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1.
Holliday Robyn E.; Brainerd Charles J.; Reyna Valerie F. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2011,47(2):442
A developmental reversal in false memory is the counterintuitive phenomenon of higher levels of false memory in older children, adolescents, and adults than in younger children. The ability of verbatim memory to suppress this age trend in false memory was evaluated using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Seven and 11-year-old children studied DRM lists either in a standard condition (whole words) that normally produces high levels of false memory or in an alternative condition that should enhance verbatim memory (word fragments). Half the children took 1 recognition test, and the other half took 3 recognition tests. In the single-test condition, the typical age difference in false memory was found for the word condition (higher false memory for 11-year-olds than for 7-year-olds), but in the word fragment condition false memory was lower in the older children. In the word condition, false memory increased over successive recognition tests. Our findings are consistent with 2 principles of fuzzy-trace theory's explanation of false memories: (a) reliance on verbatim rather than gist memory causes such errors to decline with age, and (b) repeated testing increases reliance on gist memory in older children and adults who spontaneously connect meaning across events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
The instructions for most explicit memory tests use language that emphasizes the memorial component of the task. This language may put older adults at a disadvantage relative to younger adults because older adults believe that their memories have deteriorated. Consequently, typical explicit memory tests may overestimate age-related decline in cognitive performance. In 2 experiments, age differences were obtained when the instructions emphasized the memory component of the task (memory emphasis) but not when the instructions did not emphasize memory (memory neutral). These findings suggest that aspects of the testing situation, such as experimental instructions, may exaggerate age differences in memory performance and need to be considered when designing studies investigating age differences in memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
Repetition blindness (RB) for nonwords has been found in some studies, but not in others. The authors propose that the discrepancy in results is fueled by participant strategy; specifically, when rapid serial visual presentation lists are short and participants are explicitly informed that some trials will contain repetitions, participants are able to use partial orthographic information to correctly guess repetitions on repetition trials while avoiding spurious repetition reports on control trials. The authors first replicated V. Coltheart and R. Langdon's (2003) finding of RB for words but repetition advantage for nonwords (Experiment 1). When all participants were encouraged to utilize partial information in a same/different matching task along with an identification task, a repetition advantage was observed for both words and nonwords (Experiment 2). When guessing of repetitions was made detectable by including non-identical but orthographically similar items in the experiments, the repetition advantage disappeared; instead, RB was found for both words and nonwords (Experiments 3 and 4). Finally, when experiments did not contain any identical items, participants almost never reported repetitions, and reliable RB was found for orthographically similar words and nonwords (Experiments 5 and 6). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
Diseases caused by Salmonella species are characterized by bacterial invasion of host cells. Salmonella invasion requires a genetic locus (inv) with homology to bacterial systems involved in specific protein export and organelle assembly. Until recently, the actual Salmonella invasion factors exported or assembled by the inv system remained unidentified. It now appears that Salmonella produces novel appendages upon contact with host cells. These appendages are transient, appearing and disappearing rapidly from the bacterial surface. Appendages are altered in strains unable to invade due to mutations within the inv/spa locus. Therefore, a role for the invasion locus has been identified, providing another example of bacterial pathogens responding to signals provided by the host cell surface. 相似文献
5.
