The triangle of interpersonal models.

This article develops a framework for social psychology, the triangle of interpersonal models (TIM). TIM is a 2-dimensional classification scheme for the impact of people on social-psychological phenomena. TIM classifies a social-psychological phenomenon by the number of people who contribute to the phenomenon and the number of distinct social-psychological functions that those people serve. TIM includes models for phenomena that involve 1 person, 2 people, 3 people, and p people. In those phenomena, people serve 1, 2, 3, or f distinct social-psychological functions. TIM decomposes complex phenomena into components that reflect different levels of interpersonal causation. It brings rigor to holistic conceptions of social psychology and offers a fresh perspective on the relationship between the individual and the group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The triangle of health. 1: The clinical arena

By transmission electron microscopy tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues of 14 cases was studied. The results showed that the infiltrating lymphocyte in varying degrees eristed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Most of them were present in a motionless state, and the others showed the feature of activated metrocyte and closely contracted with cancer cells and resulted in distinct morphological changes both the cancer cells and themselves. Therefore, this study provided an important morphological evidence for TIL as killer and inhibiter to the growth of cancer cells.     

Hearing loss. The physician's responsibility

Hearing loss is a very important and common problem in the United States, affecting 13 to 14 million people. It is primarily a medical problem, requiring diagnosis and, when indicated, treatment by a physician, preferably in collaboration with an audiologist. History taking is the most important part of the diagnostic process, followed by a physical examination with special attention to the head, neck, and ears. The primary object of the workup is to exclude all possible extrinsic causes of hearing loss. Intrinsic or genetic deafness is a diagnosis of exclusion. After the hearing loss has been classified as congenital or delayed and as genetic or nongenetic, a differential or working diagnosis can be made in all cases and a specific diagnosis in most cases. The hearing loss must then be identified as stable, progressive, or fluctuant over time. Follow-up at least every two years is important to check for possible changes in status.     

Social responsibility.

Urges psychology to form fairly specific guidelines related to the social responsibility of behavioral scientists. Three examples of irresponsible behaviors are cited: the use of science to control others, the inadequate extrapolation of animal research to humans, and recommendation of interventions for infants or children based on time- and sample-limited studies. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The other side of academic freedom is academic responsibility.

This article argues that academic freedom is not absolute, but is delimited by legal, bargained and social factors. Further, it is argued that academic freedom implies certain obligations on university faculty, and in doing so recognizes the legitimate role of political correctness in the modern university, Given these limitations, the article considers some of the appropriate limits to political correctness, and argues that what are needed are the proper place and procedure to debate the balance between academic privilege and responsibility. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A lapse in constructive dialogue: The Journal's responsibility.

Using the concept of constructive dialogue (Altman & Davies, 2003), the author believes there has been a serious lapse in responsibility in Mills' (2006; see record 2006-03254-016) response to commentaries published in Psychoanalytic Psychology. He believes that there was a failure of editorial responsibility to maintain a basic level of scholarly, as opposed to ad hominem, discussion in these pages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The impact of dependent-care responsibility and gender on work attitudes.

On the basis of a survey of 18,120 federal employees in dual-income households, six 5-stage hierarchical multiple regression analyses, controlling for 10 demographic variables, assessed the impact of child care, elder care, and gender on work–family balance and various facets of job satisfaction. Elder-care responsibility was associated with lower levels of satisfaction with perceived organizational support, pay, leave benefits, and work–family balance, whereas the negative main effects of child care were limited to leave benefits and work–family balance. However, child-care responsibility also interacted with gender: Its negative influence was greater on women's work–family balance and leave satisfaction. Decrements in satisfaction associated with dependent care on the "sandwich generation" were additive, not interactive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On causality, responsibility, and blame in marriage: Validity of the entailment model.

Examined the entailment model of attributions in close relationships (F. D. Fincham and T. N. Bradbury, 1987) using structural equation modeling. In this model, judgments of causality lead to judgments of responsibility, which in turn determine judgments of blame. The sample consisted of 206 married or cohabiting couples who completed the Conflict Rating Scale and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The path analysis conducted with LISREL VII supported the value of an entailment conceptualization for both self (women and men) and spouse attributions (men only). As hypothesized, for men the paths among causality, responsibility, blame, and marital adjustment confirmed the mediating role of responsibility and blame attributions. For women, small direct pathways leading to marital satisfaction were found, as well as 2 large indirect pathways specified by the entailment model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward scientific and professional responsibility.

The author examines 8 forms of irresponsibility in the social situation of psychology: fixation on means, absolutism of means, absolutism of ends, escape into relativism, isolation of conflicting values, token payments to conscience, parochialism, and professional vanity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experimental psychology and social responsibility.

