浅谈建筑火灾的原因及防范措施

在建筑火灾事故的调查中,发现引发建筑火灾的原因很多,但归纳起来主要由人的不安全行为、电气设备及线路故障、建筑及其消防设施缺陷和自然现象等因素引起的。本文就针对这些建筑火灾的原因,提出相应的防范措施。     

浅谈装饰装修材料检验和火灾调查的关联性

大部分装饰装修材料是对火十分敏感的材料,许多建筑火灾都是由内部装修材料或外部装潢材料引发的。结合现行建筑内部装修相关标准,提出在火灾调查中加强对建筑内部装饰装修材料阻燃合格性的检查,对使用科学方法调查火灾成因和建筑消防安全的促进作用进行分析。     

火灾中高层住宅小区疏散及救援风险分析

以南京市老城区内20个高层住宅小区为例进行调研,从建筑内部隐患和建筑外部救援困难等方面要素着手,调查火灾时居民逃生可能面临的风险,分析产生风险的原因,如居民防灾意识和技能不足,物业管理不善,设计施工不当等,并为降低该风险提供相关建议.     

建筑火灾风险动态评估实体关系图

建立现有建筑个体火灾风险动态评估系统的实体关系图,介绍实体关系图的设计步骤、思路和方法,包括核心实体、相关实体、关联和关系、属性和规范化、细节调整等.给出了建筑个体火灾风险动态评佑系统实体关系图.利用该方法可对现有建筑个体火灾风险进行动态评估,当现有建筑个体的结构、用途、内部或外部火灾危险源发生变化时,通过实体关系图进行火灾风险分析,确定风险等级.     

日光灯镇流器火灾痕迹鉴定技术的研究

归纳了日光灯镇流器的火灾故障原因 ,在制备、观察和分析标准试验样品的基础上 ,总结出镇流器的火灾危险性、内部故障和外部火烧情况下镇流器内部重点部位的温度分布规律以及痕迹的特征规律和技术鉴定依据。     

电动车火灾成因及预防措施研究

电动车火灾通常是由于电池故障、电路短路、充电不当等原因引起的,具有一定的风险性。通过对电动车火灾案例的分析,总结电动车火灾的主要成因,并提出针对性的预防措施,希望为相关部门和用户提供参考,以降低电动车火灾的风险,确保人们的生命财产安全。     

我国建筑电气火灾的现状、问题和防控对策

电气故障是我国建筑火灾的最主要原因.分析了我国建筑电气火灾的规律、特点和主要问题,提出积极推进建筑电气火灾认识科学化、防治工程化、隐患整改超前化、防范措施系统化、宣传教育普及化,切实强化建筑电气火灾防控.     

电容启动运行式电机火灾痕迹的技术鉴定

归纳了电容启动运行式电机的火灾故障原因，在观察和分析制备的标准试验样品的基础上，总结出电机的火灾危险性、内部故障和外部火烧情况下电机内部重点部位的温度分布规律以及痕迹的特征规律和判定依据。     

雍和宫的火灾风险及防火灭火措施

利用火灾风险分析的方法对北京地区最大的藏传佛教寺庙雍和宫古建筑进行安全评估.主要从历史火灾情况、建筑自身现状、着火源控制、人员疏散及消防设施配备情况、灭火救援力量和消防安全管理现状等因素分析雍和宫的火灾危险性,找出重点防范区域,提出防火、灭火对策.     

浅谈我国建筑电气火灾的现状及其防控对策

电路的故障使我们当前建筑火灾故障原因的主要部,本文就是针对当前我国建筑电气火灾的现状,分析了电气火灾产生的主要原因,并且在这些研究的基础上,针对电气火灾的防控措施进行了一定的分析和研究.     

Burning behavior of two adjacent pool fires behind a building in a cross-wind

With the global move towards performance based fire design, fire safety assessment in and around buildings becomes increasingly important. However, key knowledge gaps still exist concerning the behavior of fire swirling, which may be generated if one or more accidental fires are in the passage of the vortices behind an adjacent tall building. The present study is focused on the experimental investigations of the burning behavior of two pool fires behind 1/50 scaled tall buildings with heights varying from 0.565 to 1.165 m in a cross-wind. The objective is to gain insight of the effect of the distance between the two fires (D2), the distance between the fires and the building (D1), wind speed (V), and the height of the scaled building (H) on the burning behavior. Important conclusions have been drawn about the influence of D1 and D2 on the fuel mass loss rate, the influence of D1 on fire swirling, the influence of D2 on the possible merging of the two fires and the effect of wind speed on the mass loss rate. The results suggested the existence of a critical velocity for the cross-wind on the initiation of fire swirling and an approximate value was identified for the conditions in the tests. The investigations also covered the effect of height of the scaled building on the fuel mass loss rate and the occurrence of fire swirling. This relationship was found to be also dependent on the wind speed. Analysis of the results has led to some important recommendations to enhance the fire protection of tall buildings.     