Age-related deficits in selective attention have often been demonstrated in the visual modality and, to a lesser extent, in the auditory modality. In contrast, a mounting body of evidence has suggested that cross-modal selective attention is intact in aging, especially in visual tasks that require ignoring the auditory modality. Our goal in this study was to investigate age-related differences in the ability to ignore cross-modal auditory and visual distraction and to assess the role of cognitive control demands thereby. In a set of two experiments, 30 young (mean age = 23.3 years) and 30 older adults (mean age = 67.7 years) performed a visual and an auditory n-back task (0 ≤ n ≤ 2), with and without cross-modal distraction. The results show an asymmetry in cross-modal distraction as a function of sensory modality and age: Whereas auditory distraction did not disrupt performance on the visual task in either age group, visual distraction disrupted performance on the auditory task in both age groups. Most important, however, visual distraction was disproportionately larger in older adults. These results suggest that age-related distraction is modality dependent, such that suppression of cross-modal auditory distraction is preserved and suppression of cross-modal visual distraction is impaired in aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
The present review examined the relationship between conditions of massed practice and spaced practice with respect to task performance. A meta-analysis of 63 studies with 112 effect sizes yielded an overall mean weighted effect size of 0.46, indicating that individuals in spaced practice conditions performed significantly higher than those in massed practice conditions. Subsequent analyses, however, suggested that the nature of the task being practiced, the intertrial time interval, and the interaction between these two variables significantly moderated the relationship between practice conditions and performance. In addition, significantly higher effect sizes were found in studies with low methodological rigor as compared with those studies higher in rigor. Directions for future research and applications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
Giacomantonio Mauro; De Dreu Carsten K. W.; Mannetti Lucia 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2010,98(5):761
Negotiators are often advised to seek win–win agreements by focusing on interests (primary features) rather than issues (secondary features), but whether such advice is valid remains to be seen. Consistent with construal level theory (Y. Trope & N. Liberman, 2003), Experiments 1 and 2 show that negotiators focus on secondary features (issues) more than on primary features (interests) when psychological distance is low rather than high, and concomitant construal level is local and specific rather than global and abstract. Experiment 3 showed that high construal level promoted problem-solving behavior and therefore facilitated the achievement of win–win agreement, but only when integrative potential resided in underlying interests; when integrative potential resided in the issues, low construal level negotiators achieved higher joint outcomes. Thus, both low- and high-construal negotiators may achieve win–win agreements when such agreements require trade-offs at the level of issues, or at the level of underlying interests, respectively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Preschool children (aged 3–5 yrs) were asked to make judgments about the presence of material substances (e.g., sugar particles) and their properties (e.g., sweet taste) for solutions in which various powders were dissolved. Results indicate a substantial degree of recognition of the nature of matter in the context of dissolving. Ss distinguished visual appearance from underlying reality, recognized the conservation of taste, smell, and dangerous properties of substances, and by the age of 5, recognized that matter can be decomposed into tiny pieces, each too tiny to be seen by the naked eye. Overall performance improved in the 3–5 age range, with the major advance between the 3–4 yr olds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
To illustrate the limitations of commonly used methods of handling missing data when using traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) models and highlight the relative advantages of random-effects regression models, multiple analytic strategies were applied to follow-up data from a clinical trial. Traditional ANOVA and random-effects models produced similar results when underlying assumptions were met and data were complete. However, analyses based on subsamples, to which investigators would have been limited with traditional models, would have led to different conclusions about treatment effects over time than analyses based on intention-to-treat samples using random-effects regression models. These findings underscore the advantages of models that use all data collected and the importance of complete data collection to minimize sample bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
MB Blecher 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,71(7):96, 98-96, 99
11.
Comments on the results of social-skills training programs (SSTPs) discussed by G. J. DuPaul and T. L. Eckert (see record 1995-07692-001). The treatments in question failed to produce improved behavior that was empirically linked to critical social outcomes. SSTPs were not seen as linked to peer acceptance, and improvement in role-playing ability did not translate into improved behavior in the natural environment. There is a need for improvement of the methodology used to evaluate the results of SSTPs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
E Friedman 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1981,55(18):117, 119-20, 122 passim
13.
