绿化和建筑布局对住宅小区的风热环境影响的数值模拟分析

良好的住宅小区风热环境可以加快室外热量的消散和污染物排放,保证居民的健康和舒适。影响小区风热环境的因素主要有小区布局、建筑形态及下垫面形式等。以青岛市一个实际小区为案例采用数值模拟的方法分析小区冬夏季行人高度的风场及温度场分布,评估设计的合理性,找出小区内风热环境不满足要求的区域。通过调整小区内建筑的布局和改变下垫面形式等方法改进小区的设计,并对改进后的方案进行模拟计算。通过模拟结果的对比发现:1合理布局建筑位置,在小区内形成风道可有效改善风环境;2改变下垫面热物性,提高地面材料的反射率,能够降低地面附近的空气温度和体感温度,改善小区热环境。     

Numerical analysis of outdoor thermal environment around buildings

Simulation of thermal environment around buildings is of great importance for residential microclimate study. In this article, a numerical method is proposed to simulate the outdoor thermal environment around buildings. By the method, temperature distributions of the outdoor air, building surfaces and ground surfaces are achieved by combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation of air flow and energy balance equations calculation of surfaces. In every computing time step, the outdoor air distribution is calculated as quasi-steady condition. And the surface temperatures of buildings and ground are simplified as “shadow zone temperature” and “sunshine zone temperature” to reduce the calculating time and memory space. Response factor method is employed to deal with the transient heat transfer between outdoor air and surfaces of buildings and ground. The numerical method is validated by the measured data of outdoor thermal environment around one single building and the simulated temperature distributions are illustrated and analyzed at different time in a day.     

基于软件模拟室外环境规划设计实例分析

本文利用Fluent软件模拟规划小区的热环境。通过Fluent对风绕小区建筑时的流场进行了模拟分析,在得出模拟结果和对所选春季流场数据进行分析的基础上,提出小区在规划前期需考虑建筑物密集程度、风向及朝向位置的重要性,以及其方案的可行性。对某实际复杂建筑小区的风速场进行了模拟,实现了理论与实践的结合。引出了建筑规划设计的重要性,同时说明了计算机模拟软件结合小区规划的优越性。通过对建筑楼的室外环境的模拟分析实例,给出了小区在规划前期的室外环境布局的相关建议。     

住区徽热环境测试方法

城市住区微热环境是城市热环境的重要构成部分,直接影响居住者的室外生活热舒适性以及建筑能耗和空调系统运行性能。住区室外微热环境测试对描述和评价热环境质量、获取热环境设计方面的经验、建立室外微热环境数学模型有重要意义。本文总结了针对不同目的的住区室外微热环境测试的项目、仪器、数据采集和处理方法,对某住宅小区冬季微热环境进行了描述和评价,并验证了风环境的数值模拟结果,提出了住区微热环境的测试方法应根据研究目的来选择确定。     

高层建筑小区风环境的模拟研究

以某建有高层建筑的居住小区为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对该小区春季的风速场、压力场进行了模拟。探讨了风环境对小区室内外舒适度的影响。     

Simulation analysis of site design and layout planning to mitigate thermal environment of riverside residential development

The present study explains the application of a numerical simulation to investigate the thermal environment of a new riverside residential development in summer. The case study area consists of more than one hundred two-story detached houses built next to a river near Tokyo, Japan. According to the meteorological data, prevailing wind directions are at an angle to the northbound river flow affecting the microclimate of the study area in terms of surface temperature of land and buildings, air temperature and wind distribution at pedestrian height. These factors have been estimated using the stepwise CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation of radiation, conduction and convection. This method leads to an improvement of outdoor thermal environment by manipulating the site design and layout planning scenarios. The effect of river, permeable pavements and green space on thermal environment is examined by the site design options. Likewise, the impact of building arrangement is evaluated using alternative layout planning scenarios. In total, five scenarios have been simulated for the proposed sustainable development as explained in the paper. Above simulations provided an insight into the mitigation effects of each countermeasure. It is also shown that the management of inflow paths and the creation of wind paths for the interior of the site have the potentials to improve the outdoor thermal environment of riverside residential development.     