Argues that (1) the roles of scientist and human being are to some extent inseparable, (2) the scientist cannot escape responsibility for the uses made of his knowledge, and (3) basic research must be defended in terms of its potential social value, however remote. It is argued that experimental psychologists have a series of obligations which can be met through formal organizations. They include: (1) the responsibility to interpret its basic research to society as a whole; (2) the responsibility to encourage its own social support through social action; (3) the need to step up its attack on pressing social problems; and (4) the responsibility to oppose political climates that would inhibit the progress of free psychological inquiry and to encourage political climates that permit and encourage such progress. A few illustrative examples are cited of the involvement of psychological associations in social action and of instances in which they might have been involved and were not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-interest and personal responsibility redux.

Although self-interest is recognized as a powerful force underlying the behavior of animals and humankind, its ubiquity and influence on performance in and adjustment to all aspects of life are frequently underestimated and discredited because self-interest is, mistakenly, equated with mean-spirited selfishness and viewed as an inhibitor of the commonweal. In this article several positive and beneficial consequences of self-interest are presented, along with the proposition that personal responsibility, in the service of self-interest, is an effective tool for enhancing personal well-being and, hence, for contributing to the public good. Illustrations of the salutary outcomes of self-interest are drawn from psychology and from economics but are doubtless evident in the behavior of organisms observed from other scientific and disciplinary perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Observer bias in perceptions of responsibility.

Comments on an article by A. Colman (see record 1992-07516-001) regarding admissibility of mitigating psychological factors in South African murder trials. Although the present authors assert that Colman has done a service by drawing attention to a new trend in legal deliberations, they suggest that psychologists who have a pecuniary interest in the outcome may not be the best persons to judge the desirability of such evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Wittgenstein and the question of responsibility.

Within psychology, the thought of L. Wittgenstein tends to be confused with that of the behaviorists and social constructionists. However, by considering the manner in which Wittgenstein's thought might be used to address the question of responsibility, one will find that the positions taken by the behaviorists and social constructionists differ substantially from the position taken by Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein, like the behaviorists and social constructionists, repudiates the Cartesian 'mind' or 'inner,' and thus demonstrates how responsibility can be assigned. But unlike the behaviorists and social constructionists who struggle with deterministic and relativistic explanations, Wittgenstein maintains a view of human beings which allows responsibility to be assigned without compromising the nature of that responsibility. Wittgenstein thus brings one back to that ordinary understanding of men in which it is possible and makes sense to hold men responsible for their actions. He thereby stands apart from the behaviorists and social constructionists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior control and social responsibility.

"It is in the field of psychotherapy that the issues of the moral and ethical implications of behavior control first arose as a relevant problem." We "cannot avoid facing the issue of values." Psychology should "develop techniques of approaching experimentally the basic problem of social and ethical issues involved in behavior control." In connection with this, the psychologist-researcher "should undertake the task of contact with the public rather than leaving it to sensationalists and popularizers." Behavior control "represents a relatively new, important, and very useful development in psychological research." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Canadian psychologists for social responsibility.

The report in Canadian Psychology from "Canadian Psychologists for Social Responsibility" (P. R. Johnson, October 1984, pp. 336-337; see record 2007-03848-001) requires comment. First, we are amazed at the arrogance of the assumption that one political position is socially responsible, and all others presumably are irresponsible. Aside from that, the annual report of the section in effect says that evidence is unnecessary as long as in our heart we know we're right. Furthermore, the position attacked in the report is a straw man. Who has denied "that people are afraid of a nuclear holocaust"? Rather than attacking a claim that CPSR's critics have not made, its spokesman could try to deal seriously with the response made to another article emanating from this new section (O. Johnson, 1983). If the denigration of the need for objective evidence, and the ignoring of basic distinctions, are characteristic of CPSR's approach, there seems to be no difference between them and any other political group. In that case, the question naturally arises: Why should this political group constitute a section of CPA? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological tests and public responsibility.

"A testing program of any scale, much as we might like to view it as a purely technical device, is a social force as well." The National Merit Testing program incurs public responsibility in several general ways—by choice, by imposition, and inherently. Major sections are: National merit and public attitudes. Interests of co-operating agencies. Predictive factors and social values. "The National Merit program is primarily a nationwide search for talented students." It selects 1650 scholarship winners from among nearly 800,000 students taking the NMS Qualifying Test. In developing predictive factors more closely related to postcollege success rather than determining curriculum-oriented factors, lies the greatest future exercise of the public responsibility which the National Merit Scholarship Corporation bears. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The costs and benefits of undoing egocentric responsibility assessments in groups.

Individuals working in groups often egocentrically believe they have contributed more of the total work than is logically possible. Actively considering others' contributions effectively reduces these egocentric assessments, but this research suggests that undoing egocentric biases in groups may have some unexpected costs. Four experiments demonstrate that members who contributed much to the group outcome are actually less satisfied and less interested in future collaborations after considering others' contributions compared with those who contributed little. This was especially true in cooperative groups. Egocentric biases in responsibility allocation can create conflict, but this research suggests that undoing these biases can have some unfortunate consequences. Some members who look beyond their own perspective may not like what they see. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)