火灾情况下电梯运行可靠性的故障树分析

建立了火灾导致电梯故障停梯的故障树,分析了影响电梯运行可靠性的主要因素,计算了各因素在故障树中的结构重要度,探讨了火灾情况下利用电梯进行疏散的可行性及相应的安全措施。这为研究高层建筑火灾情况下利用电梯进行疏散提供了参考依据,并为制订相关的应急预案提供了技术参考。     

火灾下钢结构楼板的薄膜作用

通过对真实火灾中的足尺火灾试验和观察显示，合组合楼板和承载钢梁的建筑物的结构承载力比现行杭大设计方法的建议值高出许多。因此规范中规定所有承载钢梁都要添加被动防火保护是不必要的。现行设计方法和实际结构性能之间产生这种差异是由于设计方法中忽略了楼板的薄膜作用。本根据国外有关资料给出了几种简单计算方法，允许在钢结构杭大设计中考虑楼板的薄膜作用。从而可以更精确地评估火灾下建筑物的真实承载能力，在给定的耐火时间内能减少相当数量钢梁的防火保护。     

钢屋盖结构防火的性能化消防工程分析

因为建筑学上和构造上的原因,越来越多的建筑设计采用了钢结构。为了保证建筑结构构件的完整性,建筑规范提出了结构耐火性能的要求。但是,已规定的要求没有促进具有良好经济效益的设计,并且假定遵照规范是达到安全等级的唯一途径。本论文提出采用以性能设计为基础的消防工程理论方法来证明火灾中钢构件的性能。消防工程准则已发展至符合规范的要求,并能保证结构在火灾中的安全性能。本文采用一个游泳/跳水馆作为例子来讨论对钢屋顶结构进行耐火保护。本例的研究表明,游泳/跳水馆的钢屋顶结构可以不用耐火涂料,并且不会降低整个建筑的防火安全等级。     

GIS method for characterizing fire flow capacity

There are numerous methods currently used to calculate required water flow rates for sprinklered and non-sprinklered buildings. The aim of this study is provide a flexible automated procedure for indentifying locations lacking adequate fire flow. To accomplish this objective, this research uses a GIS procedure to determine the spatial relationships between fire hydrants and historical fire incidences, and integrates the recommended hydrant spacing and building type specifications from the International Fire Code. This method was tested in two communities in eastcentral Michigan, USA. The results indicate an ability to define clusters of fires, determine the availability of hydrants, and assess the suitability of the available fire flow, including areas of potential extra capacity. Using these same data, additional GIS analyses can optimize hydrant location, ascertain the frequencies of different categories of fires, and identify the patterns of building types prone to fires.     

Smoke movement in elevator shafts during a high-rise structural fire

In high-rise fires, smoke is often the leading cause of fatalities. Therefore, in the event of a fire, the ability to predict the movement of smoke throughout a tall structure is of vital importance. Smoke moves depending on a number of interacting and complex factors including weather conditions, building construction, operation of HVAC equipment, as well as the location and intensity of the fire. Smoke often travels long distances from the fire floor, and in the particular case of a high-rise fire, smoke frequently moves to upper floors via open passages such as elevator shafts and stairwells.     

Estimations of the probability of fire occurrences in buildings

Fire occurrences in a particular building are really rare events. It is assumed that fires occur in accordance with the Poisson process and the number of fire occurrences in time interval can be modeled by a Poisson distribution. Using data such as the numbers of annual fire occurrences and building floor area the probability of fire occurrence in different occupancies can be estimated. In addition, the relation between the numbers of fire occurrence and the time of fire occurrence are clearly discussed. Investigations for different groups of building occupancy are illustrated in this research. Based on mean fire ignition rates and floor areas of different occupancies results show the ranking order regarding annual fire ignition per unit floor area among these occupancies. Industrial occupancy has the highest value of annual fire ignition rate, followed by residential occupancy. The rate of fire ignition only increases in public occupancy in Taiwan.     

Fire situation and fire characteristic analysis based on fire statistics of China

This paper describes the fire situation of China in 1998. Fire statistics data have been analyzed with a view to understand the characteristics of fire accidents, including vocation and location distribution, cause analysis, monthly frequency and frequency of fires by time of day etc. It is revealed that specific work on fire protection should be taken so as to meet the demands of the society. In addition, some of the major fire accidents are also recapitulated briefly. Finally, the study highlights the importance to carry out fire statistics and gives some suggestions.     

浅谈电气火灾监控报警系统的强制性安装

本文阐述了电气火灾发生的原因,介绍了电气火灾监控报警系统的功能,提出了强制性安装应用该系统的积极建议,认为该系统的安装应用,可以有效地对电气线路、用电设备以及供配电设备容易酿成火灾事故的因素进行监控,使人们能够及时发现和排除电气安全隐患,有效遏制电气火灾事故的发生。保障国家财产和人民生命财产的安全。     

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors: A position paper on performance-based design for fire code applications

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors (FORUM) periodically takes a position on a technical issue of international significance confronting the fire safety research community. The position of the FORUM on performance-based regulations, codes and design for fire safety applications, and the rationale leading to it, is described in this paper. Aspects addressed include current capabilities and challenges associated with the application of performance-based design, and possible enhancements (obtained through a coordinated and sustained global effort of research) in next generation tools leading to more certain predictions of the effects on performance of changes in building materials, active and passive fire protection systems, compartmentation, and egress systems; the structural response of a building to large fires including those leading to full building burnout; the impact of fire on neighboring buildings and infrastructure; and the uncertainty in deterministic predictions for incorporation into reliable probabilistic calculations of hazard and risk.