening-resistant at elevated temperatures (600 to 800° C), can be created in the matrix through RST. The alloys containing novel dispersoids also exhibit good creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Further studies on/- and-Ti alloys through RST, in conjunction with the development of various processing technologies for bulk alloy manufacturing, are clearly desirable.