浅析风环境下沿海城市的建筑设计

随着沿海城市楼群的密集开发,人们更加关注健康居住环境,如何创造舒适的建筑风环境已成为建筑师所面临的问题。本文分析了建筑自然通风的重要性及避免城市建筑楼群中出现的再生风、二次风的必要性,并提出如何从建筑群总体布局及建筑物形式上优化,包括利用风洞模拟试验和计算机数值模拟方法协助设计室外风环境,有效合理利用自然风,并能同时达到节能效果。     

基于CFD的住宅小区风环境研究

宅小区的平面布局对于小区内人行高度处的室外风环境有着重要的影响。通过对一个由12幢建筑物组成的建筑群,采用基于Reynolds时均化方程(RANS)和Renormalization group(RNG) k-ε湍流模型的数值模拟方法,得到小区的流场分布,以分析建筑群周围的风环境舒适性问题。改变相邻建筑物的左右距离和前后距离,比较不同布局下的风环境,获得了上述两个因素对于小区风环境的影响规律。     

基于热环境模拟分析的滨河住区建筑布局研究

城市河流对住区热环境具有显著的改善作用。以深圳气候条件为参考,探讨河流与建筑布局对滨河住区热环境的影响,对改进滨河住区布局,提高住区热环境舒适性有重要作用。研究运用CFD模拟技术方法,分析在不同建筑布局模式下,基于河流影响的住区温度、相对湿度和风速的变化情况;以标准有效温度SET*为评价标准,探讨滨河住区建筑布局与热舒适的关系;基于河流产生的良好微环境气候效应,对住区建筑布局提出优化方法,为营造生态、舒适的滨河住区环境起到重要作用。研究表明,减小建筑面向盛行风的垂直投影面积、创造利于河流风向的通风降温廊道、以及营造相应的住区开敞空间等,是改善滨河住区热环境舒适性的主要建筑布局方法。     

某小区建筑风环境数值模拟分析研究

以某小区为例,对其风环境进行了数值模拟计算与分析,引入梯度风的概念,指出了小区内建筑分布对小区风场的影响。为住宅小区建筑布局的规划建设及建筑室内通风效果预测提供了指导和优化途径。     

寒冷地区半围合式庭院空间风环境研究

半围合式建筑庭院作为建筑室内与室外的缓冲空间,在寒冷地区可以创建较为温和的微气候,维持建筑热环境的相对稳定,同时为人们提供开放自然舒适的室外交流与活动空间。以地处寒冷地区的典型半围合式庭院建筑为例,通过实地测量和数值模拟分析,研究基于室外气候要素的半围合式庭院空间风环境适宜性空间尺度,采用风速、空气龄等风环境评价指标来模拟评价庭院不同空间尺度与比例条件下的舒适度与建筑性能。研究成果可为寒冷地区建筑半围合式庭院空间设计提供空间价值尺度参考,探讨通过可持续性设计的方法对半围合式庭院空间进行优化设计来提高室外空间的舒适性。     

Study on optimum design method for pleasant outdoor thermal environment using genetic algorithms (GA) and coupled simulation of convection,radiation and conduction

Extensive research has recently been conducted into improving outdoor thermal environments in summer. In this paper, (1) an optimum design method is developed with genetic algorithms (GAs) and coupled simulation of convection, radiation, and conduction for comfortable outdoor thermal environments, and (2) in order to examine the validity of the proposed optimum design system, an apartment block space in an urban area is set up as an analysis target and the optimum arrangement of buildings and trees in two cases are analyzed for pleasant outdoor thermal environment design. For the optimum arrangement of trees, two different cases within the target area are examined to clarify the effect of different target areas (all open space or walkways) on optimization. For the optimum arrangement of buildings, in order to clarify the effect of the different positions of apartment blocks and building coverage ratio, three cases with different positions or building shapes in the target domain are examined. As a result, the optimum arrangements of the buildings are derived using GA and simulations for the three cases, and the validity of the optimum design method is confirmed.     

高纬度严寒地区建筑容积率对局地热气候的影响

本文利用开发的城市区域热气候计算模型,针对高纬度严寒地区建筑容积率对局地热气候和室外热舒适性的影响进行了动态数值模拟。结果表明:多层建筑容积率的增加有利于改善冬季局地热气候和室外热舒适性;而对于高层建筑住区来说,容积率超过3.0时,将会对局地风速和太阳辐射造成大幅衰减。以上结论为更好地利用容积率对该地区进行开发和可持续发展提供了数据支撑。     

Passive control methods for a comfortable indoor environment: Comparative investigation of traditional and modern architecture of Kerala in summer