P. Rozin and A. B. Cohen (see record 2003-02341-009) contend that confusion is an emotion because it is valenced, it has a distinct facial expression, and it has a distinct internal state. On the basis of these criteria, they call for further study of this unstudied state and challenge emotion researchers to consider "confusion" to be an emotion. The author agrees with Rozin and Cohen (2003) that confusion is an affective state, is valenced, has an (internal) object, may be expressed facially, and that laypersons may, under certain circumstances, consider it an emotion. However, its expression is likely to be an expressive component of emotions for which goal obstruction is central. Further, confusion may also not be as commonly considered an emotion by laypersons, as Rozin and Cohen contend. Finally, confusion is not unstudied, only most of the time it is not emotion researchers who do the researching. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
24 undergraduates who had been preselected as either high or low on hypnotic susceptibility (according to the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility) listened to 2 dichotically presented word pair lists. One list was presented following a suggestion for unilateral deafness and the other following instructions for selective attention. All Ss received both treatments in counterbalanced order, and an index of auditory intrusions from the unattended (or "deaf") ear was obtained following each trial. High susceptibles showed no more evidence of unilateral hearing impairment than low susceptibles under either the deafness suggestion or selective attention treatment. Nevertheless, high susceptibles reported greater deafness than low susceptibles on a posttest scale. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Twenge Jean M.; Baumeister Roy F.; Tice Dianne M.; Stucke Tanja S. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2001,81(6):1058
Social exclusion was manipulated by telling people that they would end up alone later in life or that other participants had rejected them. These manipulations caused participants to behave more aggressively. Excluded people issued a more negative job evaluation against someone who insulted them (Experiments 1 and 2). Excluded people also blasted a target with higher levels of aversive noise both when the target had insulted them (Experiment 4) and when the target was a neutral person and no interaction had occurred (Experiment 5). However, excluded people were not more aggressive toward someone who issued praise (Experiment 3). These responses were specific to social exclusion (as opposed to other misfortunes) and were not mediated by emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
Discusses evidence from stereopsis suggesting that the human binocular system encodes eye of origin information using a local sign mechanism. A test of this mechanism to discern which eye is stimulated, utrocular discrimination, must have inputs from the 2 eyes that are identical except for eye signature. C. Porac and S. Coren's (1984) paper does not address the question of utrocular discrimination because there was a discriminable difference between the objectively equal stimuli processed by the 2 eyes. (French abstract) (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
Three studies found that self-esteem moderates the relation between mood and self-evaluation. In Study 1, a standard mood-induction procedure was used to induce positive, negative, or neutral moods in low self-esteem (LSE) Ss and high self-esteem Ss. Afterward, Ss evaluated their specific qualities and characteristics (e.g., How smart are you? How kind are you?). Both self-esteem groups evaluated themselves favorably in a positive mood, but LSE Ss were more apt to lower their self-evaluations in a negative mood. Study 2 found a similar, though weaker, pattern using a noncognitive, musical mood induction; Study 3 found that these effects occur with variations in naturally occurring mood over a 6-wk period. The authors suggest that the tendency for LSE people to respond to negative mood with self-depreciation contributes to psychological distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
Comments on A. Feingold's (see record 1988-18577-001) review of gender differences (GDs) on the Differential Aptitude Tests and Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test/Scholastic Aptitude Test, which argues that cognitive GDs are disappearing. The present author offers observations regarding sampling issues in high school populations, verbal abilities (VAs), and visual–spatial abilities (VSAs), suggesting that Feingold's conclusions regarding VAs and VSAs are unwarranted. It is contended that (1) the implicit assumption that the disappearance of cognitive GDs is good and (2) the prevailing notion that differences denote deficiencies may also be unwarranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
19.
Pronin Emily; Kruger Justin; Savtisky Kenneth; Ross Lee 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2001,81(4):639
People, it is hypothesized, show an asymmetry in assessing their own interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge relative to that of their peers. Six studies suggested that people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them. Several of the studies explored sources of this perceived asymmetry, especially the conviction that while observable behaviors (e.g., interpersonal revelations or idiosyncratic word completions) are more revealing of others than self, private thoughts and feelings are more revealing of self than others. Study 2 also found that college roommates believe they know themselves better than their peers know themselves. Study 6 showed that group members display a similar bias—they believe their groups know and understand relevant out-groups better than vice versa. The relevance of such illusions of asymmetric insight for interpersonal interaction and our understanding of "naive realism" is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
20.
Recent research suggests that perceiving negative emotion-eliciting scenes approaching intensifies the associated felt emotion, while perceiving emotion-eliciting scenes receding weakens the associated felt emotion (Muhlberger, Neumann, Wieser, & Pauli, 2008). In the present studies, we sought to extend these findings by examining the effects of imagining rather than perceiving such changes to negative emotion-eliciting scenes. Across three studies, we found that negative scenes generally elicited less negative responses and lower levels of arousal when imagined moving away from participants and shrinking, and more negative responses and higher levels of arousal when imagined moving toward participants and growing, as compared to the responses elicited by negative scenes when imagined unchanged. Patterns in responses to neutral scenes undergoing the same imagined transformations were similar on ratings of emotional arousal, but differed on valence—generally eliciting greater positivity when imagined moving toward participants and growing, and less positivity when imagined moving away from participants and shrinking. Moreover, for these effects to emerge, participants reported it necessary to explicitly imagine scenes moving closer or farther. These findings have implications for emotion regulation, and suggest that imagined spatial distance plays a role in mental representations of emotionally salient events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献