Scientific investigation on traditional architecture of Kerala, that is known for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment, has been revealing remarkable results recently. Qualitative analysis of the passive methods adopted in traditional buildings and detailed quantitative investigation carried out during all seasons to evaluate thermal comfort have already been reported. As a step ahead, in order to understand the performance of traditional building in comparison with that of modern building, a field study was conducted simultaneously in a selected traditional and a modern residential building during the most unpleasant summer period. The study was conducted by continuously monitoring the indoor and outdoor conditions of both the buildings using a custom made instrument called “Architectural Evaluation System”. The results reveal that an efficient passive and natural control system exists in Kerala traditional architecture in providing a comfortable indoor environment irrespective of the outdoor climatic conditions.     

不同建模区域下的建筑群风环境模拟探究

在进行室外风环境数值模拟时,建模区域合理的选取直接影响到建筑群室外风环境模拟结果,而目前不同标准存在不同的确定方法。本文以成都市某小区为例,探究区域范围大小对风环境模拟结果的影响,为建筑群室外风环境模拟计算区域的选取提供一定的参考价值。     

街谷行道树种植对环境热舒适度的影响及适应性设计研究 进展

行道树种植通常被作为改善城市街谷 近地微气候的重要策略,如何发挥行道树对街 谷热舒适度的提升潜力受到诸多学者的广泛关 注。近年来“行道树种植与街谷热舒适度”相关 研究获得了丰硕成果，通过总结梳理可将其归 纳为行道树树木个体形态对热舒适度的调控、 行道树绿带空间配置与街谷热舒适度整体提升 的关联性、适应不同街谷空间形态的行道树种 植设计策略等三个研究主题。在深入分析既有 研究成果基础上，提出了一套改善热舒适度的 街谷行道树种植设计方案技术框架。最后，分 别从建立响应地域气候特征的街谷行道树种植 设计模式、构建街谷环境热舒适度模拟评估导 则、制定街谷环境热舒适度评价标准等方面开展深入讨论，以期为后续城市街谷绿化提升热环境的研究提供思路和借鉴。     

Numerical study of the influences of different patterns of the building and green space on micro-scale outdoor thermal comfort and indoor natural ventilation

Citizens could enjoy a healthy and comfortable living environment if outdoor thermal comfort and sufficient natural ventilation are available in their dwellings. In this paper, numerical studies were performed with the Simulation Platform for Outdoor Thermal Environment (SPOTE) to investigate: (1) the thermal environment and pedestrian thermal comfort of the occupants in the open space with different patterns of the building and green space; (2) the wind pressures on the building facades and the natural ventilation rate of these buildings. The conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) it has been observed that the long facades of building and green space, which are parallel to the prevailing wind direction, can accelerate horizontal vortex airflow at the edges where such airflow could strengthen the convective exchange efficiency of hot air in low altitude and cold air in high altitude, and can obtain thermal comfort and sufficient natural ventilation at the pedestrian level; (2) after a series of simulations and comparisons, the configuration in which buildings are grouped in staggered layout with a centralized green space can provide better ventilation conditions and suitable air movement as a result of attenuated revised standard effective temperature (SET*). This configuration is regarded as the optimum pattern of the building and green space.     

探讨住宅群体布局对风环境影响的数值模拟

以某住宅小区风环境研究为例,综合分析住宅建筑群两种行列布局的室外风环境情况,通过建立室外风环境的物理和数学模型,应用专业CFD软件FLUENTAIRPAK对其进行科学专业的探讨研究。研究表明,使用数值风洞模拟方法对住宅小区的风环境进行评价研究,对利用建筑布局改善室外风环境有着显著的指导作用和重要意义。     

居住建筑设计中风环境利用及其意义

从居住建筑对风环境的适应、利用角度入手,阐述了大连地区风环境的利用现状及可行性,探讨了居住建筑设计中风环境的利用及其意义,从而创造出舒适的生活环境.     

住宅布局对城市风能利用影响的数值模拟研究

以某住宅建筑群室外风速场研究为例,通过建立室外风场的数学和物理模型,应用专业CFD软件FLUENT,综合分析住宅建筑群两种行列式和错列式布局形式的室外风速分布情况和风能利用潜力。研究表明,建筑布局对风能分布有很大影响,行列式布局的楼间风大于错列式,而错列式布局的楼顶风能优于行列式。使用数值模拟方法对优化建筑布局来优化室外风环境和提高城市风能利用率有着显著的指导作用。